Metamorphic rock
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Metamorphic rocks form from intense heat and pressure that alter igneous, sedimentary, or existing metamorphic rocks. This process occurs deep underground where overlying rock layers exert pressure and heat is present but not enough to melt the rock. Minerals may rearrange or new minerals may form as the rock changes form. Metamorphic rocks are classified as either foliated, with flattened and aligned mineral grains, or non-foliated with no banded structure. They typically form near mountain ranges where tectonic plates collide or where thick piles of overlaying rock cause high pressure.
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Igneous rocks
This document discusses different types of igneous rocks. It begins by explaining that igneous rocks form from lava or magma and can be extrusive or intrusive. Extrusive rocks form from lava at the surface, while intrusive rocks form from magma underground. Intrusive rocks can take various forms depending on factors like the viscosity of the magma and the structure of the surrounding rock layers. Common intrusive rock forms include dykes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and batholiths. Extrusive rocks include lava flows. The document provides detailed descriptions of these different igneous rock types and their characteristic features.
Metamorphic petrology
The document discusses metamorphic petrology, including the processes, conditions, and products of metamorphism. It defines metamorphism as the mineralogical and textural changes rocks undergo in the solid state due to changes in physical and chemical conditions. Metamorphic conditions include temperature, pressure, and fluid compositions. The document also describes the goals of metamorphic petrology in determining the setting, protolith, grade, and conditions of metamorphism through mineral assemblages and textures. Finally, it discusses metamorphic facies and indexes that help characterize metamorphic grade based on characteristic mineral assemblages.
Metamorphic rocks
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Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed composition and structure due to heat and pressure. They can form from sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks deep within the Earth's crust under the right conditions of heat and pressure over long periods of time. Metamorphic rocks may be foliated, with a banded or layered appearance due to the alignment of minerals, or non-foliated without clear banding.
Classification of igneous rocks
1. Most magmas originate in the upper mantle due to heat from the Earth's core. Plate tectonics plays a major role by generating magma at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and convergent boundaries like subduction zones.
2. Magmas form when rock melts due to increased temperature or decreased pressure. Factors like heat from the core, addition of volatiles, and changes in pressure can lower the melting point of rocks.
3. After forming, magmas may crystallize into different minerals as they cool or differentiate through crystal settling, resulting in variations in igneous rock compositions.
Metamorphism through plate tectonics
This document discusses metamorphism and its relationship to plate tectonics. It describes the three types of metamorphism - contact, regional, and dynamic - and explains their association with different plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries experience greenschist facies metamorphism forming metabasalt. Convergent boundaries produce more complex, higher grade metamorphism including blueschist, migmatites, and ophiolites. Transform boundaries result in mylonites and fault breccias through shearing.
Metamorphic Rocks ( Definition - Classification - Common Rocks )
presented for Dr | Magdy Basta
Faculty of petroleum and mining engineering, Suez University
Physical Geology Course ( 2016 - 2017 )
presented by : G7 - Members
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This document discusses different types of igneous rocks. It begins by explaining that igneous rocks form from lava or magma and can be extrusive or intrusive. Extrusive rocks form from lava at the surface, while intrusive rocks form from magma underground. Intrusive rocks can take various forms depending on factors like the viscosity of the magma and the structure of the surrounding rock layers. Common intrusive rock forms include dykes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and batholiths. Extrusive rocks include lava flows. The document provides detailed descriptions of these different igneous rock types and their characteristic features.
Metamorphic petrology
The document discusses metamorphic petrology, including the processes, conditions, and products of metamorphism. It defines metamorphism as the mineralogical and textural changes rocks undergo in the solid state due to changes in physical and chemical conditions. Metamorphic conditions include temperature, pressure, and fluid compositions. The document also describes the goals of metamorphic petrology in determining the setting, protolith, grade, and conditions of metamorphism through mineral assemblages and textures. Finally, it discusses metamorphic facies and indexes that help characterize metamorphic grade based on characteristic mineral assemblages.
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Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed composition and structure due to heat and pressure. They can form from sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks deep within the Earth's crust under the right conditions of heat and pressure over long periods of time. Metamorphic rocks may be foliated, with a banded or layered appearance due to the alignment of minerals, or non-foliated without clear banding.
Classification of igneous rocks
1. Most magmas originate in the upper mantle due to heat from the Earth's core. Plate tectonics plays a major role by generating magma at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and convergent boundaries like subduction zones.
2. Magmas form when rock melts due to increased temperature or decreased pressure. Factors like heat from the core, addition of volatiles, and changes in pressure can lower the melting point of rocks.
3. After forming, magmas may crystallize into different minerals as they cool or differentiate through crystal settling, resulting in variations in igneous rock compositions.
