Micro air vehicles (MAVs), or micro aerial vehicles, are a class of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with size restrictions that allow them to access hazardous environments inaccessible to ground vehicles. They are controlled remotely and often used for military and special operation applications. Some key advantages of MAVs include keeping security personnel out of harm's way in dangerous situations, maintaining direct communication with pilots, and enabling individual control of vehicles for a wide range of missions. India has developed several MAVs, including the Nishant, Rustom, Dhaksha, and Netra drones, for surveillance and reconnaissance operations.

1. MICRO AIR VEHICLES

2. What Are MAVS(AV’S) ?
• A micro air vehicle
(MAV), or micro aerial
vehicle, is a class of
unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAV) that has a size
restriction . The small craft
allows remote observation
of hazardous
environments inaccessible
to ground vehicles.

3. What Are Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ?
• An unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV), commonly
known as drone, is an
aircraft without a human pilot
aboard. Its flight is controlled
either autonomously by
onboard computers or by the
remote control of a pilot on
the ground or in another
vehicle.
• They are usually deployed
for military and special
operation applications.

4. What Is Remote Control Vehicle ?
• A remote control vehicle
is defined as any vehicle
that is controlled by a
means that does not restrict
its motion with an origin
external to the device. This
is often a radio control
device, cable between
control and vehicle, or an
infrared controller.

5. WHY MAV’S ? WHY NOT SOMETHING
BIGGER ?
 Keeps security personnel
out of harms from any
hazardous or dangerous
situations.
 Direct connectivity to
pilot or crew.
 Can be individually
controlled.
 Can be used for a wide
range of new missions
(even unthought-of
before).

7. References :- Air Force Research Laboratory, US Air Force

8. Concept Of Operation

9. Pilot And Crew Control

10. MAIN SUB SYSTEMS
1. FLIGHT CONTROL
2. PROPULSION
SYSTEM
3. COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
4. GUIDANCE &
NAVIGATION

11. Flight control system hardware architecture

12. The TUAV1000 shown in Fig. 1 has three
servo units for the left and right elevons
and an electrically driven propeller. Its
wingspan is 1000 mm and carries a wire-
less video system as payload.
The actual flight control system is
shown in Fig. 3, which weighs only
about 24 g

13. Guidance Navigation and Control (GNC) of an (UAV)

15. Accelerometer and Gyroscope
• Accelerometer measure linear accelerations.
• Gyroscope measure angular movement.

17. MEMS Gyroscope
• A gyroscope is a device for
measuring or maintaining the
orientation, based on the
principles of the conservation
of momentum.
• Gyroscopes are physical
sensors that detect and
measure the angular motion of
an object relative to an inertial
frame of reference.
• Transfer of energy between
two vibrating resonator is by
Coriolis acceleration.
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) image
of a comb drive tuning fork gyroscope
designed by Draper Lab in Cambridge, MA

18. Working Principle

19. Coriolis force
• Force exerted on a
body when it moves in
rotational reference
frame
Fc = - 2m (ω x υ)
• Acts perpendicular to
rotation axis and
velocity of body in
rotating frame
• Proportional to rotating
rate

20. MEMS structure die of 3-axis
gyroscopes

21. Various options that could be used for designing a gyroscope

22. Future Market In MEMS Gyroscope

23. The Future of MEMS Gyros
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Not limited to Silicon
• Ti  More durable
• Nano and Pico satellites
• Submarine & Aircraft
satellite launches

24. India And Its AV’S
• India is developing UAVs that are capable of flying on
solar power. The list below contains some micro drones
that Developed by DRDO (Defence Research and
Development Organisation, New Delhi and Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited, Bangalore).
 DRDO Nishant
 DRDO Rustom
 Dhaksha
 Rustom 1
 Rustom-H
 Rustom 2
 Lakshya PTA
 DRDO AURA
 DRDO Netra

25. Have look at DRDO’s Rustom
• Rustom (English: Warrior) is a Medium Altitude Long Endurance
unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) being developed by DRDO for
the three services, Indian Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force
of the Indian Armed Forces. Rustom is derived from the NAL's LCRA
(Light Canard Research Aircraft) developed by a team under the
leadership of late Prof. Rustom B. Damania in the 1980s.
Role
Remote controlled unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV)
Manufacturer DRDO
First flight
Rustom-1: November 11, 2009
Rustom-2: February, 2014
Status
Rustom-1 MALE UAV (Prototype
flight testing)
Rustom-H HALE UAV (Under
development)
Rustom-2 UCAV (Under
development)[1]
Primary users
Indian Air Force
Indian Army, Indian Navy

26. More About Rustom
General characteristics
• Crew: none
• Payload: 95 Kg (165.3 lbs) and
350 kg (771.6 lbs) (for Rustom-1 &
Rustom-H respectively)
• Length: 5.12 m (16 ft 10 in) and
9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) (for Rustom-1 &
Rustom-H respectively)
• Wingspan: 7.9 m (25 ft 11 in) and
20.6 m (67 ft 7 in) (for Rustom-1 &
Rustom-H respectively)
• Height: Rustom-1: 2.40 m (7 ft 10
in)
• Empty weight: 720 kg (1587.33
lbs) & 1,800 kg (3968.32 lbs) (for
Rustom-1 & Rustom-H
respectively)
Performance
Maximum speed: 225 km/h
(139.81 mph)
Range:
Line of sight: 250 km(156.25
miles)
Relay Communication: 350
km (218.75 miles)
Service ceiling: 26,000 ft for
Rustom-1 and 35,000 ft for
Rustom-H (8,000 m and 10,668 m
respectively)

27. DRDO’s Netra
• The Netra is an Indian, light- weight, UAV for surveillance and
reconnaissance operations. It has been jointly developed by the
Defence Research and Development Organisation's Research and
Development Establishment (R&DE), and IdeaForge, a Mumbai-
based private firm. The UAV was featured in the hit movie 3 Idiots.
Role
Mini-unmanned aerial vehicle
(UAV)
National origin India
Manufacturer IdeaForge
Designer DRDO
First flight 3 July 2010
Introduction 30 January 2012
Status Active
Primary users
Central Reserve Police Force
Border Security Force
Produced 2010-present
Number built 24
Unit cost
2 million (US$32,600) to 5.5 million
(US$89,650)[4]

28. More About Netra
• General characteristics
• Crew: none
• Payload: High resolution CCD
camera (Thermal camera)
• Length: 90 cm (2.95 ft)
• Rotor diameter: 90 cm (2.95 ft)
• Empty weight: 1.5 Kg (3.3 lbs)
• Powerplant: 4 × External
swappable Li-Po batteries.
• Netra can be launched from a
small clearing, and it can fly up to
a distance of 2.5 km from its take-
off point. The operational altitude
of the UAV is 200 m
Performance
•Maximum speed: 30 km/hour
•Range: 2500 m(8200 ft)
•Service ceiling: 300 m (985 ft)

29. The wonder called (AV’S) Applications