This document describes various circuit analysis techniques including mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and branch current analysis. It begins by introducing current sources and their characteristics. It then discusses how to perform conversions between current and voltage sources when internal resistances are present. Several examples are provided to illustrate the application of mesh analysis and branch current analysis to solve for unknown currents and voltages in circuits containing current and voltage sources.
This document discusses different circuit analysis techniques including current sources, mesh analysis, and nodal analysis. It begins by introducing current sources as the dual of voltage sources and how they establish a fixed current in their branch. It then discusses how to perform circuit analysis using current sources by applying techniques like mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and branch current analysis. Source conversions between current and voltage sources are also covered along with rules for placing current sources in parallel and series. Worked examples demonstrate how to use these various analysis techniques to solve circuits.
This document summarizes Chapter 10 from the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad. It discusses capacitors and transient responses in capacitive circuits. The key points are:
- Capacitors store electric charge and their characteristics differ from resistors. The amount of charge stored depends on capacitance, voltage, and dielectric material.
- In capacitive circuits, the voltage and current change over time in response to changes in the network. This transient response can be modeled using exponential functions and the time constant, which depends on resistance and capacitance.
- Circuits are analyzed during the charging and discharging phases. The voltage increases exponentially during charging and decreases exponentially during discharging.
-
This document is a chapter from the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad. It covers inductors and inductance. The key points are:
- Inductors work by creating a magnetic field when current flows through a coil. This magnetic field opposes changes in current.
- Inductance depends on the number of turns in the coil, the cross-sectional area, the length of the coil, and the magnetic permeability of the core material.
- When the current through an inductor changes, either increasing or decreasing, it causes a back EMF according to Faraday's law of induction that opposes the change in current.
This document is from Chapter 13 of the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad. It discusses sinusoidal alternating waveforms, including their characteristics and definitions. Some key points covered include: the objectives of becoming familiar with sinusoidal waveforms and their parameters like frequency and phase relationships; defining characteristics of sinusoidal voltages like peak amplitude and period; discussing average and effective (RMS) values; and examples of analyzing sinusoidal waveforms using concepts like phase shifts. The chapter contains numerous figures and examples to illustrate sinusoidal concepts.
This document contains chapters from the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad on network theorems. It discusses the objectives of learning superposition theorem, Thevenin's theorem, and Norton's theorem. The chapter on superposition theorem explains that it allows analyzing circuits with multiple sources by considering each source independently and summing their effects. It provides examples of applying superposition theorem to determine currents and voltages in circuits. The chapter also discusses Thevenin's theorem, which allows reducing any two-terminal network to a single voltage source in series with a resistor.
Alternative energy research and spatial energyMarcus 2012
Ronald Stiffler presents research on circuits using single wire excitation similar to Tesla's work. Early experiments with a simple coil driven by a signal generator produced high voltages from the free end of the secondary and powered an LED through a diode bridge, indicating potential as an alternative energy source. More controlled experiments were conducted and LED output was measured at various input frequencies, showing increased power output up to 12MHz. The theory of "Spatial Energy Coherence" is proposed to describe energy recovery in these circuits without violating conservation of energy laws.
IRJET- Review on Various Topologis used for Decoupling of Fluctuating Power i...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various topologies used for decoupling fluctuating power in single-phase AC circuits. It discusses how active power decoupling techniques can help mitigate issues caused by power fluctuations, such as distorted power factor correction and reduced maximum power point tracking efficiency in applications like solar inverters. Specifically, it analyzes a symmetrical half-bridge circuit topology that uses minimal passive components to absorb power surges. The document also reviews several past studies on active power decoupling methods, capacitive energy storage approaches, and the benefits of film capacitors over electrolytic capacitors for power decoupling applications.
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are current driven devices. So, it is essential to maintain the stability of LED voltage and current. Variation of temperature may cause of instabilities and bifurcations in the LED driver. Driving LEDs from an offline power source faces design challenges like it have to maintain low harmonics in input current, to achieve high power factor, high efficiency and to maintain constant LED current and to ensure long lifetime. This paper proposes the technique of harmonics reduction by using parametric optimization of Single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) based LED driver. Without optimization of SEPIC parameters input energy will not be properly transferred to the load and this un-transferred energy will be transmitted to the source. Consequently, the quality of input current will be hampered i.e. harmonics will contaminate the input current. Focussing this, the paper has presented the design of a non-isolated integrated-stage single-switch constant current LED driver operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in SEPIC incorporating the design of control circuit with soft start mechanism. This LED driver has achieved a good efficiency (90.6%) and high-power factor (0.98) with reduced harmonics (3.35%). System stability has been determined and simulation studies are performed to confirm the validity of the LED driver circuit. A laboratory prototype is built.
This document discusses different circuit analysis techniques including current sources, mesh analysis, and nodal analysis. It begins by introducing current sources as the dual of voltage sources and how they establish a fixed current in their branch. It then discusses how to perform circuit analysis using current sources by applying techniques like mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and branch current analysis. Source conversions between current and voltage sources are also covered along with rules for placing current sources in parallel and series. Worked examples demonstrate how to use these various analysis techniques to solve circuits.
This document summarizes Chapter 10 from the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad. It discusses capacitors and transient responses in capacitive circuits. The key points are:
- Capacitors store electric charge and their characteristics differ from resistors. The amount of charge stored depends on capacitance, voltage, and dielectric material.
- In capacitive circuits, the voltage and current change over time in response to changes in the network. This transient response can be modeled using exponential functions and the time constant, which depends on resistance and capacitance.
- Circuits are analyzed during the charging and discharging phases. The voltage increases exponentially during charging and decreases exponentially during discharging.
-
This document is a chapter from the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad. It covers inductors and inductance. The key points are:
- Inductors work by creating a magnetic field when current flows through a coil. This magnetic field opposes changes in current.