Metamorphism through plate tectonics
This document discusses metamorphism and its relationship to plate tectonics. It describes the three types of metamorphism - contact, regional, and dynamic - and explains their association with different plate boundaries. Divergent boundaries experience greenschist facies metamorphism forming metabasalt. Convergent boundaries produce more complex, higher grade metamorphism including blueschist, migmatites, and ophiolites. Transform boundaries result in mylonites and fault breccias through shearing.
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presented for Dr | Magdy Basta
Faculty of petroleum and mining engineering, Suez University
Physical Geology Course ( 2016 - 2017 )
presented by : G7 - Members
METAMORPHIC DIFFERENTIATION
This document discusses metamorphic differentiation, which refers to the redistribution of mineral grains or chemical components within a rock during metamorphism. There are two main types - segregation, which produces mineral-rich layers, and compositional layering parallel to metamorphic foliation. Gradients in chemical potential that drive differentiation are created by factors like temperature differences, pressure differences, mineral composition, mineral size, and the surrounding media. Mechanisms of differentiation include preserving original layering, transposing original bedding, solution and reprecipitation of minerals, preferential nucleation of minerals in fluids, and migmatization involving partial melting.
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The document summarizes the Bowen reaction series, which was developed by Norman Bowen in the early 1900s to explain the order of crystallization of minerals from cooling magma. It describes both the continuous and discontinuous reaction series, with the continuous series involving solid solution minerals like feldspar that adjust composition through diffusion as temperature decreases. The discontinuous series involves minerals like olivine melting at specific temperatures as new minerals begin to crystallize in equilibrium with the cooling magma. The Bowen reaction series and principle help explain how different rock types form from magmas of varying compositions as they cool.
Forms of igneous rocks
There are two main forms of igneous rocks:
1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
2) Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools below the surface. They can be concordant, forming sheets and domes parallel to layers, like sills and laccoliths, or discordant and cutting across layers, like dikes, batholiths, and volcanic necks.
Foliation and lineation
A fabric describes the spatial and geometric relationships that make up a rock at the microscopic to centimeter scale. It includes planar structures like bedding and cleavage, as well as the preferred orientation of minerals. Fabrics can be primary, forming during rock formation processes, or secondary and resulting from deformation. Foliation refers specifically to planar fabric and can develop through processes like cleavage, schistosity, and mylonitic foliation under increasing metamorphic conditions and deformation. Lineations describe linear fabric elements oriented in rocks, such as intersection lineations between planar features or mineral lineations showing preferred mineral alignments. Together, foliations and lineations define the tectonite class of a rock.
Ch 02 igneous classification
This document discusses various approaches to classifying igneous rocks. It describes classifications based on fabric (grain size, presence of glass), field relations (intrusive vs extrusive), mineralogical and modal compositions, and the 1973 IUGS modal classification system. It also addresses issues with using rock analyses to determine original magma compositions, noting that degassing can cause the volatile content of erupted rocks to be lower than the magma. Analyzing volatile content in melt inclusions in phenocrysts is presented as a way to determine a rock's pre-eruption magmatic volatile contents more accurately.
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
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The document discusses joints, which are fractures in rock with no measurable shear displacement. There are two main types of joints: systematic joints which are parallel and evenly spaced, and non-systematic joints which are irregular. Joint sets are groups of systematic joints that intersect at consistent angles, forming joint systems such as orthogonal and conjugate systems. The origin and characteristics of different joint types like sheeting and columnar joints are described. Factors that control joint spacing and the data to collect during joint analysis are also outlined.
Modes of deformation of rocks presentation
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Sedimentary Rocks
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks, including their classification and common types. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form from sediments produced by weathering and are later cemented. The document classifies sedimentary rocks into detrital rocks (formed from rock fragments), chemically formed rocks like limestone, and residual deposits like laterite and soils. Detrital rocks like sandstone and shale are the most abundant sedimentary rocks, comprising around 95% of sedimentary layers and 4% and 0.75% of the Earth's crust, respectively.
Igneous rocks
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their classification, textures, and mineral compositions. It discusses how igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma and can be classified as intrusive or extrusive depending on where they solidify. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below the Earth's surface, resulting in large crystal sizes, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly after erupting, producing small crystals. The document also examines different igneous rock textures that provide information about cooling rates, and explains how mineral compositions are determined by Bowen's Reaction Series during crystallization.
The geological , mineralogical and petrological studies of holenarsipura sch...
