This document discusses Mendel's principles of inheritance and exceptions to them. It introduces the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. It then discusses exceptions like incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, and epistasis. It describes how Thomas Morgan's work with fruit flies led to the principle of gene linkage, where genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. Crossing over during meiosis can still separate linked genes, with closer genes being less likely to separate. Alfred Sturtevant created early gene maps by measuring recombination rates between linked genes.
We could define Mendel´s laws as the basic laws that talks about the inheritance of biological features that every human being has. They were created by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865. Mendel created three laws: The law of Segregation, the law of Independent Assortment and the law of Dominance.
The rules of Mendel's inheritance: In a cross between pure contrasting traits, the dominant trait will be observed in the phenotype of the organism whilst the recessive trait will be concealed. Only a single gene copy is allocated in a gamete cell and this is carried out in a random manner.
Mendel’s Procedure: (i) Mendel observed one trait at a time. For example, he crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. (ii) He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by this cross were grown to develop into plants of Fillial 1 progeny or F 1 -generation
Heridity and Evolution - Biology Class 10 CBSEAthira S
This Powerpoint Presentation is on the chapter Heredity and Evolution from class 10 Biology in CBSE Board. The contents of the presentation are from the NCERT science textbook for class 10 and Lakhmir Singh Biology Handbook Class 10.
We could define Mendel´s laws as the basic laws that talks about the inheritance of biological features that every human being has. They were created by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865. Mendel created three laws: The law of Segregation, the law of Independent Assortment and the law of Dominance.
The rules of Mendel's inheritance: In a cross between pure contrasting traits, the dominant trait will be observed in the phenotype of the organism whilst the recessive trait will be concealed. Only a single gene copy is allocated in a gamete cell and this is carried out in a random manner.
Mendel’s Procedure: (i) Mendel observed one trait at a time. For example, he crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. (ii) He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by this cross were grown to develop into plants of Fillial 1 progeny or F 1 -generation
Heridity and Evolution - Biology Class 10 CBSEAthira S
This Powerpoint Presentation is on the chapter Heredity and Evolution from class 10 Biology in CBSE Board. The contents of the presentation are from the NCERT science textbook for class 10 and Lakhmir Singh Biology Handbook Class 10.
Is your favorite ring slipping and sliding on your finger? You're not alone. Must Read this Guide on What To Do If Your Ring Is Too Big as shared by the experts of Andrews Jewelers.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
MRS PUNE 2024 - WINNER AMRUTHAA UTTAM JAGDHANEDK PAGEANT
Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
From Stress to Success How Oakland's Corporate Wellness Programs are Cultivat...Kitchen on Fire
Discover how Oakland's innovative corporate wellness initiatives are transforming workplace culture, nurturing the well-being of employees, and fostering a thriving environment. From comprehensive mental health support to flexible work arrangements and holistic wellness workshops, these programs are empowering individuals to navigate stress effectively, leading to increased productivity, satisfaction, and overall success.
Have you ever wondered about the lost city of Atlantis and its profound connection to our modern world? Ruth Elisabeth Hancock’s podcast, “Visions of Atlantis,” delves deep into this intriguing topic in a captivating conversation with Michael Le Flem, author of the enlightening book titled “Visions of Atlantis.” This podcast episode offers a thought-provoking blend of historical inquiry, esoteric wisdom, and contemporary reflections. Let’s embark on a journey of discovery as we unpack the mysteries of ancient civilizations and their relevance to our present existence.
Care Instructions for Activewear & Swim Suits.pdfsundazesurf80
SunDaze Surf offers top swimwear tips: choose high-quality, UV-protective fabrics to shield your skin. Opt for secure fits that withstand waves and active movement. Bright colors enhance visibility, while adjustable straps ensure comfort. Prioritize styles with good support, like racerbacks or underwire tops, for active beach days. Always rinse swimwear after use to maintain fabric integrity.
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
2. What we know… Inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes Principle of Dominance When there are two or more alleles for a gene, some are dominant while others are recessive Law of Segregation In sexually reproducing organisms, adult cells have two copies of each gene—one from each parent; these genes segregate when GAMETES are formed
3. Does the segregation of 1 pair of alleles affect the segregation of another pair of alleles?
4. Let’s look at Pea shape and pea color Round (R) vs. wrinkled (r) Yellow (Y) vs. green (y) Remember, there are 4 possible gametes If a parent is homozygous dominant (true-breeding dominant) for both shape and color, what will all possible gametes be? If a parent is homozygous recessive (true-breeding recessive) for both shape and color, what will all possible gametes be?
9. What is the phenotype of the F1 offspring? What is the genotype of the F1 offspring?
10. What this first cross told us… All F1 offspring were heterozygous for seed shape (round) and seed color (yellow) RrYy The F1 plant was made from fusing a gamete carrying RY and a gamete carrying ry Will the dominant alleles stay together or separate when making the F2 offspring?
11. Now cross these hybrid (RrYy) plants on a new 4X4 Punnett Square
12.