- Inductance depends on the number of turns in the coil, the cross-sectional area, the length of the coil, and the magnetic permeability of the core material.
- When the current through an inductor changes, either increasing or decreasing, it causes a back EMF according to Faraday's law of induction that opposes the change in current.
This document is from Chapter 13 of the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad. It discusses sinusoidal alternating waveforms, including their characteristics and definitions. Some key points covered include: the objectives of becoming familiar with sinusoidal waveforms and their parameters like frequency and phase relationships; defining characteristics of sinusoidal voltages like peak amplitude and period; discussing average and effective (RMS) values; and examples of analyzing sinusoidal waveforms using concepts like phase shifts. The chapter contains numerous figures and examples to illustrate sinusoidal concepts.
This document contains chapters from the textbook "Introductory Circuit Analysis" by Boylestad on network theorems. It discusses the objectives of learning superposition theorem, Thevenin's theorem, and Norton's theorem. The chapter on superposition theorem explains that it allows analyzing circuits with multiple sources by considering each source independently and summing their effects. It provides examples of applying superposition theorem to determine currents and voltages in circuits. The chapter also discusses Thevenin's theorem, which allows reducing any two-terminal network to a single voltage source in series with a resistor.
Alternative energy research and spatial energyMarcus 2012
Ronald Stiffler presents research on circuits using single wire excitation similar to Tesla's work. Early experiments with a simple coil driven by a signal generator produced high voltages from the free end of the secondary and powered an LED through a diode bridge, indicating potential as an alternative energy source. More controlled experiments were conducted and LED output was measured at various input frequencies, showing increased power output up to 12MHz. The theory of "Spatial Energy Coherence" is proposed to describe energy recovery in these circuits without violating conservation of energy laws.
IRJET- Review on Various Topologis used for Decoupling of Fluctuating Power i...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various topologies used for decoupling fluctuating power in single-phase AC circuits. It discusses how active power decoupling techniques can help mitigate issues caused by power fluctuations, such as distorted power factor correction and reduced maximum power point tracking efficiency in applications like solar inverters. Specifically, it analyzes a symmetrical half-bridge circuit topology that uses minimal passive components to absorb power surges. The document also reviews several past studies on active power decoupling methods, capacitive energy storage approaches, and the benefits of film capacitors over electrolytic capacitors for power decoupling applications.
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are current driven devices. So, it is essential to maintain the stability of LED voltage and current. Variation of temperature may cause of instabilities and bifurcations in the LED driver. Driving LEDs from an offline power source faces design challenges like it have to maintain low harmonics in input current, to achieve high power factor, high efficiency and to maintain constant LED current and to ensure long lifetime. This paper proposes the technique of harmonics reduction by using parametric optimization of Single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) based LED driver. Without optimization of SEPIC parameters input energy will not be properly transferred to the load and this un-transferred energy will be transmitted to the source. Consequently, the quality of input current will be hampered i.e. harmonics will contaminate the input current. Focussing this, the paper has presented the design of a non-isolated integrated-stage single-switch constant current LED driver operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in SEPIC incorporating the design of control circuit with soft start mechanism. This LED driver has achieved a good efficiency (90.6%) and high-power factor (0.98) with reduced harmonics (3.35%). System stability has been determined and simulation studies are performed to confirm the validity of the LED driver circuit. A laboratory prototype is built.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
An electric vehicle (EV) can be charged wirelessly through an inductively coupled power transfer system where the system resonates the inductive coupling coil at the operating frequency by means of a compensation network. However, the resonant behaviour implies overcurrent in the inverter MOSFETs during uncoupled and high load resistor conditions, which affect to the inverter MOSFETs failure whenever the current exceeds their maximum current rating. Therefore, this paper presents a CLL/S detuned compensation network for EV wireless charging application to limit the inverter current during the uncoupled state and open circuit load conditions. The proposed compensation consists of a series capacitor and parallel inductor at the primary side and series capacitor at the secondary side. By using Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL) analysis, the primary side is detuned to inductive behaviour to ensure zero voltage switching (ZVS), and the secondary side remains at natural resonant tuning. From the simulation analysis, the slight increase of the parallel inductor value at the primary side can limit of the inverter current at uncoupled and high load resistor conditions. The proposed system also offers higher efficiency than the series-series detuned compensation and slightly lower than the double-sided LCC compensation network at different coupling factor.
IRJET - Design of High Gain DC-DC Step Up ConverterIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed high gain DC-DC step up converter. It consists of an interleaved boost stage with two inductors operated by two switches, and a voltage multiplier cell stage using diodes and capacitors to further increase the voltage gain. This provides high voltage gain with low voltage stress on components. It offers equal current sharing between the inductors, reducing conduction losses and improving efficiency compared to conventional interleaved boost converters. The proposed converter integrates coupled inductors and switched capacitors to achieve high step-up gain suitable for renewable energy applications.
MODELLING OF 200W LED DRIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN WITH LLC CONVERTERJournal For Research
LED is a recent technology, which has replaced all other conventional light sources in the past few years and since it is current controlled, accurate driver design is necessary. The LED driver should have the capability of providing constant current regardless of the LED forward voltage variations. The LLC converter is controlled to operate as a constant current mode LED driver. A 100 kHz, 200W LLC LED driver is designed and calculated to verify the proposed circuit and design method. This paper proposes mathematical model of 200W LED driver circuit design with LLC resonant converter. The proposed circuit uses a full bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC and increases the rectified output voltage using boost converter which is operated in continuous conduction mode and a quasi-half bridge resonant converter to drive the LED lamp load with coupling transformer. The LLC converter is designed such that solid state switches of quasi half bridge are working under zero switching scheme to reduce switching losses. The analysis, design and modelling of 200 W LED driver is carried out by mathematical model and stability analysis for universal AC mains.