This document summarizes a geological field study of the Holenarasipura schist belt in southern India. The study examines the belt's geological history, describes key rock types observed such as amphibolite, chlorite schist, garnet, asbestos, staurolite, kyanite, and talc-calcite rocks. Samples were collected and observations made of ultramafic and mafic regions. The study characterizes the belt's structural geology and varying grades of metamorphism from low to high. The project was conducted by an undergraduate student under the guidance of a lecturer to study the area's mineralogy, petrology and geology.
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igneous rocks formation and their classification
This document provides an introduction and overview of igneous rocks. It defines igneous rocks as those formed by the solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rocks are classified based on whether they solidified below ground as intrusive rocks or above ground as extrusive rocks. Some common igneous rocks are described, including granite, gabbro, basalt, dolerite, and diorite. Their typical compositions and properties are outlined.
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Classification of igneous rocks
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Rocks
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either below or above the ground. Sedimentary rocks form from the compression of sediments and organic materials. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing igneous and sedimentary rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical changes. Rocks continuously change between these forms through the rock cycle as they are weathered, buried deep underground, and altered by melting.
Metamorphism and metamorphic rocks ppt
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically reactive fluids. Metamorphism progresses incrementally and involves the growth of new minerals and deformation of existing ones. Metamorphism occurs in various settings like contact, regional, and burial metamorphism. Factors like heat, pressure, and fluids drive changes in mineralogy and texture. Metamorphic grade is indicated by index minerals and results in foliated and non-foliated rock types.
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METAMORPHIC DIFFERENTIATION
This document discusses metamorphic differentiation, which refers to the redistribution of mineral grains or chemical components within a rock during metamorphism. There are two main types - segregation, which produces mineral-rich layers, and compositional layering parallel to metamorphic foliation. Gradients in chemical potential that drive differentiation are created by factors like temperature differences, pressure differences, mineral composition, mineral size, and the surrounding media. Mechanisms of differentiation include preserving original layering, transposing original bedding, solution and reprecipitation of minerals, preferential nucleation of minerals in fluids, and migmatization involving partial melting.
Bowen reaction series and reaction principles
The document summarizes the Bowen reaction series, which was developed by Norman Bowen in the early 1900s to explain the order of crystallization of minerals from cooling magma. It describes both the continuous and discontinuous reaction series, with the continuous series involving solid solution minerals like feldspar that adjust composition through diffusion as temperature decreases. The discontinuous series involves minerals like olivine melting at specific temperatures as new minerals begin to crystallize in equilibrium with the cooling magma. The Bowen reaction series and principle help explain how different rock types form from magmas of varying compositions as they cool.
Forms of igneous rocks
There are two main forms of igneous rocks:
1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
2) Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools below the surface. They can be concordant, forming sheets and domes parallel to layers, like sills and laccoliths, or discordant and cutting across layers, like dikes, batholiths, and volcanic necks.
Foliation and lineation
A fabric describes the spatial and geometric relationships that make up a rock at the microscopic to centimeter scale. It includes planar structures like bedding and cleavage, as well as the preferred orientation of minerals. Fabrics can be primary, forming during rock formation processes, or secondary and resulting from deformation. Foliation refers specifically to planar fabric and can develop through processes like cleavage, schistosity, and mylonitic foliation under increasing metamorphic conditions and deformation. Lineations describe linear fabric elements oriented in rocks, such as intersection lineations between planar features or mineral lineations showing preferred mineral alignments. Together, foliations and lineations define the tectonite class of a rock.
Ch 02 igneous classification
This document discusses various approaches to classifying igneous rocks. It describes classifications based on fabric (grain size, presence of glass), field relations (intrusive vs extrusive), mineralogical and modal compositions, and the 1973 IUGS modal classification system. It also addresses issues with using rock analyses to determine original magma compositions, noting that degassing can cause the volatile content of erupted rocks to be lower than the magma. Analyzing volatile content in melt inclusions in phenocrysts is presented as a way to determine a rock's pre-eruption magmatic volatile contents more accurately.
Evolution of magma
- Magma forms by partial melting of the mantle or crust and consists of molten or semi-molten rock. It varies in temperature, pressure, density and composition depending on its origin and evolution.
- Magma evolves as it differentiates through fractional crystallization, assimilation, and mixing. Early crystallizing minerals remove elements from the magma, changing its composition over time according to Bowen's reaction series.
- Magma rises towards the Earth's surface where it cools and crystallizes to form either plutonic or volcanic rocks, depending on the cooling rate. Slow cooling results in large mineral crystals in plutonic rocks, while rapid cooling of lava forms volcanic rocks like obsidian with little
Igneous Petrology
Formation of igneous rock
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Igneous rock
Rocks are divided into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either underground to form intrusive rocks or on the surface to form extrusive rocks. The texture and structure of igneous rocks depends on factors like the cooling rate, mineral composition, and gas content of the magma. Common igneous rock features include phenocrysts, vesicles, xenoliths, columnar joints, and sills/dikes.
