This document discusses rickets, including its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Rickets is caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which can result from inadequate sunlight exposure, poor nutrition, liver or kidney diseases, and some medications. Clinical features include bone deformities, muscle weakness, and growth delays. Diagnosis involves physical exam, lab tests showing low calcium and vitamin D levels and high alkaline phosphatase, and x-rays revealing bone changes. Treatment focuses on high dose vitamin D supplementation in the short term, followed by lower lifelong doses, along with ensuring adequate calcium and phosphate intake.
LCPD or Perthes disease - idiopathic avascular necrosis of femoral head, characterized mainly in child age 4-7 years - with a feature of limping and pain in the hip or groin
LCPD or Perthes disease - idiopathic avascular necrosis of femoral head, characterized mainly in child age 4-7 years - with a feature of limping and pain in the hip or groin
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Proper nutrition is an integral part of maintaining healthy bones and preventing falls.
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Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology.
It is most frequently recognized in particularly in elderly people and does occur in sexes, all races, and all age groups.
Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that can result in disturbing physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. Bone Structure
Three main functions of bone
support,
protection
leverage
Composition
Type I collagen fibers,
mineral component
Other non-collagenous proteins
Osteopontin
osteonectin
Osteocalcin
alkaline phosphatases
Bone morphogenetic protein
3. Bone Minerals
Almost half the bone volume is mineral
matter
mainly calcium and phosphate in the
form of crystalline hydroxyapatite
‘demineralization’ of bone occurs only by
resorption of the entire matrix
4. Bone Cells
Osteoblasts - concerned with bone
formation and osteoclast activation
Osteocytes -These cells can be
regarded as spent osteoblasts
Osteoclasts- These cells are the
principal mediators of bone resorption
5. Bone structure
The mature tissue is lamellar
bone, in which the collagen
fibres are arranged parallel to
each other to form multiple
layers with the osteocytes
lying between the lamellae.
7. Osteoporosis
clinical disorder characterized by an
abnormally low bone mass and effects
in bone structure, which renders the
bone fragile and at greater risk of
fracture in a person of that age, sex and
race.
8. Pathology:
• results from an unhealthy imbalance
between two normal activities of
bone: bone resorption and bone
formation.
• The combined processes of bone
resorption and bone formation allow
the healthy skeleton to be
maintained continually by the
removal of old bone and its
replacement with new bone.
9. Pathology
the destruction of bone begins to
exceed the formation of bone; this
imbalance leads to a net loss of
bone, and the beginnings of
osteoporosis.
10. PRIMERY RISK FACTORS
Caucasoid (white) or Asiatic ethnicity
Family history of osteoporosis
History of anorexia nervosa and/or
amenorrhoea
Low peak bone mass in the third decade
Early onset of menopause
Unusually slim or emaciated build
Early hysterectomy
Nutritional insufficiency
Chronic lack of exercise
12. Investigations
X-ray findings are
generally insufficient
• cannot reliably
measure bone density
• useful to identify
spinal factures,
explains back pain,
height loss or
kyphosis.
• X-rays may detect
osteopenia only when
bone loss is > 30%.
13. Patient who had a severe fracture and a
moderate fracture in her spine. Three years
later a second xray revealed a new fracture.
These fractures were in the lower spine.
Radiographic Fracture Assessment
14.
15. DEXA
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
• This is the most popular and accurate test to
date
• non-invasive
• involves no special preparation.
• Radiation exposure is minimal,
• Can be used to measure bone mineral density in
the spine, hip, wrist, or total body.
•expensive
•not portable.
17. Fracture Reduction
Goal: prevent fracture, not just treat
BMD
Osteoporosis treatment options
Calcium and vitamin D
Calcitonin
Bisphosphonates
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Parathyroid Hormone
18. Osteoporosis Treatment: Calcium and Vit
D
Calcium and Vit D supplementation shown
to decrease risk of hip fracture in older
adults
1000 mg/day standard;
1500 mg/day in postmenopausal
women/osteoporosis
Vitamin D (25 and 1,25): 400 IU/Day
19. Osteoporosis Treatment:
Bisphosphonates
Decrease bone resorption
decrease hip and vertebral fractures
Alendronate, risodronate PO
IV: pamidronate, zolendronate
Ibandronate : once/month
Calcetonin
not as effective as Bisphosphonates
200 IU nasally/day
20. Osteoporosis Treatment:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Raloxifene
Decrease bone resorption like estrogen
No increased risk cancer (decrease risk
breast cancer)
22. Current Guidelines
US Preventive Task Force
Test Bone Mineral Density in all women over
age 65, younger postmenopausal women
with at least one risk factor, and
postmenopausal women with a history of
fracture
Treat patients with T score <-2 and no risk
factors, T score <1.5 if any risk factors, and
anyone with prior vertebral/hip fracture
24. Rickets is a childhood disorder
involving softening and
weakening of the bones.