An automotive onboard 3.3kw battery charger for phev applicationsMurray Edington
The document describes a 3.3 kW two-stage battery charger design for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The charger consists of an AC-DC power factor correction rectifier followed by an isolated DC-DC converter. The AC-DC stage uses an interleaved boost converter topology for high efficiency. The DC-DC stage is a full-bridge zero-voltage switching converter. Design details are provided for key components like the transformer and output inductor. Experimental results show the charger achieves up to 94% efficiency and meets specifications like operating over a 200-450V output voltage range.
IRJET - A Comparative Analysis of Cuk and Buck Boost Converter for PFC in...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of Cuk and buck-boost converters for power factor correction in an induction motor drive system. It discusses the operation and design of Cuk and buck-boost converters, and simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the performance of each converter in improving the power factor when used with a three-phase induction motor. The results show that while both converters increased the power factor compared to without correction, the Cuk converter achieved a higher power factor of 0.96 compared to 0.9 for the buck-boost converter. Therefore, the Cuk converter provides better power factor correction for an induction motor drive.
This paper presents the improved single phase AC-DC super lift Luo converter for enhancing quality of power by mitigating the issues. The proposed converter is used for output voltage control, power factor improvement and reduced source current harmonics at supply side. The main intention of this work is to design appropriate closed loop controllers for this AC-DC super lift Luo converter to achieve unity power factor in the source end. The designed control system comprises of two control loops, voltage control in outer loop and the current controller is devised in the inner loop. Fuzzy controller is used for current controller whereas PI controller as voltage controller. In the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, simulation of the proposed AC-DC super lift Luo converter is done. It is clear from the simulation results that PI integrated fuzzy controller for voltage and control is proven to be better than classical PI with hysteresis controllers. The proposed system is able to achieve high input power factor along with supply current harmonic distortions of less than 5%.
This paper presents the optimization of PFC Cuk converter parameter design for the minimization of THD and voltage ripple. In this study, the PFC Cuk converter is designed to operate in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in order to achieve almost unity power factor. The passive components, i.e., inductor and capacitor are designed based on switching frequency and resonant frequency. Nevertheless, the ranges of duty cycle for buck and boost operations are 0<D<0.5 and 0.5<D<1, respectively for the output voltage variation of the converter. The principle of the parameters design optimization is based on the balancing energy compensation between the input capacitor and output inductor for minimization of THD current. In addition, the selection of high output capacitance will minimize the output voltage ripple significantly. A 65 W PFC Cuk converter prototype is developed and experimentally tested to confirm the parameters design optimization principle. The experimental results show that the THD current is reduced to 4.5% from 61.3% and the output voltage ripple is reduced to 7 V from 18 V after parameters optimization are realized. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the output voltage ripple frequency is always double of the input line frequency, 50 Hz and the output voltage ripple is always lower than the maximum input voltage ripple.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Quasi-z-source inverter for photovoltaic power generation systemsijiert bestjournal
The Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) has been reported suitable for res idential PV system because of the capability of voltage boost and inversion in a single stage. Recently,four new topol ogies,the quasi-Z-Source Inverters (qZSI),have been derived from the original ZSI. This project ana lyzes one voltage fed topology of these four in detail and applies it to PV power generation systems. By using the new quasi-Z-Source topology,the inverter draws a constant current from the PV array and is capabl e of handling a wide input voltage range. It also features lower component ratings and reduced source stress compared to the traditional ZSI. A prototype which provides three phase 50-Hz,230Vrms ac has been built in laboratory . It is demonstrated from the theoretical analysis and MATLAB/SIMULATION results that t he proposed qZSI can realize voltage buck or boost and dc-ac inversion in a single stage with high reliability and efficiency,which makes it well suited for PV power systems.
Fuzzy Logic Controller based Bridgeless (BL) Isolated Interleaved Zeta Conver...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent times, high-brightness light emitting diodes (HB-LEDs) are
developing rapidly and it is confirmed to be the future development in
lighting not only because of their high efficiency and high reliability,
however also because of their other exceptional features: chromatic variety,
shock and vibration resistance, etc. In this paper, a bridgeless (BL) Isolated
Interleaved Zeta Converter is proposed for the purpose of reducing the diode
failures or losses; the value of output ripples also gets decreased. The
proposed BL isolated interleaved zeta converter operating in discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) is used for controlling the brightness of LED
Driver with inherent PFC at ac mains using single voltage sensor. The fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) is used to adjust the Modulation Index of the voltage
controller in order to improve the dynamic response of LED Lamp driver.
Based on the error of converter output voltage, FLC is designed to select the
optimum Modulation Index of the voltage controller. The proposed LED
driver is simulated to achieve a unity power factor at ac mains for a wide
range of voltage control and supply voltage fluctuations.
IRJET - Comparative Study of Different AC-DC Converter for High Step DownIRJET Journal
This document compares a single-stage three-phase AC-DC converter using SiC MOSFETs to a conventional two-stage AC-DC converter. The single-stage converter removes the need for a separate DC-DC stage by using a high frequency transformer to directly step down the voltage from the PFC stage. This makes the design more compact and efficient with lower costs compared to the conventional two-stage approach with its 10 switches and separate DC-DC stage. Simulation results show the THD is reduced to 10% and efficiency increased to 95% with the proposed single-stage design.
This document summarizes a novel interleaved boost converter proposed for photovoltaic power generation systems. The converter aims to reduce switching losses and voltage stress across switches compared to conventional interleaved boost converters. It achieves this by adding a coupling capacitor in series with one switch, which lowers the voltage stress on that switch and provides softer switching. Simulation results on a 0.5kW prototype verify that the proposed converter reduces voltage stress on one switch and achieves softer switching. The converter is also shown to effectively track the maximum power point using a perturb and observe control method under changing solar irradiation levels.
