This document discusses methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the community. It notes that MRSA emerged as a cause of infection in the community in the 1990s. Initially, MRSA strains in healthcare settings differed from community-associated MRSA strains, but the predominant community-associated strain (USA300) is now also found in some healthcare settings. Community-associated MRSA often presents as skin and soft tissue infections. Treatment recommendations include drainage of purulent lesions, obtaining cultures, and consideration of empiric antimicrobial therapy based on local resistance patterns.
This document summarizes information about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It discusses what MRSA is, how antibiotic resistance develops, risk factors for acquiring MRSA, methods of transmission, prevention strategies, and the results of a pre-surgical screening and decolonization program that significantly reduced MRSA surgical site infections.
This presentation is about MRSA which is also known a 'superbug.' It consist of information on MRSA,MRSA infection,its genetics,types,symptoms,prevention,research,etc
MRSA is a type of staph bacteria that has become resistant to common antibiotics used to treat staph infections. MRSA infections can range from minor to life-threatening. MRSA bacteria can live on surfaces for several days and is spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces and items. Those at highest risk include individuals in crowded settings like hospitals and schools, athletes, military recruits, and people who overuse antibiotics. However, healthy individuals can also contract MRSA through community settings. MRSA has also been found in household pets.
MRSA is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to methicillin and other commonly used antibiotics. It can cause infections of the skin or deeper tissues and organs. Healthcare-associated MRSA is often contracted by patients in healthcare settings, while community-associated MRSA is most common in healthy individuals who participate in contact sports or share personal items. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated surfaces. Treatment involves antibiotics like vancomycin, and prevention focuses on hand washing and disinfecting surfaces to avoid spreading the infection.
S. aureus is a pathogenic, opportunistic bacterium that appears in grape-like clusters under a microscope. It was first isolated in the 1880s and penicillin was used successfully to treat it until methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) emerged in the 1960s. MRSA infections are resistant to common antibiotics and can occur in healthcare or community settings. MRSA prevalence varies globally and poses a serious public health threat. Diagnosis involves rapid detection tests or culture, while treatment relies on specialized antibiotics. Control measures focus on hygiene, sanitation and education.
MRSA is a type of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics like methicillin. It forms grape-like clusters and can infect humans through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. MRSA is dangerous because resistance makes infections more difficult to treat. It spreads easily in hospitals due to factors like overcrowding and weak immune systems in patients. About 30% of healthy humans carry MRSA on their skin without symptoms, but it can cause infections when it enters the body through wounds.
Dr. Paul Fey - Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus: Recent TrendsJohn Blue
This document discusses methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It begins by outlining high mortality rates from S. aureus bacteremia before antibiotics. It then describes the discovery of penicillin and the subsequent evolution of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus. Key points include S. aureus developing resistance first to penicillin, then methicillin through acquisition of the mecA gene. The document discusses the rise of healthcare-associated and later community-associated MRSA strains, their virulence factors and ability to cause disease. It also notes the emergence of livestock-associated MRSA strains that can infect both animals and humans.
This document discusses MRSA infections, including transmission, prevention, and treatment. MRSA is easily transmitted through direct contact or contaminated surfaces. Over 126,000 hospital patients get MRSA infections each year. Key prevention strategies include proper hand hygiene, thorough environmental cleaning, active surveillance testing, and implementing contact precautions. Treatment depends on if the infection is community-associated or healthcare-associated MRSA.
This document summarizes information about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It discusses what MRSA is, how antibiotic resistance develops, risk factors for acquiring MRSA, methods of transmission, prevention strategies, and the results of a pre-surgical screening and decolonization program that significantly reduced MRSA surgical site infections.
This presentation is about MRSA which is also known a 'superbug.' It consist of information on MRSA,MRSA infection,its genetics,types,symptoms,prevention,research,etc
MRSA is a type of staph bacteria that has become resistant to common antibiotics used to treat staph infections. MRSA infections can range from minor to life-threatening. MRSA bacteria can live on surfaces for several days and is spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces and items. Those at highest risk include individuals in crowded settings like hospitals and schools, athletes, military recruits, and people who overuse antibiotics. However, healthy individuals can also contract MRSA through community settings. MRSA has also been found in household pets.
MRSA is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to methicillin and other commonly used antibiotics. It can cause infections of the skin or deeper tissues and organs. Healthcare-associated MRSA is often contracted by patients in healthcare settings, while community-associated MRSA is most common in healthy individuals who participate in contact sports or share personal items. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated surfaces. Treatment involves antibiotics like vancomycin, and prevention focuses on hand washing and disinfecting surfaces to avoid spreading the infection.
S. aureus is a pathogenic, opportunistic bacterium that appears in grape-like clusters under a microscope. It was first isolated in the 1880s and penicillin was used successfully to treat it until methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) emerged in the 1960s. MRSA infections are resistant to common antibiotics and can occur in healthcare or community settings. MRSA prevalence varies globally and poses a serious public health threat. Diagnosis involves rapid detection tests or culture, while treatment relies on specialized antibiotics. Control measures focus on hygiene, sanitation and education.
MRSA is a type of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics like methicillin. It forms grape-like clusters and can infect humans through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. MRSA is dangerous because resistance makes infections more difficult to treat. It spreads easily in hospitals due to factors like overcrowding and weak immune systems in patients. About 30% of healthy humans carry MRSA on their skin without symptoms, but it can cause infections when it enters the body through wounds.
Dr. Paul Fey - Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus: Recent TrendsJohn Blue
This document discusses methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It begins by outlining high mortality rates from S. aureus bacteremia before antibiotics. It then describes the discovery of penicillin and the subsequent evolution of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus. Key points include S. aureus developing resistance first to penicillin, then methicillin through acquisition of the mecA gene. The document discusses the rise of healthcare-associated and later community-associated MRSA strains, their virulence factors and ability to cause disease. It also notes the emergence of livestock-associated MRSA strains that can infect both animals and humans.
This document discusses MRSA infections, including transmission, prevention, and treatment. MRSA is easily transmitted through direct contact or contaminated surfaces. Over 126,000 hospital patients get MRSA infections each year. Key prevention strategies include proper hand hygiene, thorough environmental cleaning, active surveillance testing, and implementing contact precautions. Treatment depends on if the infection is community-associated or healthcare-associated MRSA.