Geological Joints
The document discusses joints, which are fractures in rock with no measurable shear displacement. There are two main types of joints: systematic joints which are parallel and evenly spaced, and non-systematic joints which are irregular. Joint sets are groups of systematic joints that intersect at consistent angles, forming joint systems such as orthogonal and conjugate systems. The origin and characteristics of different joint types like sheeting and columnar joints are described. Factors that control joint spacing and the data to collect during joint analysis are also outlined.
Modes of deformation of rocks presentation
Rocks can deform in two main ways: brittle deformation and ductile deformation. Brittle deformation occurs near the surface where pressures and temperatures are low, causing rocks to fracture. Ductile deformation occurs at depth, where high pressures and temperatures cause permanent shape changes without fracturing. The type of deformation depends on factors like pressure, temperature, strain rate, and rock composition. Hard rocks under low pressure and temperature typically undergo brittle deformation, while soft rocks at depth experience ductile deformation.
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This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It begins by defining metamorphism as the change in form of rocks due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. This causes changes in mineralogy, texture, and composition. The main factors that cause metamorphism are then discussed, including temperature, pressure (both uniform and direct), and chemically active fluids. Different types of metamorphism are also summarized, such as contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions and regional metamorphism during mountain building. The document concludes by noting how metamorphic rocks are eventually exhumed to the surface through erosion.
Strain markers+
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Igneous rocks
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their classification, textures, and mineral compositions. It discusses how igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma and can be classified as intrusive or extrusive depending on where they solidify. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below the Earth's surface, resulting in large crystal sizes, while extrusive rocks cool rapidly after erupting, producing small crystals. The document also examines different igneous rock textures that provide information about cooling rates, and explains how mineral compositions are determined by Bowen's Reaction Series during crystallization.
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Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks form from older igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure, such as from earthquakes and volcanism. This heat and pressure can flatten mineral grains without melting the rock or change one rock type into another metamorphic type over time. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on whether their mineral grains form layers (foliated) or not (nonfoliated), and examples include slate, gneiss, and marble. These rocks have various uses including floors, buildings, statues, and tombstones.
Metamorphic rocks
This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as the change in rocks due to increases in temperature and pressure. There are different types of metamorphism including contact, regional, and cataclastic metamorphism. Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and results in strongly foliated rocks like slates, schists and gneisses. The document describes the different grades of metamorphism from low to high and the typical minerals formed. It also discusses structures in metamorphic rocks like foliation and banding. In conclusion, different metamorphic rocks like slates, schists and gneisses have various economic uses as building materials.
igneous rocks formation and their classification
This document provides an introduction and overview of igneous rocks. It defines igneous rocks as those formed by the solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rocks are classified based on whether they solidified below ground as intrusive rocks or above ground as extrusive rocks. Some common igneous rocks are described, including granite, gabbro, basalt, dolerite, and diorite. Their typical compositions and properties are outlined.
Midoceanic ridges
Mid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain systems formed at divergent tectonic plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is generated. They consist of a chain of mountains linked by a central rift valley and result from mantle upwelling and melting in response to plate spreading. As the buoyant magma rises to the seafloor at the plate boundary, it emerges as lava to form new ocean crust upon cooling.
Classification of igneous rocks
This document classifies igneous rocks based on their visible crystal size, composition, and mineralogy. It divides rocks into phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, fragmental, pegmatitic, and glassy categories based on crystal size. It further classifies rocks as felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic based on their silica and iron/magnesium content. Diagrams show classifications of specific rock types like plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks, gabbroic rocks, and ultramafic rocks based on their mineralogy and compositions.
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Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on sedimentary rocks within the Earth's crust. There are two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism, which occurs near igneous intrusions, and regional metamorphism, which occurs deep within the crust over large areas. Metamorphic rocks exhibit either a foliated or nonfoliated texture based on the alignment of mineral grains. Foliated rocks like slate and schist contain aligned flat minerals, while nonfoliated rocks like marble and quartzite have randomly oriented grains. Metamorphic rocks can change into other types through additional heat and pressure altering their mineral composition and structure over time.
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on sedimentary rocks within the Earth's crust. There are two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism, which occurs near igneous intrusions, and regional metamorphism, which occurs deep within the crust over large areas. Metamorphic rocks exhibit either a foliated or nonfoliated texture based on the alignment of mineral grains. Foliated rocks like slate and schist contain aligned flat minerals, while nonfoliated rocks like marble and quartzite lack aligned grains. Metamorphic rocks can change into other types through additional heat and pressure altering mineral composition and structure over time.