This document presents a high-efficiency LED driving circuit based on a buck converter topology. The circuit is designed to operate under a wide input voltage range of 85V to 265V and drive a series of high-power LEDs. The operation principles and power loss factors of the circuit are analyzed in detail. A prototype is designed and tested to drive 16 series-connected LUMILEDS LEDs, achieving an efficiency of 92% at 350mA output current. Experimental results show the circuit achieves over 90% efficiency under variable input and output voltages, validating the design.
New Hybrid Structure Based on Improved Switched Inductor Z-Source and Paralle...IJPEDS-IAES
This document describes a new hybrid inverter topology for renewable energy systems. The topology combines an improved switched inductor Z-source impedance network with multiple parallel inverters sharing a common DC input voltage.
The improved switched inductor Z-source network significantly increases the voltage boost ability compared to traditional Z-source and switched inductor Z-source networks. Connecting multiple inverters in parallel increases the power capacity and reliability of the system by dividing the output current load among the inverters.
Simulation results validated the performance of the proposed topology in MATLAB/Simulink. The topology enables a wide adjustable output voltage for applications like solar and fuel cells that require high voltage boost capabilities.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
This document summarizes a novel proposed single-phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) converter topology. The proposed topology aims to improve power factor and reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) compared to conventional PFC converters. By removing the input bridge, the proposed topology simplifies control circuitry. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed topology achieves a power factor of 0.998 and THD of 2.83%, compared to 0.8397 and 5.72% for a conventional SEPIC PFC converter. The proposed topology provides better performance than conventional designs for low power applications requiring high power quality input.
This document summarizes the theoretical and practical considerations for designing a copper electrowinning plant. Theoretically, the process is governed by Faraday's law, the Nernst equation, and the Butler-Volmer equation. These equations relate current, potential, and concentration to the rate of the copper electrodeposition reaction. Practically, design considerations include plant layout, cell dimensions, materials of construction, operating cycles, and ancillary equipment. Both theoretical fundamentals and practical requirements must be understood to optimize the design for cost, schedule and product quality.
This document is from a chapter of an introductory circuit analysis textbook. It discusses series-parallel circuits and various methods for analyzing them, including the reduce-and-return approach and block diagram approach. It provides examples of applying these methods to solve for unknown voltages, currents, and resistances in series-parallel networks. It also covers topics like ladder networks, voltage divider circuits, potentiometers, and the design of ammeters, voltmeters and ohmmeters.
This document presents Thevenin's and Norton's theorems. It explains that Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit with voltage and current sources and resistors can be simplified to an equivalent circuit with a voltage source in series with a resistor. The document outlines the steps to use Thevenin's theorem to simplify a circuit. It also discusses Norton's theorem and how to convert a circuit into an equivalent Norton circuit using Norton's current and resistance. The limitations of Thevenin's theorem are provided.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
An electric vehicle (EV) can be charged wirelessly through an inductively coupled power transfer system where the system resonates the inductive coupling coil at the operating frequency by means of a compensation network. However, the resonant behaviour implies overcurrent in the inverter MOSFETs during uncoupled and high load resistor conditions, which affect to the inverter MOSFETs failure whenever the current exceeds their maximum current rating. Therefore, this paper presents a CLL/S detuned compensation network for EV wireless charging application to limit the inverter current during the uncoupled state and open circuit load conditions. The proposed compensation consists of a series capacitor and parallel inductor at the primary side and series capacitor at the secondary side. By using Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL) analysis, the primary side is detuned to inductive behaviour to ensure zero voltage switching (ZVS), and the secondary side remains at natural resonant tuning. From the simulation analysis, the slight increase of the parallel inductor value at the primary side can limit of the inverter current at uncoupled and high load resistor conditions. The proposed system also offers higher efficiency than the series-series detuned compensation and slightly lower than the double-sided LCC compensation network at different coupling factor.
IRJET - Design of High Gain DC-DC Step Up ConverterIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed high gain DC-DC step up converter. It consists of an interleaved boost stage with two inductors operated by two switches, and a voltage multiplier cell stage using diodes and capacitors to further increase the voltage gain. This provides high voltage gain with low voltage stress on components. It offers equal current sharing between the inductors, reducing conduction losses and improving efficiency compared to conventional interleaved boost converters. The proposed converter integrates coupled inductors and switched capacitors to achieve high step-up gain suitable for renewable energy applications.
MODELLING OF 200W LED DRIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN WITH LLC CONVERTERJournal For Research
LED is a recent technology, which has replaced all other conventional light sources in the past few years and since it is current controlled, accurate driver design is necessary. The LED driver should have the capability of providing constant current regardless of the LED forward voltage variations. The LLC converter is controlled to operate as a constant current mode LED driver. A 100 kHz, 200W LLC LED driver is designed and calculated to verify the proposed circuit and design method. This paper proposes mathematical model of 200W LED driver circuit design with LLC resonant converter. The proposed circuit uses a full bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC and increases the rectified output voltage using boost converter which is operated in continuous conduction mode and a quasi-half bridge resonant converter to drive the LED lamp load with coupling transformer. The LLC converter is designed such that solid state switches of quasi half bridge are working under zero switching scheme to reduce switching losses. The analysis, design and modelling of 200 W LED driver is carried out by mathematical model and stability analysis for universal AC mains.
An automotive onboard 3.3kw battery charger for phev applicationsMurray Edington
The document describes a 3.3 kW two-stage battery charger design for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The charger consists of an AC-DC power factor correction rectifier followed by an isolated DC-DC converter. The AC-DC stage uses an interleaved boost converter topology for high efficiency. The DC-DC stage is a full-bridge zero-voltage switching converter. Design details are provided for key components like the transformer and output inductor. Experimental results show the charger achieves up to 94% efficiency and meets specifications like operating over a 200-450V output voltage range.