MRSA is a bacteria that is resistant to methicillin and other antibiotics such as penicillin. It can cause dangerous infections in humans. MRSA spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces and is a concern in healthcare settings. Symptoms of MRSA infection vary depending on the site of infection but may include boils, abscesses, or cellulitis. Treatment involves draining infections and administering antibiotics, with more serious cases requiring hospitalization. Preventing the spread of MRSA requires good hand hygiene and avoiding sharing personal items.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
This document discusses Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It begins by providing taxonomic classification of Staphylococcus and describes MRSA's resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of mecA or mecC genes. It then distinguishes between healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), and livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) based on their environments, infections caused, genetic characteristics, and risk factors. Molecular typing methods are also used to identify major epidemic MRSA clones.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA). Community-associated MRSA infections (CA-MRSA) are MRSA infections in healthy people who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis or surgery) within the past one year.
- MRSA is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics such as methicillin. It can cause infections that are difficult to treat.
- MRSA spreads through direct contact with infected wounds or surfaces contaminated with the bacteria. Risk factors include poor hygiene, compromised skin, contact with other infected individuals, and being in crowded areas.
- Symptoms range from skin boils and pimples to serious invasive infections affecting internal organs. Untreated MRSA can lead to toxic shock syndrome or sepsis. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from infected sites or blood. Treatment involves antibiotics like vancomycin or drainage of skin infections.
MRSA is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics such as methicillin and penicillin. It can cause infections of the skin or other parts of the body. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s and has since emerged in both healthcare and community settings. Risk factors for MRSA infection include prior MRSA infection or colonization, exposure to healthcare settings, and underlying medical conditions. Laboratories test for MRSA resistance using methods such as cefoxitin disk screening and PCR detection of the mecA gene. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices can help reduce the spread of MRSA.
This document discusses Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including types (community-acquired and hospital-acquired), resistance mechanisms, infections it commonly causes, and treatment guidelines. MRSA is resistant to many antibiotics. Recommended treatments include vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clindamycin, and combining antibiotics with rifampin. For infections like osteomyelitis and implant infections, guidelines recommend antibiotics along with surgical debridement and drainage. Duration of treatment depends on infection type and severity but is typically several weeks.
This document discusses Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It begins by describing the characteristics of Staphylococcus including that it is a gram-positive coccus that can cause a variety of infections in humans. It then discusses the evolution of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus from penicillin to methicillin to vancomycin. It also covers the differences between hospital-acquired MRSA versus community-acquired MRSA and risks for infection. Treatment options for skin infections caused by MRSA are also summarized.
A brief presentation on the efficacy and safety of contact precautions and MRSA, given as a student at Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in orthopaedic surgeryorthoprince
This document discusses methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in orthopaedic surgery. It covers the history and mechanisms of resistance, differences between community-acquired and healthcare-associated MRSA, challenges of MRSA biofilm formation on implants, strategies for prevention including decolonization and antibiotic prophylaxis, and treatment options including antibiotic-impregnated bone cement and implant removal.
This document presents a study on the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from different clinical samples at a hospital laboratory. The study aims to isolate S. aureus from samples using culture and biochemical tests, perform antibiotic susceptibility testing, and evaluate antimicrobial resistance patterns to determine the presence of MRSA. The methodology describes sample collection and testing procedures. Expected outcomes anticipate finding MRSA in 5% of isolated S. aureus samples. A timeline and budget are provided to complete laboratory work, analysis, and thesis submission within 3 months with a budget of 10,000 Rupees.
The document discusses MRSA infections, including their history, epidemiology, risk factors, management, and prevention. It provides definitions of MRSA and outlines strategies to prevent healthcare-associated transmission through practices like hand hygiene, contact precautions, appropriate antibiotic use, and environmental decontamination. Education of healthcare workers and patients is emphasized as a key prevention strategy.
MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a common strain of staph bacteria that has developed resistance to antibiotics like methicillin. Approximately 1% of the population is colonized with MRSA, meaning the bacteria is present but not causing an infection. MRSA can cause infections in wounds, urine, respiratory systems, and on the skin. Emergency responders should take precautions like proper personal protective equipment, covering wounds, using respiratory masks and avoiding contact with urine to prevent the spread of MRSA infections, as clinical environments pose a risk of transmission to healthcare providers and immunocompromised patients.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. 155 clinical samples were tested and 28 samples were found to contain S. aureus. High vaginal swabs had the highest prevalence. The isolates showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, azithromycin, and pefloxacin. Resistance was observed to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and cephalexin. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide treatment of S. aureus infections.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes serious infections that are difficult to treat due to resistance to many antibiotics. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s and initially caused infections primarily in healthcare settings, but more recently has also caused community-associated infections. MRSA poses a significant infection control challenge and increases patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Detection and treatment of MRSA requires specialized testing and antibiotics.
Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus fo...Trevor Kane
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections from mild to life-threatening. The review discusses several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus including the agr quorum sensing system, α-toxin, phenol soluble modulins, protein A, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and staphylococcal enterotoxins. Recent research into antivirulence approaches that target these factors are highlighted as a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections.
The document discusses the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA. It describes S. aureus's characteristics and how it can cause infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1940s when some S. aureus strains developed resistance to penicillin. It further discusses how MRSA is transmitted and the differences between CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. Prevention, treatment options, and challenges like developing resistance are also covered at a high level.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) demonstrates resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. There are two main types - hospital associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) which circulates in healthcare facilities, and community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) which is found in the community without recent healthcare exposure. CA-MRSA strains first emerged in the 1990s and seem to have evolved from MSSA by acquiring small SCCmec cassettes. While usually associated with community infections, some studies have found that CA-MRSA strains can also cause healthcare-associated infections.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and the importance of prudent antibiotic use. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antibiotics, and inappropriate use can contribute to resistance. Examples of misuse include treating viral infections with antibiotics and prescribing antibiotics without understanding principles of use. The document emphasizes the need for antibiotic stewardship programs and policies to guide appropriate antibiotic selection and use. Education of healthcare workers is important to successfully implement antibiotic policies.
Nuevas y futuras opciones antimicrobianas ante infecciones por MRSA - Dr. Cas...David Castelo
Este documento discute opciones antimicrobianas para infecciones por MRSA, incluyendo tendencias históricas de resistencia, recomendaciones de guías para el manejo de MRSA, y nuevas opciones como ceftarolina. Ceftarolina es una cefalosporina de quinta generación con amplio espectro contra bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas, incluyendo VRSA, MRSA y MSSA. Tiene indicaciones aprobadas para neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y infecciones bacterianas agudas de la p
MRSA is a bacteria that is resistant to methicillin and other antibiotics such as penicillin. It can cause dangerous infections in humans. MRSA spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces and is a concern in healthcare settings. Symptoms of MRSA infection vary depending on the site of infection but may include boils, abscesses, or cellulitis. Treatment involves draining infections and administering antibiotics, with more serious cases requiring hospitalization. Preventing the spread of MRSA requires good hand hygiene and avoiding sharing personal items.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
This document discusses Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It begins by providing taxonomic classification of Staphylococcus and describes MRSA's resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of mecA or mecC genes. It then distinguishes between healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), and livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) based on their environments, infections caused, genetic characteristics, and risk factors. Molecular typing methods are also used to identify major epidemic MRSA clones.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA). Community-associated MRSA infections (CA-MRSA) are MRSA infections in healthy people who have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure (such as dialysis or surgery) within the past one year.
