Microarrays can be used for gene expression profiling, comparative genomics, disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and toxicological research. It allows researchers to examine thousands of genes simultaneously and see changes in gene expression patterns. Microarrays have applications in areas like cancer classification, pharmacogenomics, and toxicogenomics. While a powerful tool, microarrays also have limitations like being expensive to create and requiring time to develop.

1. By: Sana Shakeel

2. Microarr
ay as a
gene
expressi
on
profiling
tool
Microarr
ays and
comparat
ive
genomic
s
Disease
diagnosi
s
Drug
discover
y
Toxicolog
ical
research
or
toxicoge
nomics

3.  "when, where, and to what magnitude genes of
interest are expressed.
 Measure changes in the multigene patterns of
expression
 The arrays used in this kind of analysis are called
expression chips
 profiling of immune responses, identification of
enzyme substrates, and quantifying protein-small
molecule, protein-protein and protein-DNA/RNA
interactions

4. DNA microarrays can:
1) identify diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers;
2) classify diseases
3) monitor the response to therapy; and
4) understand the mechanisms involved in the genesis
of disease processes.

6. comparative gene mutation analysis to
analyse genomic alterations such as
sequence and single nucleotide
polymorphisms.
In microbiology microarray gene mutation
analysis is directed to characterisation of
genetic differences among microbial
isolates, particularly closely related
species
Viral-microbe interactions

9.  Different types of cancer have been classified on
the basis of the organs in which the tumors
develop.
 Now, with the evolution of microarray technology, it
will be possible for the researchers to further
classify the types of cancer on the basis of the
patterns of gene activity in the tumor cells
 Identification of gene expression profiles or
“genomic fingerprints” will allow clinicians to
differentiate harmless white lesions from
precancerous lesions or from very early cancer

11. Microarray technology has extensive
application in Pharmacogenomics.
Comparative analysis of the genes from a
diseased and a normal cell will help the
identification of the biochemical
constitution of the proteins synthesized by
the diseased genes.

13.  Microarray technology provides a robust platform for the
research of the impact of toxins on the cells and their
passing on to the progeny.
 Toxicogenomics establishes correlation between
responses to toxicants and the changes in the genetic
profiles of the cells exposed to such toxicants.
 The microarray permits researchers to examine
thousands of different genes in the same experiment and
thus to obtain a good understanding of the relative levels
of expression between different genes in an organism.

15. Expensive
to create
Time
requiring
Not longer
shelf life

16.  Microarray is a recently developed functional
genomics technology that has powerful
applications in a wide array of biological
medical sciences, agriculture, biotechnology
and environmental studies.
 Since many universities research institutions
and industries have established microarray
based core facilities and services,
microarrays have become a readily
accessible, widely used technology for
investigating biological systems.

17.  Lettieri, T. (2006). Recent applications of DNA
microarray technology to toxicology and ecotoxicology.
Environmental health perspectives, 114(1), 4.
 Tarca, A. L., Romero, R., & Draghici, S. (2006).
Analysis of microarray experiments of gene expression
profiling. American Journal of Obstetrics &
Gynecology, 195(2), 373-388.
 Kumar, A., Sen, A., & Das, P. (2010). Microarray based
gene expression: a novel approach for identification
and development of potential drug and effective
vaccine against visceral Leishmaniasis. International
Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1).

18.  Santos, F., Martínez-García, M., Parro, V., &
Antón, J. (2014). Microarray tools to unveil viral-
microbe interactions in nature. Frontiers in Ecology
and Evolution, 2, 31.
 Duarte, J. G., & Blackburn, J. M. (2017). Advances
in the development of human protein microarrays.
Expert review of proteomics, 14(7), 627-641.
 Oostlander, A. E., Meijer, G. A., & Ylstra, B. (2004).
Microarray‐based comparative genomic
hybridization and its applications in human
genetics. Clinical genetics, 66(6), 488-495.

19.  Gupta, S., Manubhai, K. P., Mukherjee, S., &
Srivastava, S. (2017). Serum Profiling for
Identification of Autoantibody Signatures in
Diseases Using Protein Microarrays.
Serum/Plasma Proteomics: Methods and
Protocols, 303-315.
 Kumar, A., Sen, A., & Das, P. (2010). Microarray
based gene expression: a novel approach for
identification and development of potential drug
and effective vaccine against visceral
Leishmaniasis. International Journal of Advances
in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1).