13. What does the F2 cross tell us? Are there combinations of alleles that we did not see in either of the parents? This means that the alleles for seed color separated independently than the alleles for seed shape Genes that segregate separately do NOT influence each other’s inheritance
14. Principle of Independent Assortment Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. This principle helps account for many genetic variations in plants, animals and other organisms.
15. Mendel’s 4 Principle’s Inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes Principle of Dominance Law of Segregation Principle of Independent Assortment
16. Exceptions to Mendel Genetics more complicated Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive Many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes
17. Incomplete Dominance When red flowered (CRCR) plants were crossed with white flowered (CWCW) plants they made…pink flowers (CRCW) Which allele is dominant? neither Incomplete dominance: Case in which one allele is not dominant over another The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes
18.
19. Codominance Both alleles contribute to the phenotype Chickens Allele for black feathers is codominant with allele for white feathers Chicken looks speckled with black and white feathers Not like the blending of dominant phenotypes… BOTH dominant phenotypes show up In humans Gene for protein that controls cholesterol levels in the blood People with heterozygous form make both types of protien
20.
21. Multiple Alleles When a gene has more than two alleles NOT more than 2 alleles for a person but MORE than 2 alleles for the trait exist Coat color in rabbits A single gene for coat color At least 4 different alleles Simple dominance and make 4 possible coat colors Genes for human blood type 3 different alleles: IA, IB, I You can get different genotypes: IAIA IAi IAIB IBIB Ibi ii You can get different Phenotypes: Type A (dom) Type B (dom) Type AB (dom) Type O (recessive)
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. Polygenic Traits “Poly” many “-genic” genes Traits controlled by two or more genes Several genes interact to produce a trait Wide range of phenotypes Skin color Four different genes Fruit Fly eye color Three genes make the reddish brown pigment
27. Epistasis When the expression of one gene effects the expression of another gene Ex. Fur color in mice…controlled by 2 separate genes Gene 1 Brown fur pigment (BB or Bb) is dominant over gray fur pigment (bb) Gene 2 Coat Pigment depositing gene Dominant gene (CC or Cc) means fur will get pigment and this is determined by gene one Recessive gene (cc) means that no pigment will be deposited on fur…whether the they have the gene for black or brown fur The gene for Pigment Deposition is the EPISTATIC gene because it alters the Phenotypic ration Sd
28. Homework Complete a Dihybrid cross for 2 mice that are heterozygous for both Brown fur (Bb) and Pigment deposition (Pp) Predict your phenotypic ratio… What are you final phenotypic ratios? Write a paragraph explaining your results.
29.
30. Genes and the Environment Genes provide the plan for development How the plan unfolds depends on the environment Example: Sunflower has genes for height and color of flowers But these traits are also influenced by climate, soil conditions and water availability
33. Applying Mendel’s Principles… Apply Mendel’s Principles to many organisms, including humans Thomas Hunt Morgan (1900’s) American geneticist Common fruit fly Drosophiliamelanogaster Produced offspring very quickly Single pair of flies=100 offspring Mendel’s principle’s were tested with Drosophilia and many other organisms and they applied to all of them as well
34. Would genes on the same chromosome be inherited together? Thomas noticed that almost every single time he crossed two flies that each had red eyes and mini wings, the offspring almost always inherited BOTH red eyes and mini wings This went against Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment…(review!)
35. Gene Linkage Thomas Hunt Morgan gave us the answer 1910 PRINCIPLE of LINKAGE 50 Drosophilia genes Seemed to contradict Principle of Independent Assortment b/c certain genes were always inherited together He grouped the fly’s genes into linkage groups
36. Linkage groups are made up of genes that seem to be inherited together Linkage groups assort independently but all genes in one group are inherited together Drosophilia 4 linkage groups 4 chromosomes What can be concluded?
37.
38. Conclusions Each chromosome is actually a group of linked genes Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment holds true but an adjustment needs to be made… IT IS THE CHROMOSOMES THAT ASSORT INDEPENDENTLY, NOT THE INDIVIDUAL GENES
39.
40.
41. How Mendel missed it… What 7 genes did he study? 6 of the 7 genes were on different chromosomes Two genes were on the same chromosome but they were so far apart on the same chromosome that they assorted independently
42. If two genes are on the same chromosome, does that mean they are linked for ever? No, chromosomes cross over during meiosis so they can separate Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles Important for genetic diversity
43. Lucky Student Alfred Sturtevant 1911 Columbia University Worked in Morgan’s Lab Hypothesis If two genes are farther apart on a chromosome, the they are more likely to be separated during meiosis Experiment Measured the rate at which linked genes were separated and recombined to make a “map” of distances between genes Conclusion Recombination rates could be used to make gene maps Gene maps showed the location of a gene on a chromosome
44. Gene Linkage and Crossing Over The farther apart 2 genes are on a chromosome…. The more likely they are to “cross-over” The closer two genes are on the same chromosome… The less likely they are to be separated