- MRSA is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics such as methicillin. It can cause infections that are difficult to treat.
- MRSA spreads through direct contact with infected wounds or surfaces contaminated with the bacteria. Risk factors include poor hygiene, compromised skin, contact with other infected individuals, and being in crowded areas.
- Symptoms range from skin boils and pimples to serious invasive infections affecting internal organs. Untreated MRSA can lead to toxic shock syndrome or sepsis. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from infected sites or blood. Treatment involves antibiotics like vancomycin or drainage of skin infections.
MRSA is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics such as methicillin and penicillin. It can cause infections of the skin or other parts of the body. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s and has since emerged in both healthcare and community settings. Risk factors for MRSA infection include prior MRSA infection or colonization, exposure to healthcare settings, and underlying medical conditions. Laboratories test for MRSA resistance using methods such as cefoxitin disk screening and PCR detection of the mecA gene. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices can help reduce the spread of MRSA.
This document discusses Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including types (community-acquired and hospital-acquired), resistance mechanisms, infections it commonly causes, and treatment guidelines. MRSA is resistant to many antibiotics. Recommended treatments include vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clindamycin, and combining antibiotics with rifampin. For infections like osteomyelitis and implant infections, guidelines recommend antibiotics along with surgical debridement and drainage. Duration of treatment depends on infection type and severity but is typically several weeks.
This document discusses Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It begins by describing the characteristics of Staphylococcus including that it is a gram-positive coccus that can cause a variety of infections in humans. It then discusses the evolution of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus from penicillin to methicillin to vancomycin. It also covers the differences between hospital-acquired MRSA versus community-acquired MRSA and risks for infection. Treatment options for skin infections caused by MRSA are also summarized.
A brief presentation on the efficacy and safety of contact precautions and MRSA, given as a student at Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus in orthopaedic surgeryorthoprince
This document discusses methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in orthopaedic surgery. It covers the history and mechanisms of resistance, differences between community-acquired and healthcare-associated MRSA, challenges of MRSA biofilm formation on implants, strategies for prevention including decolonization and antibiotic prophylaxis, and treatment options including antibiotic-impregnated bone cement and implant removal.
This document presents a study on the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from different clinical samples at a hospital laboratory. The study aims to isolate S. aureus from samples using culture and biochemical tests, perform antibiotic susceptibility testing, and evaluate antimicrobial resistance patterns to determine the presence of MRSA. The methodology describes sample collection and testing procedures. Expected outcomes anticipate finding MRSA in 5% of isolated S. aureus samples. A timeline and budget are provided to complete laboratory work, analysis, and thesis submission within 3 months with a budget of 10,000 Rupees.
The document discusses MRSA infections, including their history, epidemiology, risk factors, management, and prevention. It provides definitions of MRSA and outlines strategies to prevent healthcare-associated transmission through practices like hand hygiene, contact precautions, appropriate antibiotic use, and environmental decontamination. Education of healthcare workers and patients is emphasized as a key prevention strategy.
MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a common strain of staph bacteria that has developed resistance to antibiotics like methicillin. Approximately 1% of the population is colonized with MRSA, meaning the bacteria is present but not causing an infection. MRSA can cause infections in wounds, urine, respiratory systems, and on the skin. Emergency responders should take precautions like proper personal protective equipment, covering wounds, using respiratory masks and avoiding contact with urine to prevent the spread of MRSA infections, as clinical environments pose a risk of transmission to healthcare providers and immunocompromised patients.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. 155 clinical samples were tested and 28 samples were found to contain S. aureus. High vaginal swabs had the highest prevalence. The isolates showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, azithromycin, and pefloxacin. Resistance was observed to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and cephalexin. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide treatment of S. aureus infections.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes serious infections that are difficult to treat due to resistance to many antibiotics. MRSA was first identified in the 1960s and initially caused infections primarily in healthcare settings, but more recently has also caused community-associated infections. MRSA poses a significant infection control challenge and increases patient morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Detection and treatment of MRSA requires specialized testing and antibiotics.
Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus fo...Trevor Kane
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections from mild to life-threatening. The review discusses several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus including the agr quorum sensing system, α-toxin, phenol soluble modulins, protein A, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and staphylococcal enterotoxins. Recent research into antivirulence approaches that target these factors are highlighted as a potential alternative to antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections.
The document discusses the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA. It describes S. aureus's characteristics and how it can cause infections. MRSA was first identified in the 1940s when some S. aureus strains developed resistance to penicillin. It further discusses how MRSA is transmitted and the differences between CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. Prevention, treatment options, and challenges like developing resistance are also covered at a high level.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) demonstrates resistance to methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. There are two main types - hospital associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) which circulates in healthcare facilities, and community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) which is found in the community without recent healthcare exposure. CA-MRSA strains first emerged in the 1990s and seem to have evolved from MSSA by acquiring small SCCmec cassettes. While usually associated with community infections, some studies have found that CA-MRSA strains can also cause healthcare-associated infections.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and the importance of prudent antibiotic use. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antibiotics, and inappropriate use can contribute to resistance. Examples of misuse include treating viral infections with antibiotics and prescribing antibiotics without understanding principles of use. The document emphasizes the need for antibiotic stewardship programs and policies to guide appropriate antibiotic selection and use. Education of healthcare workers is important to successfully implement antibiotic policies.
Nuevas y futuras opciones antimicrobianas ante infecciones por MRSA - Dr. Cas...David Castelo
Este documento discute opciones antimicrobianas para infecciones por MRSA, incluyendo tendencias históricas de resistencia, recomendaciones de guías para el manejo de MRSA, y nuevas opciones como ceftarolina. Ceftarolina es una cefalosporina de quinta generación con amplio espectro contra bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas, incluyendo VRSA, MRSA y MSSA. Tiene indicaciones aprobadas para neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y infecciones bacterianas agudas de la p
these set of slides are about skin infections particularly cellulitis...they aren't complete, however they can give you clues about these infections. hope you enjoy them
Patogenia, etiología, impetigo, celulitis, erisipela, piomiositis, fascitis necrosante, recomendaciones de la Asociación Americana de enfermedades infecciosas.