IRJET - A Comparative Analysis of Cuk and Buck Boost Converter for PFC in...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of Cuk and buck-boost converters for power factor correction in an induction motor drive system. It discusses the operation and design of Cuk and buck-boost converters, and simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the performance of each converter in improving the power factor when used with a three-phase induction motor. The results show that while both converters increased the power factor compared to without correction, the Cuk converter achieved a higher power factor of 0.96 compared to 0.9 for the buck-boost converter. Therefore, the Cuk converter provides better power factor correction for an induction motor drive.
This paper presents the improved single phase AC-DC super lift Luo converter for enhancing quality of power by mitigating the issues. The proposed converter is used for output voltage control, power factor improvement and reduced source current harmonics at supply side. The main intention of this work is to design appropriate closed loop controllers for this AC-DC super lift Luo converter to achieve unity power factor in the source end. The designed control system comprises of two control loops, voltage control in outer loop and the current controller is devised in the inner loop. Fuzzy controller is used for current controller whereas PI controller as voltage controller. In the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, simulation of the proposed AC-DC super lift Luo converter is done. It is clear from the simulation results that PI integrated fuzzy controller for voltage and control is proven to be better than classical PI with hysteresis controllers. The proposed system is able to achieve high input power factor along with supply current harmonic distortions of less than 5%.
This paper presents the optimization of PFC Cuk converter parameter design for the minimization of THD and voltage ripple. In this study, the PFC Cuk converter is designed to operate in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) in order to achieve almost unity power factor. The passive components, i.e., inductor and capacitor are designed based on switching frequency and resonant frequency. Nevertheless, the ranges of duty cycle for buck and boost operations are 0<D<0.5 and 0.5<D<1, respectively for the output voltage variation of the converter. The principle of the parameters design optimization is based on the balancing energy compensation between the input capacitor and output inductor for minimization of THD current. In addition, the selection of high output capacitance will minimize the output voltage ripple significantly. A 65 W PFC Cuk converter prototype is developed and experimentally tested to confirm the parameters design optimization principle. The experimental results show that the THD current is reduced to 4.5% from 61.3% and the output voltage ripple is reduced to 7 V from 18 V after parameters optimization are realized. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the output voltage ripple frequency is always double of the input line frequency, 50 Hz and the output voltage ripple is always lower than the maximum input voltage ripple.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Quasi-z-source inverter for photovoltaic power generation systemsijiert bestjournal
The Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) has been reported suitable for res idential PV system because of the capability of voltage boost and inversion in a single stage. Recently,four new topol ogies,the quasi-Z-Source Inverters (qZSI),have been derived from the original ZSI. This project ana lyzes one voltage fed topology of these four in detail and applies it to PV power generation systems. By using the new quasi-Z-Source topology,the inverter draws a constant current from the PV array and is capabl e of handling a wide input voltage range. It also features lower component ratings and reduced source stress compared to the traditional ZSI. A prototype which provides three phase 50-Hz,230Vrms ac has been built in laboratory . It is demonstrated from the theoretical analysis and MATLAB/SIMULATION results that t he proposed qZSI can realize voltage buck or boost and dc-ac inversion in a single stage with high reliability and efficiency,which makes it well suited for PV power systems.
Fuzzy Logic Controller based Bridgeless (BL) Isolated Interleaved Zeta Conver...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent times, high-brightness light emitting diodes (HB-LEDs) are
developing rapidly and it is confirmed to be the future development in
lighting not only because of their high efficiency and high reliability,
however also because of their other exceptional features: chromatic variety,
shock and vibration resistance, etc. In this paper, a bridgeless (BL) Isolated
Interleaved Zeta Converter is proposed for the purpose of reducing the diode
failures or losses; the value of output ripples also gets decreased. The
proposed BL isolated interleaved zeta converter operating in discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) is used for controlling the brightness of LED
Driver with inherent PFC at ac mains using single voltage sensor. The fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) is used to adjust the Modulation Index of the voltage
controller in order to improve the dynamic response of LED Lamp driver.
Based on the error of converter output voltage, FLC is designed to select the
optimum Modulation Index of the voltage controller. The proposed LED
driver is simulated to achieve a unity power factor at ac mains for a wide
range of voltage control and supply voltage fluctuations.
IRJET - Comparative Study of Different AC-DC Converter for High Step DownIRJET Journal
This document compares a single-stage three-phase AC-DC converter using SiC MOSFETs to a conventional two-stage AC-DC converter. The single-stage converter removes the need for a separate DC-DC stage by using a high frequency transformer to directly step down the voltage from the PFC stage. This makes the design more compact and efficient with lower costs compared to the conventional two-stage approach with its 10 switches and separate DC-DC stage. Simulation results show the THD is reduced to 10% and efficiency increased to 95% with the proposed single-stage design.
This document summarizes a novel interleaved boost converter proposed for photovoltaic power generation systems. The converter aims to reduce switching losses and voltage stress across switches compared to conventional interleaved boost converters. It achieves this by adding a coupling capacitor in series with one switch, which lowers the voltage stress on that switch and provides softer switching. Simulation results on a 0.5kW prototype verify that the proposed converter reduces voltage stress on one switch and achieves softer switching. The converter is also shown to effectively track the maximum power point using a perturb and observe control method under changing solar irradiation levels.
This document presents a high-efficiency LED driving circuit based on a buck converter topology. The circuit is designed to operate under a wide input voltage range of 85V to 265V and drive a series of high-power LEDs. The operation principles and power loss factors of the circuit are analyzed in detail. A prototype is designed and tested to drive 16 series-connected LUMILEDS LEDs, achieving an efficiency of 92% at 350mA output current. Experimental results show the circuit achieves over 90% efficiency under variable input and output voltages, validating the design.
New Hybrid Structure Based on Improved Switched Inductor Z-Source and Paralle...IJPEDS-IAES
This document describes a new hybrid inverter topology for renewable energy systems. The topology combines an improved switched inductor Z-source impedance network with multiple parallel inverters sharing a common DC input voltage.
