The document provides summer assignment instructions for Ms. Donohue's Advanced Placement Biology class. Students are assigned to read chapters from their textbook and complete study guide questions by certain due dates. They must outline the chapters in their notes notebook and email their answers to the teacher. On the first day of class, students will submit hard copies of all study guides and outlines. There will also be a cumulative test on the first assigned chapters worth 25% of the first quarter grade.
The document provides a lesson plan for teaching students about the carbon cycle using a bottle ecosystem model. The plan involves students observing a bottle ecosystem and candle demonstration. They then learn key terms and create a diagram of the carbon and oxygen flows within the ecosystem. Finally, students predict how altering different ecosystem components would affect the system, applying their understanding of gases. The goal is for students to understand how living and non-living parts of an ecosystem interact to form the carbon cycle through observation and modeling.
This document provides information about atoms in the periodic table. It begins with background on the development of the periodic table by scientists like Döbereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev. Mendeleev organized the elements in a table based on atomic mass, leaving spaces for undiscovered elements. The periodic table arranges elements in rows (periods) and columns (groups) according to atomic structure. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer shell electrons and similar properties. The document defines key terms and explains how elements are named, grouped as metals/nonmetals/metalloids, and classified into groups based on their location in the periodic table.
The document provides information about Module 10 of an alternative secondary education chemistry course. It discusses the evolution of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers' idea of atoms as indivisible particles, to John Dalton's atomic theory in the early 1800s. It also describes the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons using instruments like the cathode ray tube. The module aims to teach students about atomic structure and composition, isotopes, radioactivity, and the development of modern atomic models. It includes lessons, learning objectives, and guidance for self-study.
Physical chemistry is the branch that deals with the relationship between composition, physical properties, and changes in matter. It studies properties like atomic/molecular structure, behavior of gases/liquids/solids, and the effect of temperature/radiation on matter. Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds like hydrocarbons and their derivatives that occur naturally or are synthesized. Inorganic chemistry deals with all elements and their compounds except hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biochemistry studies the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living organisms.
The document summarizes the 1990 Nobel Prize winners. Elias James Corey won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the theory and methodology of organic synthesis. Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, and Richard E. Taylor won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their investigations into deep scattering of electrons on protons and neutrons, which supported the quark model in particle physics. Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries regarding organ and cell transplantation, which have benefited patients in need of organ transplants.
This document provides information about plant and human anatomy. It describes the main organs in plants and their functions. It also discusses the major organ systems in the human body, including the skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and muscular systems. Examples are given of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the human skeletal system.
This document appears to be a science diagnostic test for 4th grade students containing 40 multiple choice questions covering various science topics including: materials that float or sink in water, first aid procedures, types of illnesses caused by exposure to garbage, properties of materials when mixed with other substances, body systems, plant and animal habitats, plant structures and growth, forces and motion, heat transfer, weather, soil science, the scientific method, and the water cycle. The test is intended to assess students' knowledge in these different areas of science.
This document outlines the intended learning outcomes for science in grades 7-8 in Utah. It discusses six main categories of skills and understanding that students should develop: 1) using science process and thinking skills, 2) demonstrating understanding of science concepts and principles, 3) communicating effectively using science language and reasoning, 4) demonstrating awareness of social and historical aspects of science, 5) demonstrating understanding of the nature of science, and 6) using these skills to answer multiple choice questions about science examples and experiments.
The document provides a lesson plan for teaching students about the carbon cycle using a bottle ecosystem model. The plan involves students observing a bottle ecosystem and candle demonstration. They then learn key terms and create a diagram of the carbon and oxygen flows within the ecosystem. Finally, students predict how altering different ecosystem components would affect the system, applying their understanding of gases. The goal is for students to understand how living and non-living parts of an ecosystem interact to form the carbon cycle through observation and modeling.
This document provides information about atoms in the periodic table. It begins with background on the development of the periodic table by scientists like Döbereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev. Mendeleev organized the elements in a table based on atomic mass, leaving spaces for undiscovered elements. The periodic table arranges elements in rows (periods) and columns (groups) according to atomic structure. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer shell electrons and similar properties. The document defines key terms and explains how elements are named, grouped as metals/nonmetals/metalloids, and classified into groups based on their location in the periodic table.