Este documento presenta el caso de una mujer de 58 años que ingresó al hospital con celulitis en la pierna izquierda y antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y obesidad mórbida. El examen físico y los exámenes de laboratorio revelaron signos de inflamación en la pierna izquierda y parámetros anormales. El diagnóstico fue celulitis de la pierna izquierda, hipertensión arterial e obesidad mórbida. El tratamiento incluyó antibióticos, antihipertensivos y dieta. El documento también resume
This document discusses various antibiotics, their uses, and emerging issues with antibiotic resistance. It provides guidance on empiric treatment for common infections like community-acquired pneumonia and skin/soft tissue infections.
For a case of community-acquired pneumonia, the patient was initially treated empirically with Augmentin and clarithromycin per guidelines. Testing later found penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, requiring a change to higher dose beta-lactams, vancomycin, or fluoroquinolones.
A case of cellulitis grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus despite initial Augmentin treatment. The drug of choice for MRSA is vancomycin,
Infecciones de la piel y partes blandas 2016Oscar Furlong
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de infecciones de piel y partes blandas, incluyendo erisipela, celulitis, forunculosis, piomiositis e infecciones por SAMR adquirido en la comunidad. Define cada una de estas infecciones, sus causas, síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Enfatiza la importancia de realizar un diagnóstico clínico preciso y tratar adecuadamente cada infección teniendo en cuenta factores como la gravedad de los síntomas y comorbilidades del paciente.
This document discusses various types of multi-drug resistant bacteria including MRSA, VRSA, ESBL-producing bacteria, and KPC-producing bacteria. It provides details on the mechanisms of drug resistance, epidemiology, laboratory detection methods, and treatment recommendations for infections caused by these organisms. Specific topics covered include the worldwide spread of MRSA, mechanisms of methicillin and vancomycin resistance, diagnosis of MRSA and VISA/VRSA, and treatment options. The document also discusses the various beta-lactamase enzymes that confer ESBL and carbapenemase resistance, worldwide distribution of resistance, detection methods for ESBLs and KPC, and reliable drug options for treating ESBL and KPC infections.
Infecciones de piel y partes blandas: ¿Cómo mejorar su manejo?PROANTIBIOTICOS
Este documento discute posibles problemas en el manejo de infecciones de piel y partes blandas (IPPB) en el hospital y propone soluciones. Identifica 7 problemas potenciales: 1) identificación de la gravedad, 2) anticipación de la etiología, 3) tratamiento antibiótico inicial, 4) ámbito sanitario, 5) indicación quirúrgica, 6) evolución del paciente y 7) ajuste del tratamiento antibiótico. El documento analiza cada problema y presenta evidencia de la literatura médica para mejorar los protocolos de
Management of skin and soft tissue infections with ayurveda w.s.r, rasayan ch...dr.shailesh phalle
Management of skin and soft tissue infections with ayurveda w.s.r, rasayan chikitsa by dr.shailesh phalle
Thease slides are healpful for chronic skin disorders and immunity realted diseases.
Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-Yun Li
This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of MRSA carriage and infection in children with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). The researchers conducted a prospective case-control study of children presenting to Atlanta hospitals with SSTIs. They found that a history of antibiotic use and previous MRSA SSTIs were associated with MRSA carriage and infection. Children with abscess SSTIs were more likely to be colonized with MRSA USA300 strain than other SSTI types. Recurrence risk was higher for MRSA USA300 SSTI cases. Certain MRSA USA300 virulence genes like lukS/F-PV, agr and bsaB may contribute to carriage and SSTI
This document provides information about Staphylococcus aureus (staph), including methicillin-sensitive Staph aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA). It discusses the emergence of antibiotic resistance in staph over time, risk factors for MRSA infection, differences between community-acquired and healthcare-associated MRSA, and treatment approaches for soft tissue infections.
This document summarizes information about Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections, including trends, risk factors, and preventive strategies. It notes that MRSA first emerged in the 1960s due to antibiotic overuse and has since spread globally. Two main types are described - healthcare-associated MRSA and community-associated MRSA - along with their respective risk factors. Guidelines from organizations like CDC and SHEA are discussed. Preventive strategies mentioned include surveillance, hand hygiene, isolation protocols, and education efforts. Compliance with guidelines in Florida is found to vary, with smaller and larger facilities showing less compliance.
Current Issues in Foodborne Illness Caused by Staphylococcus aureusdedmark
Presented at 2013 Arkansas Association for Food Protection annual conference.
Mark E. Hart, Ph.D.
Division of Microbiology
National Center for Toxicological Research
Food and Drug Administration
The document is a report on MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) created by Team JMRN. It includes sections on what MRSA is, its demographics and impact, presentation and manifestation, symptoms and diagnostics, how it interacts with the human body, prevention and cure, references. MRSA is a mutation of the staph bacteria that has grown resistant to many antibiotics. It can cause skin infections, pneumonia and be life-threatening. Prevention includes hand washing, covering wounds, and not sharing personal items. Current treatments involve antibiotics or draining infections, while future prevention may involve vaccines or new antibiotics.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin Resistant StaphJoshua Owolabi
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from healthy university students in Nigeria. Swabs were collected from the noses and necks of 100 students. A total of 39 Staphylococcus species were identified, including MRSA and MRCoNS. The MRSA strains showed high resistance to methicillin and several other antibiotics. CoNS also demonstrated moderate to high resistance to several antibiotics tested. This highlights the need for surveillance of antibiotic resistance in the community and policies to prevent the spread of resistant infections.
The document summarizes information about MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) from multiple sources. It defines MRSA as a mutated form of staph bacteria that has become resistant to many antibiotics. The document outlines the symptoms of MRSA infection including boils and abscesses. It also discusses how MRSA interacts with and spreads within the human body. Prevention methods like hand washing and avoiding sharing personal items are mentioned. Current treatments involve antibiotics like vancomycin, though developing an effective vaccine remains a challenge.
The document summarizes the results of an internet-based survey of 192 adult and pediatric healthcare providers regarding their preferred treatment and prevention strategies for recurrent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). There were differences observed between adult and pediatric providers in their choice of empiric and directed antibiotic treatment, as well as in their use of decolonization strategies for patients and households with recurrent infections. Comparative studies are needed to determine optimal antibiotic regimens and effectiveness of decolonization strategies.