The improved switched inductor Z-source network significantly increases the voltage boost ability compared to traditional Z-source and switched inductor Z-source networks. Connecting multiple inverters in parallel increases the power capacity and reliability of the system by dividing the output current load among the inverters.
Simulation results validated the performance of the proposed topology in MATLAB/Simulink. The topology enables a wide adjustable output voltage for applications like solar and fuel cells that require high voltage boost capabilities.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
This document summarizes a novel proposed single-phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) converter topology. The proposed topology aims to improve power factor and reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) compared to conventional PFC converters. By removing the input bridge, the proposed topology simplifies control circuitry. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed topology achieves a power factor of 0.998 and THD of 2.83%, compared to 0.8397 and 5.72% for a conventional SEPIC PFC converter. The proposed topology provides better performance than conventional designs for low power applications requiring high power quality input.
This document summarizes the theoretical and practical considerations for designing a copper electrowinning plant. Theoretically, the process is governed by Faraday's law, the Nernst equation, and the Butler-Volmer equation. These equations relate current, potential, and concentration to the rate of the copper electrodeposition reaction. Practically, design considerations include plant layout, cell dimensions, materials of construction, operating cycles, and ancillary equipment. Both theoretical fundamentals and practical requirements must be understood to optimize the design for cost, schedule and product quality.
This document is from a chapter of an introductory circuit analysis textbook. It discusses series-parallel circuits and various methods for analyzing them, including the reduce-and-return approach and block diagram approach. It provides examples of applying these methods to solve for unknown voltages, currents, and resistances in series-parallel networks. It also covers topics like ladder networks, voltage divider circuits, potentiometers, and the design of ammeters, voltmeters and ohmmeters.
This document presents Thevenin's and Norton's theorems. It explains that Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit with voltage and current sources and resistors can be simplified to an equivalent circuit with a voltage source in series with a resistor. The document outlines the steps to use Thevenin's theorem to simplify a circuit. It also discusses Norton's theorem and how to convert a circuit into an equivalent Norton circuit using Norton's current and resistance. The limitations of Thevenin's theorem are provided.
This document discusses current sources and their conversion to voltage sources. It defines a current source as a circuit element that maintains a constant current regardless of the voltage across its terminals. An ideal current source supplies infinite energy and constant current independent of the load. A practical current source can be modeled as an ideal source with an internal resistance. Current sources can be connected in parallel, where the total current is the sum or difference of individual currents. A voltage source is constant and independent of current drawn, while a practical voltage source has internal resistance causing voltage drop. A voltage source can be converted to a current source by modeling its internal resistance in series, and vice versa.
Wireless audio transmitter for tv(full report)Pawan Gupta
This document is a project report submitted by three students - Mr. Abhishek Sharma, Mr. Danish Khan, and Mr. Pawan Gupta - for their Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering department. The project is about designing a wireless audio transmitter for a TV. It includes certificates of completion, acknowledgements, an abstract describing the use of FM transmission to allow wireless headphone listening of TV without disturbing others, and outlines several chapters covering the hardware requirements, schematic diagram, layout diagram, testing, and future scope.
“THE PROJECT REPORT ON WIRELESS CHARGING STATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH A...IRJET Journal
This project report summarizes research on a wireless charging station for electric vehicles with solar energy as a backup power source. The report provides an overview of wireless power transfer and reviews different types of solar-powered electric vehicle charging stations. It examines wireless power transmission components like compensation and multiple coil models. The results will depend on factors like efficiency, range, and power transfer capacity. Wireless charging has advantages over wired charging like reduced charging time and ability to charge electric vehicles on the go. While initial costs are high, wireless charging technology is expected to become more affordable and widespread in the future.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on fundamentals of power quality. It discusses topics that will be covered including power quality fundamentals, voltage sags and interruptions, transients, and harmonics. It defines power quality issues and explains why power quality is important due to increased use of sensitive electronic equipment. Power quality engineering investigates equipment malfunctions to determine if they are caused by power quality problems and how to mitigate the issues. Power electronics are discussed as an important factor in power quality due to causing harmonic distortion and being vulnerable to power quality variations, and their increasing prevalence.
This document summarizes an experiment on analyzing the characteristics of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The aims were to interpret the transistor's DC current-voltage characteristics, determine its maximum current rating, and ensure effective circuit design. Procedures measured the collector current, transfer characteristics, and key voltages and currents. Graphs of the results were analyzed to calculate operational values like the quiescent currents and current gain. The experiment successfully obtained the BJT's DC characteristics and demonstrated controlling output current through input biasing.
Chapter 4 Boylstead DC Biasing-BJTs.pptxAneesSohail1
This document summarizes key concepts about biasing transistors, including:
1) Biasing establishes operating conditions like current and voltage to turn the transistor on for amplifying AC signals. Important to keep the operating point (Q-point) stable for proper transistor functioning.
2) Common biasing circuits include fixed bias, emitter-stabilized bias, voltage divider bias, and collector feedback. Emitter-stabilized and voltage divider biases are more stable against temperature and transistor parameter variations.
3) Load line analysis graphs the transistor characteristics and determines the Q-point where DC and AC signals are amplified linearly without saturation or cutoff. Biasing aims to set the Q-point in the active region for maximum
The document provides information about a lab experiment on determining the power factor of a series RL circuit. It includes the objective, apparatus required, theory, circuit diagram, calculations, observations, learning outcomes, assessment pattern and references. The objective is to demonstrate a series RL circuit and determine the power factor. The required apparatus are an AC supply, variac, wattmeter, ammeter, voltmeter, variable resistive and inductive loads. Calculations involve determining power factor using equations for power, voltage, current and phase angle. Students will learn to make series connections and measure circuit parameters to calculate impedance and power factor.