It is primarily caused by lack of
vitamin D, calcium, or
phosphate.
25. Etiology
1. Lack of sunshine due to:
1) Lack of outdoor activities
2) Lack of ultraviolet light in fall and winter
3) Too much cloud, dust, vapour and smoke
26. Etiology
2. Improper feeding:
1) Inadequate intake of Vitamin D
Breast milk 0-10IU/100ml
Cow’s milk 0.3-4IU/100ml
Egg yolk 25IU/average yolk
Herring 1500IU/100g
2) Improper Ca and P ratio
28. The history in patients with rickets may
include the following:
The infant's gestational age, diet and degree of
sunlight exposure should be noted.
A detailed dietary history should include
specifics of vitamin D and calcium intake.
A family history of short stature, orthopedic
abnormalities, poor dentition, alopecia, parental
consanguinity may signify inherited rickets.
Evaluation
29. Clinical signs
Rickets
is a systematic disease with
skeletons involved most, but the
nervous system, muscular system
and other system are also involved.
31. Generalized muscular hypotonia is observed in the
most patients with clinical signs of rickets.
Clinical signs
• If rickets occurs at a later age,
thickening of the skull
develops. This produces
frontal bossing and delays
the closure of the anterior
fontanelle.
37. A teenage male with rickets.
Note deformities of legs (bow legs)
and compromised height.
38. The ends of the long bones demonstrate that same
knobby thickening. At the ankle, palpation of the tibial
Clinical signs
malleolus gives
the impression
of a double
epiphysis
(Marfan sign).
39.
40. Pain in the bones of Arms, Legs, Spine, Pelvis.
Dental deformities
Delayed formation of teeth
Defects in the structure of teeth
Holes in the enamel
Increased incidence of cavities in the teeth (dental
caries)
Clinical signs
41. Progressive weakness
Decreased muscle tone (loss of muscle
strength)
Muscle cramps
Impaired growth
Short stature (adults less than 5 feet tall)
Fever or restlessness, especially at night
Clinical signs
42. The entire skeletal
system must be
palpated to search for
tenderness and bony
abnormalities.
Rickets should be
suspected in older
bowlegged children and
in cases associated with
asymmetry, pain, or
progression in severity.
Physical examination
43. Gait disturbances and
neurologic abnormalities
(such as hyperreflexia) in
all children should be
sought.
muscle cramps,
numbness, paresthesias,
tetany and seizures.
44. Decreases
in serum calcium,
serum phosphorus,
calcidiol, calcitriol,
urinary calcium.
The most common laboratory findings in
nutritional rickets are:
Parathyroid hormone,
alkaline phosphatase,
urinary phosphorus
levels are elevated.
45. Classic radiographic findings
include:
widening of the distal epyphysis, fraying
and widening of the metaphysis, and
angular deformities of the arm and leg
bones.
46. Classic radiographic findings include
Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the wrist of an 8-year-
old boy with rickets demonstrates cupping and fraying of the
metaphyseal region
47. Classic radiographic findings include:
Radiographs of the knee of a 3-year-old girl with hypophosphatemia
depict severe fraying of the metaphysis.
48. Rickets in wrist - uncalcified lower ends of bones
are porous, ragged, and saucer-shaped
(A) Rickets in 3 month old infant
(B) Healing after 28 days of
treatment
(C) After 41 days of
treatment
A
B C
49. Radiographic image of wrist and
forearm showing pathologic
fractures of radius and ulna with
rachitic changes of distal end of
radius and ulna.
52. Clinical manifestation
Stages
Early stage
Usually begin at 3 months old
Symptoms: mental psychiatric symptoms
Irritability, sleepless, hidrosis
Signs: occipital bald
Laboratory findings: Serum Ca, P normal or
decreased slightly, AKP normal or elevated
slightly, 25(OH)D3 decreased
Roentgen-graphic changes: normal or
slightly changed
53. Clinical manifestation
Advanced stage
On the base of early rickets, osseous
changes become marked and motor
development becomes delayed.