Dr. Kurt Stevenson - Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Management in ...John Blue
This document summarizes antimicrobial resistance surveillance in hospitals and communities. It discusses the increasing issues of antibiotic resistance over time, with predictions from 1966 that bacterial diseases would be eliminated by 2000 proving inaccurate. The document outlines various multidrug resistant organisms of concern, including MRSA, and the need to track resistance patterns and transmission. It presents a case study describing the identification of the ST-239 strain of MRSA in a surveillance program, which was previously uncommon in the US. Overall it emphasizes the growing challenges of antimicrobial resistance for treatment of infections.
This study analyzed 200 pus samples to determine the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and associated risk factors. 80 samples were found to contain S. aureus, of which 29 tested positive for the mecA gene, confirming MRSA. Testing methods like cefoxitin disk diffusion and oxacillin screen agar were compared to the PCR gold standard. The cefoxitin test showed 96.55% sensitivity and 96.22% specificity for detecting MRSA, outperforming oxacillin tests. Risk factors like hospital acquisition, diabetes, and sex were also analyzed. The study concludes that cefoxitin testing is an effective alternative to PCR for MRSA detection
The study characterized 270 MRSA isolates from Colombia to determine molecular epidemiology and virulence genes. PFGE analysis identified dominant clones related to the Chilean and USA300-0114 clones. MLST found sequence types ST1110 and ST1111 related to known clones. SCCmec typing showed types I, II, IVa-c. Virulence genes like enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, and adhesins were present. Mortality was higher for HA-MRSA and infections like bacteremia. The presence of certain genes was associated with increased severity and pathology.
This document discusses the history of infection control from ancient times to modern practices. It covers various ancient civilizations that practiced early forms of infection control and hygiene. It then discusses key figures and discoveries in medical history that advanced the germ theory of disease and modern infection control practices, such as antisepsis, antibiotics, and the roles of hospitals and regulations in preventing healthcare-associated infections. Risk factors and differences between community-associated and healthcare-associated MRSA are also covered. The effects of diet, stress, and lifestyle on immune function are discussed in relation to infection risk. Infection control practices for complementary therapies are proposed.
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among surgical patients visiting hospitals in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The study found a MRSA prevalence of 9.9%. MRSA prevalence was higher in males, older patients, those with longer hospital stays, and those with wound or tissue samples. All MRSA strains showed resistance to multiple antibiotics and were considered multi-drug resistant. Vancomycin was found to be an effective antibiotic against MRSA.
Dr. Peter Davies - Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in ...John Blue
Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in Food Animals - Dr. Peter Davies, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Dr. Peter Davies - Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in ...John Blue
This document discusses emerging issues related to antibiotic resistance linked to antibiotic use in food animals. It provides an overview of recent conferences and publications on the topic. It discusses the concept of microbes and antibiotic resistance residing in environmental reservoirs and how industrial antibiotic use can amplify resistance. Specific concerns discussed include vancomycin-resistant enterococci, multidrug-resistant Salmonella, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, livestock-associated MRSA, and colistin-resistant E. coli harboring the mcr-1 gene. The document also examines evidence regarding the public health impacts of issues like LA-MRSA in Denmark and the United States. It concludes by noting increasing scrutiny of antibiotic use in food animals and the
This document discusses antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. It provides background on links between antibiotic use in animals and antibiotic resistance in humans. It outlines actions taken in Europe like bans on antibiotic growth promoters and initiatives to monitor antibiotic use. It discusses FDA guidance documents around judicious antibiotic use in animals. Trends in antibiotic resistance in pathogens like Salmonella and MRSA in animals and humans are presented. Expectations of impacts from restricting antibiotic use are outlined along with producer responses in Denmark after antibiotic bans.
MRSA is a type of bacterial infection that is resistant to many antibiotics, making it harder to treat than other bacterial infections. It is commonly spread through direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces they have touched. Healthcare settings pose a high risk of MRSA infection due to patients having wounds or medical devices that bacteria can enter and being surrounded by many other at-risk individuals. Symptoms range from minor skin infections to life-threatening invasive infections. Treatment involves antibiotics, though the specific type depends on the strain of MRSA. Preventive measures include hand washing, isolating infected patients, and screening high-risk individuals before medical procedures.
Please answer original forum with a minimum of 300 wordsPleaseisbelsejx0m
Please answer original forum with a minimum of 300 words
Please respond to both students on seperate pages with a minimum of 100 words each
please follo directions or I will dispute!!!
Page1- original Forum and references
page2- student Response
page 3- studen Response
Original Forum
Antibiotics are commonly used to treat infections. We seldom think about what occurs when we take this medication other than the fact that we will or should get better after a few days. Most are aware that antibiotics have been used for some time and their effectiveness is beginning to wane. In fact, today we have strains of microbes that have developed resistance to antibiotics such that we have named them Superbugs. One such Superbug, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become resistant to most antibiotics available and is a problem in many hospital settings.
Review chapters 14 and 15 of your textbook for a review of Antimicrobial Drugs and Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity.
And then visit the
Infectious Disease Society of America
For this forum, please choose to take ONE role in the following scenario.
A patient has arrived in the ER critically ill. She had a minor surgery the week previously and was discharged home with antibiotics. Upon arrival to the ER, the patient presented gravely ill, the surgical wound red, swollen, puss filled and her temperature elevated. A post surgical infection is suspected.
Choose
only ONE
(Topic) role in this scenario:
Topic 1.
You are the patient
Topic 2.
You are the spouse of the patient (the person who may be or may become responsible for making decisions)
Topic 3.
You are the nurse caring for the patient.
Topic 4.
You are the primary physician caring for the patient.
Topic 5.
You are the infectious disease specialist on call for the hospital where the patient has arrived.
Compose an exposition to address the following questions;
1. Is this infection likely MRSA?
2. What would a MRSA infection look like on a patient; for example, describe how the wound presents.
3. Was the patient exposed to MRSA in the hospital prep, during the surgery the week previously or sometime afterwards (post-discharge)?
4. Where does liability for this (potential) infection rest? Is it the responsibility of the patient (making sure she followed her discharge instructions, etc), nurse(s), scrub technicians, physicians, surgeons and/or infectious disease specialists to ensure resistant diseases are kept in check in hospitals?
Student Responses
Eric
As the nurse treating the patient, Here are my answers.
1. Is this infection likely MRSA?
This infection has a probability of being MRSA due to the signs and symptoms which are present. The patient may have been prescribed a broad-spectrum medicine that did not target the intended pathogens to prevent the infection or there could be other possibilities. The patient could have also developed a super infection in which the protect ...