IjEVOLUTION OF POWER SUPPLY AND ITS APPLICATION TO ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ...IAEME Publication
Electricity can be produced using chemical effect where the movement of ions constitutes a flow of current through the electrolyte. Electrochemical cells are used as storage cells where chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy. The most efficient and widely used method for the generation of electricity is based on the laws of Electromagnetic Induction. According to this law electromotive force is induced in a conductor whenever the conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux. The invention of the Diode Valve in 1904 and the invention of the triode valve in 1906 and their largescale production from 1920 onwards helped to manufacture electronic products and instruments. The invention of the galena-based Cat’s whisker detector in 1906 was the milestone of manufacturing crystal radio receivers. Cuprous oxide rectifier was invented in 1926 and was used for the rectification of power supply frequencies. Selenium rectifier was invented in 1933 and it was also used for the rectification of power frequencies but selenium rectifier was more efficient and was best in low-voltage, heavy current applications. Commercial manufacturing of germanium crystal diode was started in 1946. Then invention of the bipolar junction transistor in 1948 had replaced the valves because of low power, low cost, small size and long-lasting. Electrical products are generally operated from the mains power supply. But electronic products are operated by D.C supply and nowadays most of the communication devices are designed to be operated by the low-watt power supply. Scientists and researchers are developing low power, low heat dissipation, low dropout, miniature and energy harvesting efficient power supply.
The document provides details about the CBCS syllabus for electronics at KU-DHARWAD SSGFG COLLEGE NARAGUND. It includes:
- An overview of the semester-wise distribution of theory and practical subjects across 6 semesters of the BSc program, including subject codes, teaching hours, duration of exams, internal and semester end assessments.
- Detailed syllabus for each semester covering both theory and practical subjects.
- Schemes for evaluating theory question papers, practical exams and computer/microprocessor programming assignments.
- Marks distribution and criteria for evaluating practical exams and programming assignments.
The document provides a comprehensive breakdown of the curriculum, examinations and evaluation
A Family of Neutral Point Clamped Full-Bridge Topologies for Transformerless ...Projectsatbangalore
This document discusses transformerless photovoltaic grid-tied inverters and neutral point clamped (NPC) topologies that can eliminate leakage current. It proposes two basic switching cell types, the positive NPC cell and negative NPC cell, that can be used to build various NPC topologies. A family of single-phase transformerless full-bridge NPC topologies is derived, including an existing oH5 topology and some new topologies. A novel positive-negative NPC (PN-NPC) topology is analyzed in detail and shown to have similar low leakage current as another topology but higher efficiency.
This document discusses parallel DC circuits. It covers topics such as parallel resistors, calculating total resistance of parallel circuits, applying Kirchhoff's current law to parallel circuits, using the current divider rule to determine currents in parallel branches, the effects of placing batteries of different voltages in parallel, and analyzing series-parallel DC networks using the reduce and return approach. Examples are provided for calculating total resistance, source current, and branch currents in various parallel and series-parallel circuit configurations.
Hardware Implementation of Solar Based Boost to SEPIC Converter Fed Nine Leve...IJPEDS-IAES
Multi level inverters are widely used in high power applications because of
low harmonic distortion. This paper deals with the simulation
and implementation of PV based boost to SEPIC converter with multilevel
inverter. The output of PV system is stepped up using boost to sepic
converter and it is converted into AC using a multilevel inverter.
The simulation and experimental results with the R load is presented in this
paper. The FFT analysis is done and the THD values are compared. Boost to
SEPIC converter is proposed to step up the voltage to the required value. The
experimental results are compared with the simulation results. The results
indicate that nine level inverter system has better performance than seven
level inverter system.
Parallel circuits allow current to flow through multiple paths. Devices in parallel circuits all experience the same voltage, and their total current is higher than any single device's current. The equivalent resistance of parallel resistors is calculated as 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 and is lower than either individual resistor. Household outlets and car headlights are wired in parallel so that failure of one device does not disable the entire system.
The document discusses transistor construction and operation. It describes how a transistor has three doped regions (emitter, base, and collector), and how the base is sandwiched between the emitter and collector. It explains that for a transistor to function as an amplifier, the emitter-base junction must be forward-biased and the collector-base junction must be reverse-biased. It also discusses checking transistors with an ohmmeter and different methods of biasing transistors, including base, voltage divider, and emitter biasing.
The document describes an energy harvesting circuit that uses piezoelectric transducers and rectifier-free switching with MOSFETs to convert low-voltage AC output from the transducers into DC power. The circuit aims to overcome limitations of typical rectifier circuits at low voltages. A simulation of the circuit shows it can deliver a steady 0.2V DC output from a 0.4V AC input. The document also discusses building a prototype circuit to test harvesting energy from vibrations to power small sensors.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPI...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) for battery-powered devices using MATLAB simulation. A SEPIC converter can both boost and buck voltages from the battery, providing a steady output voltage as the battery discharges. The document discusses SEPIC converter topology, duty cycle considerations, inductor selection, and simulates a SEPIC converter in MATLAB. The simulation shows the SEPIC converter providing a regulated 15.32V output from a 20V input with 76.6% efficiency.
This document discusses power supplies and their components. It describes ideal and practical voltage and current sources, as well as dependent sources. The key components of a power supply are described as the rectifier, which converts AC to DC; the filter, which smooths the output; and the regulator, which maintains a constant output voltage. Various types of rectifiers like half-wave and bridge rectifiers are discussed. The document provides an overview of how power supplies work to supply the direct current needed for electronic circuits.
A Two-Input Dual Active Bridge Converter for a Smart User Network Using Integ...Alessandro Burgio
The current on the low voltage side of the high
frequency transformer of a dual active bridge converter is
subject to rapid rising and falling edge; in designing the
converter, the peak current is a key factor to achieve robustness
and reliability. To limit the peak current, the adoption of a
further inductor in series with the transformer is a feasible
solution. In this paper the authors propose a novel topology for a
DAB converter useful to deeply reduce the peak current. The
authors also present a 1kW prototype of a DAB converter
implementing the proposed topology and built using integrated
power modules in place of discrete ones. The results of a
laboratory test clearly demonstrated the good dynamic response
of the DAB converter considering a deep step change in power
balancing.