5.4 metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks by heat, pressure, and chemical processes deep beneath the Earth's surface. There are two types of metamorphism: contact metamorphism near magma intrusions, and regional metamorphism caused by heat and pressure during tectonic plate movement, most commonly resulting in chemical changes to the rocks. Metamorphic rocks can be classified as either foliated or nonfoliated based on their texture.
Metamorphism and types of metamorphism
Metamorphism refers to the process of changes in pre-existing rocks caused by exposure to high pressures and temperatures. There are several types of metamorphism that result from different conditions, including contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions, regional metamorphism during mountain building, and subduction-related metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries. Key agents that control metamorphism are heat, pressure, chemical activity, and fluid phases, which can cause changes in minerals, textures, and introduce new mineral assemblages over long periods of time. Metamorphic grade describes the temperature and pressure conditions, ranging from low-grade to high-grade metamorphism.
Types of rocks
- Rocks are naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter that are divided into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on how they were formed.
- Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma or lava either below or above ground. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the Earth.
- Rocks are constantly changing between these three types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, melted, cooled, and subjected to pressure and heat within the Earth.
Geological Classification of rock.ppt
Rocks undergo changes through various natural processes. Sedimentary rock is formed through the compression of sediment layers, metamorphic rock is formed from changes caused by heat and pressure to other rock types, and igneous rock is formed by the cooling and hardening of melted rock. Rocks break down through weathering and erosion over time and the fragments can form new types of rock in a continuous cycle. Fossils preserved in sedimentary rock provide evidence of past life and the age of the earth.
6-Metamorphic-Rocks.pdf
Metamorphic rocks are formed from the alteration of pre-existing rocks, such as igneous or sedimentary rocks, under high pressures and temperatures within the Earth. There are three main types of metamorphism - contact, regional, and cataclastic - which result in different textures and mineral compositions in the metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can be classified based on their textures as either foliated, containing aligned platy minerals, or non-foliated, and by their mineral composition. Common metamorphic rocks include slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite, and amphibolite.
Chapter 9
This document provides information about the three main types of rocks:
- Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies, either deep within the earth as coarse-grained rock or on the surface as fine-grained rock like basalt.
- Sedimentary rocks form from the compression of layers of sediment over time, with the texture depending on the size of the original sediment, like fine-grained shale or coarse conglomerate.
- Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks undergoing heat and pressure, causing changes like foliation in slate.
ROCKS pdf.pdf
The document discusses the rock cycle and the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either underground to form intrusive igneous rocks or on the surface to form extrusive igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks form through the weathering of existing rocks and the deposition of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure altering existing rocks deep underground. The rock cycle describes how rocks continuously change from one type to another through geological processes.
Different Types of Rocks and the processes involved in its formation,ppt
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Metamorphism_(1).pptx
Metamorphism is the process by which rocks change in composition, texture, or structure due to extreme heat and pressure. There are six main types of metamorphism: regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, burial metamorphism, seafloor metamorphism, subduction zone metamorphism, and shock metamorphism. Regional metamorphism occurs when rock layers are compressed, folded, and buried deep underground. Contact metamorphism happens when magma intrudes into the upper crust near rock layers. Burial metamorphism takes place when sediments are buried deeply enough that heat and pressure cause mineral recrystallization and growth.
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Different Types of Rocks and the processes involved in its formation,ppt
Different Types of Rocks and the processes involved in its formation,ppt
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Metamorphic rock
- 2. • Rocks that have changed due to intense temperature and pressure • “Meta” means “change” and morphosis means “form” in Greek • Igneous, sedimentary and other metamorphic rocks can change to become metamorphic rocks
- 3. What occurs in the Earth to change these rocks? • Pressure from overlying rock layers • High heat, but not enough to melt the rock • Rocks may be flattened or bent or atoms may be exchanged to form new minerals.
- 4. • *You can think of metamorphic rocks as a squished peanut butter & jelly sandwich in your lunch.
- 5. How are metamorphic rocks classified? • Foliated—mineral grains are flattened and line up in parallel bands • Example: gneiss formed from rearrangement of minerals in granite into bands
- 6. How are metamorphic rocks classified? • Non-Foliated—No bands are formed • Example: marble formed from limestone
- 7. Where do metamorphic rocks usually form? • Where magma intrudes relatively cool rock • Near colliding plates (near mountain ranges) • Places that are covered miles thick with other rock causing pressure • When hot water intrudes rock • Where a meteorite strikes Earth (rare) • Where lightning bolts strike rocks (rare)