This document summarizes information about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including its evolution, genetics, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, ongoing research, and prevention. MRSA evolved through natural selection to become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. It carries a genetic element called SCCmec that confers this resistance. MRSA can cause a range of infections through skin-to-skin contact and spread in both healthcare and community settings. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the mecA gene which encodes resistance. Treatment depends on the site and severity of infection, utilizing antibiotics like vancomycin or decolonization regimens. Ongoing research explores new drug combinations
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strong enemy in the complex realm of microbial dangers. It poses a substantial risk to public health and challenges current treatment procedures.
This document discusses the etymology, pharmacology, and medical uses of several drugs. It provides information on drug classes including: statins (used to treat dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease), beta blockers (used for blood pressure control), proton pump inhibitors (used for acid reflux), neuromuscular blockers (used as anesthetic adjuncts), opioids (used as analgesics and anesthetics), and benzodiazepines (used as anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and sedatives). Each drug class is explained along with examples, mechanisms of action, and important considerations for use.
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. It discusses their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and ways to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects when using these antibiotics. The most important aspects covered are the serious risks of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the need to closely monitor peak and trough drug levels when patients are receiving aminoglycoside therapy.
The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are structurally similar to penicillins. They were first isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium and are now produced semisynthetically. Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their antimicrobial spectra and resistance to β-lactamases. They are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. First generation cephalosporins are used for skin infections while third generation agents treat serious infections caused by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and other pathogens. Fourth generation cephalosporins like cefepime are reserved for nosocomial infections with antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillins. It covers the classifications of first, second, third, and fourth generation cephalosporins and describes their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The key points are:
- Cephalosporins act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and are bactericidal. They are ineffective against certain bacteria like MRSA.
- Classifications are based on spectra of activity, with later generations having broader spectra. Uses include respiratory, skin, urinary infections and surgical prophylaxis.
- They are excreted renally and have varying protein binding
This document discusses several species of mycoplasma that can cause infections in humans, including M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. genitalium, and U. urealyticum. It provides details on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of M. pneumoniae and M. hominis infections. For M. pneumoniae, it describes how it can cause atypical pneumonia as well as extrapulmonary manifestations. Diagnosis involves culture, PCR testing, and observing elevated cold agglutinin titers. Macrolide antibiotics are the first-line treatment. For M. hominis, it outlines how it can cause genitourinary and
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms that can cause diseases in humans. They lack cell walls and have minimal genetic material. Several Mycoplasma species can cause respiratory illnesses like pneumonia from M. pneumoniae or urogenital infections from M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. They are difficult to culture but can be identified using PCR or serological tests. Mycoplasma pneumonia is most common in children aged 5-15 years old and is typically treated with tetracyclines or macrolides.
This document discusses the classification, morphology, and virulence factors of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. It describes that Staphylococcus includes coagulase-positive S. aureus and coagulase-negative species like S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus. S. aureus is distinguished by producing coagulase enzyme and causing infections like skin and soft tissue infections. Virulence factors allow S. aureus adhesion and damage tissues through secreted enzymes and exotoxins. Proper hygiene and antibiotic treatment can help control S. aureus infections.
Staphylococci are gram positive cocci that occur in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is classified based on coagulase production and pathogenicity, and is a common human pathogen. S. aureus has spherical cells that are arranged in clusters and produce enzymes and toxins that allow it to cause infections like skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis and food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome through toxin production. Identification involves culture and biochemical testing, and treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or vancomycin depending on antibiotic resistance.
Pharyngitis, or sore throat, is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. The most common infectious agents are streptococcus pyogenes bacteria and various viruses like rhinovirus. Symptoms include fever, throat pain, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment depends on the cause, but viral infections generally resolve with supportive care while bacterial streptococcal infections are treated with antibiotics to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Accurate diagnosis is important to guide treatment and prevent spread to others.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
MRSA
1. Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
in the Community:
Epidemiology and Management
Rachel Gorwitz, MD, MPH
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2. Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus: common cause of
infection in the community
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA):
– Increasingly important cause of healthcare-
associated infections since 1970s
– In 1990s, emerged as cause of infection in
the community
3. MRSA Strain Characteristics
Were Initially Distinct
MRSA in
Healthcare
MRSA in the
Community
Prevalent genotypes (U.S.) USA100,
USA200
USA300,
USA400
Antimicrobial resistance Multiple
agents
Few agents
SCCmec (genetic element
carrying mecA resistance
gene)
Types I-III Types IV, V
PVL toxin gene Rare Common
4. Dice (Opt:0.50%) (Tol 1.3%-1.3%) (H>0.0% S>0.0%) [0.0%-100.0%]
Pfsma
100
90
80
70
60
50
Pfsma
2001005114
2001005078
2000018626
2001035045
99045065
95009938
94042318
96023760
99034758
96028758
AA0097
2004711282
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IVa
IVa
I I
I V
IVa
I V
IV
I I
I I
IVa
USA300
USA700
USA100
USA800
USA400
USA500
USA1000
USA900
USA600 .
USA200
USA1100
USA1200
8
72
5
5
1
8
59
15 / 13 1.
36
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
POS
NEG
NEG
NEG
NEG
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
PO
NE
PFT SCCmecMLST pvl
USA300 8 IV POS
USA700 72 IV NEG
USA100 5 I I NEG
USA800 5 IV NEG
USA400 1 IV POS
USA500 8 IV, I I NEG
USA1000 59 IV NEG/POS
USA900 15 MSSA NEG
USA600 45 I I NEG
USA200 36 I I NEG
USA1100 30 IV POS
USA1200 MSSA POS
McDougal et al J Clin Micro 2003;41:5113-5120
National Database of MRSA Pulsed-Field Types
(Highlighted PFTs: historically community-associated)
5. 100%
80%
60%
Athletes
Prisoners
Children
Hospital Strain
Hospital Strain
Missouri
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
Texas
Mississippi
Colorado
Georgia
Missouri
Tennessee
USA300-114
USA100
USA200
Community
California
Pneumonia (AL, AR, IL, MD, TX, WA)
100%
80%
60%
Athletes
Prisoners
Children
Hospital Strain
Hospital Strain
Missouri
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
Texas
Mississippi
Colorado
Georgia
Missouri
Tennessee
USA300-114
USA100
USA200
Community
California
Pneumonia (AL, AR, IL, MD, TX, WA)
100%
80%
60%
Athletes
Prisoners
Children
Hospital Strain
Hospital Strain
Missouri
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
Texas
Mississippi
Colorado
Georgia
Missouri
Tennessee
USA300-114
USA100
USA200
Community
California
Pneumonia (AL, AR, IL, MD, TX, WA)
100%
80%
60%
Athletes
Prisoners
Children
Hospital Strain
Hospital Strain
Missouri
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
Texas
Mississippi
Colorado
Georgia
Missouri
Tennessee
USA300-114
USA100
USA200
Community
California
Pneumonia (AL, AR, IL, MD, TX, WA)
100%
80%
60%
Athletes
Prisoners
Children
Hospital Strain
Hospital Strain
Missouri
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
Texas
Mississippi
Colorado
Georgia
Missouri
Tennessee
USA300-114
USA100
USA200
Community
California
Pneumonia (AL, AR, IL, MD, TX, WA)
100%
80%
60%
Athletes
Prisoners
Children
Hospital Strain
Hospital Strain
Missouri
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
Texas
Mississippi
Colorado
Georgia
Missouri
Tennessee
USA300-114
USA100
USA200
Community
California
Pneumonia (AL, AR, IL, MD, TX, WA)
A Single Pulsed-Field Type (USA300) has Accounted for Most
Community-Associated MRSA Infections in the U.S.