Similar to Method of analysis chapter 8 final (20)
1. The document discusses continuous-time signals and systems. It defines signals and systems, and how they are classified based on properties like being continuous or discrete, and having one or more independent variables.
2. It describes various operations that can be performed on signals, including time shifting, time reversal, time compression/expansion, and amplitude scaling. These transformations change the signal while preserving the information content.
3. Systems are defined as entities that process input signals to produce output signals. Examples of signal processing systems include communication systems, control systems, and systems that interface between continuous and discrete domains.
This document discusses replacement models and maintenance analysis. It covers several key topics:
- The need to continuously monitor facilities to maintain efficient functioning and minimize costs over time.
- The importance of preventative maintenance to reduce costs compared to breakdown maintenance.
- Methods for determining the economic life of an asset by analyzing how total costs change over time.
- Approaches for comparing replacement of an existing asset with a new asset by computing annual equivalent costs of each option.
This document discusses depreciation methods and provides examples of calculating depreciation using straight line, sum-of-years digits, and double declining balance methods. It defines depreciation as a decrease in the value of an asset over its useful life. Three main depreciation methods are described: straight line calculates equal depreciation amounts each year; sum-of-years digits uses a weighted schedule; and double declining balance uses a declining percentage each year. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating depreciation schedules using each method for assets with initial costs, salvage values, and useful lives.
This document provides examples and explanations for conducting benefit-cost analysis to evaluate engineering projects and alternatives. It defines the key steps and techniques in benefit-cost analysis including identifying project benefits and costs, quantifying them, discounting cash flows, and calculating the benefit-cost ratio. Examples are provided to demonstrate computing benefit-cost ratios, incremental analysis, and selecting the alternative with the highest ratio or most desirable increment above 1 to indicate project acceptance.
This document provides an overview of rate of return analysis techniques for evaluating engineering projects and investments. It defines internal rate of return as the interest rate that makes the net present value of a project's cash flows equal to zero. It discusses how to calculate IRR using tables, trial and error, or numerical methods. The document also covers incremental rate of return analysis for comparing competing alternatives, and defines the minimum attractive rate of return used for evaluating projects. Several examples are provided to illustrate IRR, incremental analysis, and solving practice problems.
This document provides an overview of annual cash flow analysis techniques for engineering economic evaluations. It defines equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) and equivalent uniform annual benefits (EUAB) and explains how to use them to compare alternatives over different time periods, including having the same analysis length, different lengths, infinite lengths, or other periods. Several examples are provided and solved showing how to calculate EUAC, EUAB, and net annual worth to select the optimal alternative. The document concludes by assigning additional practice problems for students to complete.
This document provides an overview of present worth analysis for evaluating project alternatives. It discusses how to compare alternatives with equal, unequal, and infinite project lives using present worth. Key points covered include defining the analysis period, handling sunk costs, repeating or terminating analysis periods, and capitalized costs for perpetual projects. Several examples are provided to illustrate present worth calculations and choosing the alternative with the highest positive net present worth. The document concludes with discussing how to compare multiple mutually exclusive alternatives.
This document provides lecture notes on uniform series and arithmetic gradient interest formulas. It begins by deriving the uniform series compound interest formula and defines the uniform series compound amount factor. It then derives the uniform sinking fund formula and defines the uniform series sinking fund factor. Similar derivations are shown for the uniform capital recovery factor and present worth factor. The document then discusses arithmetic gradient series where cash flows increase by a fixed amount each period. It derives the arithmetic gradient future worth factor and present worth factor. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these formulas.
This document contains lecture notes on interest formulas including geometric series, uniform series, arithmetic gradient, geometric gradient, nominal and effective interest rates, and continuous compounding. It provides examples and explanations of formulas for present worth, future worth, and compound interest calculations for situations involving constant and increasing cash flows over time with single-rate and multiple compounding periods.
This document discusses interest rates and time value of money concepts. It begins by defining simple and compound interest rates. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating interest and total amounts due using simple and compound interest formulas. The concept of economic equivalence is introduced, showing that different cash flows can be equivalent based on a common interest rate. The single payment compound interest formula is derived and used to solve examples of determining future or present values. Overall, the document provides an introduction to fundamental time value of money and interest rate concepts in engineering economics.
This document provides an overview of engineering cost estimation. It defines various types of engineering cost estimates such as rough, semi-detailed, and detailed estimates. It discusses common difficulties in making cost estimates such as one-of-a-kind estimates and limitations of time and resources. The document also describes several common mathematical models used for cost estimating, including the per unit model, segmenting model, cost indexes, power-sizing model, and triangulation. It provides examples of how to use these models to estimate costs. Finally, it discusses the impact of learning curves on cost estimates over time.
This document discusses decision making and professional ethics in engineering economic decisions. It begins by classifying problems as simple, intermediate, or complex. The rational decision making process involves 9 steps: recognizing the problem, setting goals/objectives, gathering data, identifying alternatives, selecting evaluation criteria, constructing a model, predicting outcomes, choosing the best alternative, and auditing results. Professional ethics are important to consider, as codes of ethics guide engineers' decisions. Safety, conflicts of interest, and maintenance are some areas where ethics intersect with economic decisions. The Bhopal disaster is provided as an example of how compromising safety for cost savings can have tragic consequences.
This document provides an introduction and syllabus for an engineering economics course taught by Dr. Mohsin Siddique. It outlines the course details including the instructor's contact information, course goals and objectives, topics to be covered, assessment criteria, textbook information, and tentative schedule. The course aims to provide engineering students with the basic concepts of engineering economics to aid in decision making for engineering projects. Key topics include cost estimation, interest calculation, present worth analysis, rate of return analysis, and depreciation. Students will be assessed through quizzes, exams, assignments, and a final exam.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.