1. Osseous changes:
1) Head: craniotabes, frontal bossing, boxlike
appearance of skull, delayed closure of
anterior fontanelle
2) Teeth: delayed dentition with abnormal order,
defects
3) Chest: rachitic rosary, Harrison’s groove,
pigeon chest, funnel-shaped chest, flaring of
ribs
54. Clinical manifestation
4) Spinal column: scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis
5) Extremities: bowlegs, knock knee,
greenstick fracture
6) Rachitic dwarfism
2. Muscular system: potbelly, late in standing
and walking
3. Motor development: delayed
4. Other nervous and mental symptoms
55. Clinical manifestation
Laboratory findings:
Serum Ca and P decreased
Ca and P product decreased
AKP elevated
Roentgen-graphic changes:
Wrist is the best site for watching the changes
Widening of the epiphyseal cartilage
Blurring of the cup-shape metaphyses of long bone
56. I Mild form: small changes of nervous
system, changes of one part of the skeleton;
II Moderate form: changes of all organs and
systems, changes of two parts of the
skeleton;
III Severe form: damaging function of all
organs and systems, changes of three parts
of the skeleton;
Classification
58. Vitamin D dependent
Vitamin D-dependent rickets, type I is secondary
to a defect in the gene that codes for the
production of renal 25(OH)D3-1-alpha-
hydroxylase.
Vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II is a rare
autosomal disorder caused by mutations in the
vitamin D receptor. Type II does not respond to
vitamin D treatment; elevated levels of circulating
calcitriol differentiate this type from type I.
59. Vitamin D resistant
Rickets refractory to vitamin D treatment may be
caused by the most common heritable form,
known as vitamin D-resistant rickets or familial
hypophosphatemic rickets.
60. Other Conditions That Can Cause Rickets
Medications
Antacids
Anticonvulsants
Corticosteroids
Loop diuretics
Malignancy
Prematurity
Diseases of organs associated with vitamin D and
calcium metabolism
Kidney disease
Liver and biliary tract disease
Malabsorption syndromes
Celiac disease
Cystic fibrosis (rare)
61. Diagnosis
Assessed according to the followings:
1. History
2. Physical examination
3. Laboratory findings
4. Roentgen-graphic changes
62. Treatment for rickets
The replacement of Vitamin D may correct rickets
using these methods of
ultraviolet light and medicine.
4000 IU of oral vitamin D per day for one month.
Parents are instructed to take their infants outdoors
for approximately 20 minutes per day with their faces
exposed.
Foods that are good sources of vitamin D include
cod liver oil,
egg yolks,
butter
oily fish.
Some foods, including milk and breakfast cereals, are also
fortified with synthetic vitamin D.
63. Treatment
1. Special therapy: Vitamin D therapy
A. General method: Vitamin D 2000-4000 IU/day
for 2-4 weeks, then change to
preventive dosage – 400 IU.
64. TREATMENT
1 STAGE
VITAMINE D – - 2000 IU 1 TIMEDAY 30 DAYS
2 STAGE
VITAMINE D – - 3500 IU 1 TIMEDAY 40 DAYS
3 STAGE
VITAMINE D – - 5000 IU 1 TIMEDAY 45 DAYS
Then profilactic dose – 500 iu till the end of the second
– third year of life
65. Vitamin D
Fat-soluble vitamin used to treat vitamin D
deficiency or for prophylaxis of deficiency.
Cholecalciferol (Delta-D)
Vitamin D-3 1 mg provides 40000 IU vitamin D
activity
66. Treatment
4. Calcium supplementation: Dosage: 1-3
g/day
only used for special cases, such as baby
fed mainly with cereal or infants under 3
months of age and those who have already
developed tetany.
5. Plastic therapy:
In children with bone deformities after 4
years old plastic surgery may be useful.
67. Prevention
Vitamin D supplements
Because of human milk contains only a small amount
of vitamin D, the American Academy of Pediatrics
(AAP) recommends that all breast-fed infants receive
400 IU of oral vitamin D daily beginning during the
first two months of life and continuing until the daily
consumption of vitamin D-fortified formula or milk
is two to three glasses, or 500 mL.
AAP also recommends that all children and
adolescents should receive 400 IU a day of vitamin D.
68. Prevention
Vitamin D supplementation:
In prematures, twins and weak babies,
give Vitamin D 800IU per day,
For term babies and infants the demand
of Vitamin D is 400IU per day,
For those babies who can’t maintain a
daily supplementation, inject
muscularly
Vitamin D3 100000-200000 IU.
69. Prevention
Calcium supplementation:
0.5-1gm/day, for premature, weak babies and babies fed mainly with
cereal
Recommended daily intake of calcium is as follows:
1 to 3 years of age. 500 mg (two servings of dairy products a day)
4 to 8 years of age. 800 mg (two to three servings of dairy products a
day)
9 to 18 years of age. 1,300 mg (four servings of dairy products a day)
19 to 50 years of age. 1,000 mg a day (three servings of dairy products
a day)
70. Sources of Vitamin D
Sunlight is the most important source
Fish liver oil
Fish & sea food (herring & salmon)
Eggs
Plants do not contain vitamin D3