6. Community-Associated MRSA:
CDC Population-Based Surveillance Definition
MRSA culture in outpatient setting or 1st
48
hours of hospitalization AND patient lacks risk
factors for healthcare-associated MRSA:
– Hospitalization
– Surgery
– Long-term care
– Dialysis
– Indwelling devices
– History of MRSA
7. Outbreaks of MRSA in the
Community
Often first detected as clusters of
abscesses or “spider bites”
Various settings
– Sports participants
– Inmates in correctional facilities
– Military recruits
– Daycare attendees
– Native Americans / Alaskan Natives
– Men who have sex with men
– Tattoo recipients
– Hurricane evacuees in shelters
15. Contaminated Surfaces
and Shared Items
Frequent Contact
Cleanliness
Crowding
Compromised Skin
Factors that Facilitate Transmission
Antimicrobial
Use
16. 2004/2005 ABCs
MRSA Surveillance Areas
Total Population: ~ 16.3 million
Oregon
California
Colorado
Tennessee
Georgia
Maryland
Connecticut
New YorkMinnesota
18. Age Group (yr)
Atlanta, 2001-2002 Baltimore, 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
<2 2-18 19-64 >64
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
<2 2-18 19-64 >64
Incidence, Cases
per 100,000
Age Group (yr)
Black
White
Black
White
CA-MRSA Incidence Varies by Age and Race
26 per 100,000 18 per 100,000
•Fridkin et al NEJM 2005;352:1436-44
19. Most Invasive MRSA Infections Are
Healthcare-Associated
Healthcare-Associated
Community-Associated
Klevens et al JAMA 2007;298:1763-71
14% 86%
20. Incidence of Invasive CA-MRSA Infections
and Deaths by Age
Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCS), 2005
0
2
4
6
8
10
<1 1 2-4 5-17 18-34 35-49 50-64 >64
Age in years
Infections DeathsIncidence per
100,000 persons
Klevens et al JAMA 2007;298:1763-71
Overall Incidence (all ages):
Infections: 4.6 per 100,000
Deaths: 0.5 per 100,000
21. S. aureus-Associated Skin and Soft
Tissue Infections in Ambulatory Care
11.6 million ambulatory care visits per year in
2001-03 for skin infections typical of S. aureus
Increase in hospital outpatient and ED visits
(2001-03 versus 1992-94)
McCaig et al Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1715-1723
23. S. aureus Nasal Colonization
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-02
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1--5 6--11 12--19 20--29 30--39 40--49 50--59 60--69 70+
Age (years)
Prevalence(%)
Male
Female
S. aureus: 32.4% = 89.4 M people
MRSA: 0.8% = 2.3 M people
MRSA colonization associated with age >= 60 years & being female
24. 0
5
10
15
20
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
%ClindamycinResistant
Community Onset, Healthcare-associated MRSA
Community-associated MRSA
Clindamycin Resistance Among MRSA Isolates,
Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston Texas,2001-2004
n=551
n=915 n=1192
n=198
n=163
n=181
Source: Hulten et al. PIDJ 2006;25:349-53, and
Kaplan et al. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1785-91
25. Emerging Multi-Drug Resistance in USA300?
Clusters of USA300 isolates with multiple
resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin,
tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and mupirocin1
Resistance to ≤ one class of antibiotics other
than beta-lactams is still the most common
resistance pattern in MRSA USA300
TMP/SMX resistance rare in MRSA USA300
1
Diep et al Lancet 2006. Han et al J Clin Micro 2007.
26. PFGE
type
No. (%) of
nosocomial
cases
(n = 49)
USA300 10 (20)
USA100 21 (43)
USA500 18 (37)
USA800 0 (0)
Distribution of PFGE types among
MRSA isolates from nosocomial
bloodstream infections
Grady Memorial Hospital, 2004
Seybold U, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:647-656
27. Strategies for Clinical Management of
MRSA in the Community
http:www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_mrsa_ca.html
28. Clinical Considerations - Evaluation
MRSA belongs in the differential diagnosis of
skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI’s)
compatible with S. aureus infection:
Abscesses, pustular lesions,
“boils”
“Spider bites”
Cellulitis?
29. Clinical Considerations - Evaluation
MRSA should also be considered in differential
diagnosis of severe disease compatible with S.
aureus infection:
– Osteomyelitis
– Empyema
– Necrotizing pneumonia
– Septic arthritis
– Endocarditis
– Sepsis syndrome
– Necrotizing fasciitis
– Purpura fulminans
31. Management of Skin
Infections in the Era of CA-
MRSA
I&D should be routine for purulent skin
lesions
Obtain material for culture
32. Management of Skin
Infections in the Era of CA-
MRSA
I&D should be routine for purulent skin
lesions
Obtain material for culture
No data to suggest molecular typing or
toxin-testing should guide management
33. Management of Skin
Infections in the Era of CA-
MRSA
I&D should be routine for purulent skin
lesions
Obtain material for culture
No data to suggest molecular typing or
toxin-testing should guide management
Empiric antimicrobial therapy may be
needed
34. Management of Skin
Infections in the Era of CA-
MRSA
I&D should be routine for purulent skin
lesions
Obtain material for culture
No data to suggest molecular typing or
toxin-testing should guide management
Empiric antimicrobial therapy may be
needed
Alternative agents have +’s and –’s: More
data needed to identify optimal strategies
35. Management of Skin Infections
in the Era of CA-MRSA
I&D should be routine for purulent skin
lesions
Obtain material for culture
No data to suggest molecular typing or toxin-
testing should guide management
Empiric antimicrobial therapy may be needed
Alternative agents have +’s and –’s: More
data needed to identify optimal strategies
Use local data for treatment
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Center
A
Center
B
Center
C
Center
D
Total
PercentageCA-MRSA
36. Management of Skin
Infections in the Era of CA-
MRSA
I&D should be routine for purulent skin
lesions
Obtain material for culture
No data to suggest molecular typing or
toxin-testing should guide management
Empiric antimicrobial therapy may be
needed
Alternative agents have +’s and –’s: More
data needed to identify optimal strategies
Use local data for treatment
Patient education is critical!
37. Management of Skin
Infections in the Era of CA-
MRSA
I&D should be routine for purulent skin
lesions
Obtain material for culture
No data to suggest molecular typing or
toxin-testing should guide management
Empiric antimicrobial therapy may be
needed
Alternative agents have +’s and –’s: More
data needed to identify optimal strategies
Use local data for treatment
Patient education is critical!
Maintain adequate follow-up
38. Clinical Considerations - Management
Antimicrobial Selection (SSTIs)
Alternative agents (More data needed to establish
effectiveness!):
– Clindamycin – Potential for inducible resistance,
Relatively higher risk of C. difficile associated disease?
– TMP/SMX – Group A strep isolates commonly
resistant
– Tetracyclines – Not recommended for <8yo
– Rifampin – Not as a single agent
– Linezolid – Expensive, Potential for resistance with
inappropriate use
39. Clinical Considerations - Management
Antimicrobial Selection (SSTIs)
Not optimal for MRSA (High prevalence of
resistance or potential for rapid
development of resistance):
– Macrolides
– Fluoroquinolones
40. D-zone test for Inducible Clindamycin
Resistance
CCE
-Perform on erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin-
susceptible S. aureus isolates
-Clinical implications unclear, but treatment failures have
occurred
-Does not require pre-treatment or co-treatment with
erythromycin in vivo
41. Management of Severe / Invasive
Infections
Vancomycin remains a 1st
-line therapy for
severe infections possibly caused by MRSA
Other IV agents may be appropriate Consult
an infectious disease specialist.
Final therapy decisions should be based on
results of culture and susceptibility testing
Severe community-acquired pneumonia:
Vancomycin or linezolid if MRSA is a
consideration*
*IDSA/ATS Guidelines for treatment of CAP in adults: Mandell et
al. CID 2007;44:S27-72
42. Screening and Decolonization
In general, colonization cultures of infected or
exposed persons in community settings are not
recommended. (May have a role in public health
investigations).
Decolonization regimens:
– May have a role in preventing recurrent infections
(more data needed to establish efficacy and optimal
regimens for use in community settings).
– After treating active infections and reinforcing hygiene
and appropriate wound care, consider consultation with
an infectious disease specialist regarding use of
decolonization when there are recurrent infections in an
individual patient or members of a household.
43. Preventing Transmission
Persons with skin infections should keep
wounds covered, wash hands frequently
(always after touching infected skin or
changing dressings), dispose of used
bandages in trash, avoid sharing personal
items.
Uninfected persons can minimize risk of
infection by keeping cuts and scrapes clean
and covered, avoiding contact with other
persons’ infected skin, washing hands
frequently, avoiding sharing personal items.
www.cdc.gov
44. Preventing Transmission
Exclusion of patients from school, work, sports
activities, etc should be reserved for those that
are unable to keep the infected skin covered
with a clean, dry bandage and maintain good
personal hygiene.
In general, it is not necessary to close schools
to “disinfect” them when MRSA infections
occur.
In ambulatory care settings, use standard
precautions for all patients (hand hygiene
before and after contact, barriers such as
gloves, gowns as appropriate for contact with
wound drainage and other body fluids).
www.cdc.gov
45. Role of Pets
Greatest risk of Staph aureus / MRSA exposure in
most humans is other humans
When household pet animals carry MRSA, likely
acquired from a human
Transmission of MRSA from an infected or
colonized pet to a human is possible, but likely
accounts for a very small proportion of human
infections
Reasonable to consider pet as a source if
transmission continues in a household despite
optimizing other control strategies
Little evidence that antimicrobial-based eradication
therapy is effective in pets; however, colonization
tends to be short-term*
Barton et al 2006;Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol
46. Conclusions
New strains of MRSA have emerged in the community,
with implications for management of skin infections
and other staphylococcal infections.
Incision and drainage remains a primary therapy for
purulent skin infections.
Oral treatment options are available for patients with
skin infections that require ancillary antibiotic therapy.
Patient education on proper wound care is a critical
component of case management for patients with skin
infections.
Strategies focusing on increased awareness, early
detection and appropriate management, enhanced
hygiene, and maintenance of a clean environment have
been successful in controlling clusters / outbreaks of
infection.
48. CA-MRSA Working Group Meeting
Participants, July 2004
Gordon L. Archer
Carol L. Baker
Elizabeth Bancroft
Henry F. Chambers
Robert S. Daum
Jeffrey S. Duchin
Monica Farley
James Hadler
Jim Jorgensen
Sheldon K. Kaplan
Newton E. Kendig
Kathleen Harriman
Franklin D. Lowy
Ruth Lynfield
J. Kathryn MacDonald
Loren Miller
Gregory Moran
Olga Nuno
John H. Powers
L. Barth Reller
Nalini Singh
Marcus Zervos
Craig Zinderman
CDC
Daniel B. Jernigan*
John Jernigan*
Jay C. Butler
Denise Cardo
Roberta Carey
Rachel Gorwitz
Jeffrey C. Hageman
Thomas Hennessy
James M. Hughes
Jean Patel
Fred Tenover
J. Todd Weber
*Meeting Co-Chair
These community strains do not appear to have been transferred from the hospitals. Patients with MRSA acquired in the community usually have no previous contact with healthcare centers clinical manifestations are also different, Community strains cause mostly skin and soft tissue infections, but rarely cause upper respiratory or urinary tract infections, which are common with healthcare strains The community strains are only resistant to beta-lactams and sometimes other antimicrobial group, in contrast to the multi-resistant pattern of the healthcare strains This different antimicrobial susceptibility is explained by a distinct genetic background and, although still in debate, the difference in clinical manifestations may be due to the presence in community strains of toxins such as PVL or Panton Vanlentine Leukocidine, that causes severe inflammation
These are the 9 sites participating in this collaboration, this surveillance project is population based, that is all residents of these areas are under surveillance; the green circles indicate that certain counties are included, whereas in CT, surveillance is state wide.
37 kb plasmid with macrolide and high-level mupirocin resistance geness identified
Can hear more about this in one of the 2 break out sessions