The document provides information about Module 10 of an alternative secondary education chemistry course. It discusses the evolution of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers' idea of atoms as indivisible particles, to John Dalton's atomic theory in the early 1800s. It also describes the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons using instruments like the cathode ray tube. The module aims to teach students about atomic structure and composition, isotopes, radioactivity, and the development of modern atomic models. It includes lessons, learning objectives, and guidance for self-study.
Physical chemistry is the branch that deals with the relationship between composition, physical properties, and changes in matter. It studies properties like atomic/molecular structure, behavior of gases/liquids/solids, and the effect of temperature/radiation on matter. Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds like hydrocarbons and their derivatives that occur naturally or are synthesized. Inorganic chemistry deals with all elements and their compounds except hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biochemistry studies the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living organisms.
The document summarizes the 1990 Nobel Prize winners. Elias James Corey won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the theory and methodology of organic synthesis. Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, and Richard E. Taylor won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their investigations into deep scattering of electrons on protons and neutrons, which supported the quark model in particle physics. Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries regarding organ and cell transplantation, which have benefited patients in need of organ transplants.
This document provides information about plant and human anatomy. It describes the main organs in plants and their functions. It also discusses the major organ systems in the human body, including the skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and muscular systems. Examples are given of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the human skeletal system.
This document appears to be a science diagnostic test for 4th grade students containing 40 multiple choice questions covering various science topics including: materials that float or sink in water, first aid procedures, types of illnesses caused by exposure to garbage, properties of materials when mixed with other substances, body systems, plant and animal habitats, plant structures and growth, forces and motion, heat transfer, weather, soil science, the scientific method, and the water cycle. The test is intended to assess students' knowledge in these different areas of science.
This document outlines the intended learning outcomes for science in grades 7-8 in Utah. It discusses six main categories of skills and understanding that students should develop: 1) using science process and thinking skills, 2) demonstrating understanding of science concepts and principles, 3) communicating effectively using science language and reasoning, 4) demonstrating awareness of social and historical aspects of science, 5) demonstrating understanding of the nature of science, and 6) using these skills to answer multiple choice questions about science examples and experiments.
This document provides an overview of chemistry and its importance. It discusses:
1) How chemistry began with early Greek philosophers seeking to explain natural phenomena and their development of early theories of matter. It then discusses key figures like Robert Boyle, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton who established modern chemistry.
2) The main branches of chemistry including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biochemistry. It also discusses the importance of chemistry in fields like medicine, engineering, agriculture and more.
3) Desirable qualities of scientists like curiosity, perseverance, and open-mindedness that allow them to solve problems and make discoveries. It provides examples of famous Filipino chemists.
Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of lifesbarkanic
This document is a reading guide for an AP Biology chapter on carbon and the molecular diversity of life. It includes questions about Stanley Miller's experiment on prebiotic conditions, carbon bonding abilities, organic structures like chains and hydrocarbons, isomers including enantiomers, functional groups key to biological molecules, and structures of testosterone and estradiol.
This document contains a test bank of multiple choice questions for Biology: The Essentials 3rd Edition by Hoefnagels. The questions cover topics on the structure of atoms, chemical bonds, and properties of water. Specifically, questions assess remembering details about atomic structure like protons, neutrons, electrons; the different types of chemical bonds like ionic and covalent; and phase changes of water like evaporation. The test bank aims to evaluate students' mastery of key concepts in chemistry that are relevant to understanding biology.
Plants need mineral salts for healthy growth. These mineral salts are absorbed by plant roots from the soil as inorganic ions. Farmers and gardeners add fertilizers to soil to provide important mineral salts like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These three mineral salts are essential for plant growth and are often listed on fertilizer packaging by their chemical symbols N, P, K.
This document provides information about a module on chemical nomenclature. It begins with an introduction that names are used to identify and distinguish between people and compounds. It then outlines the lessons contained in the module, which are on chemical symbols, formulas, empirical formulas, molecular formulas, and nomenclature. The document concludes by explaining how students should approach learning from the module, including taking pre- and post-tests.
Unit at a_glance_number_one - new curriculumsbarkanic
Unit 1 covers ecology, with readings from chapters 50-55 of the textbook. The unit focuses on essential knowledge about energy flow through biological systems, complex biotic and abiotic interactions, homeostasis, and the effects of behavior on natural selection. Laboratory exercises include observing habitat preferences in sow bugs and mating behaviors in fruit flies, as well as measuring primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems. Students will be assessed through a traditional test incorporating free response and multiple choice questions covering topics like ecological concepts, population and community dynamics, ecosystem processes, and conservation biology.
1. Cells are the basic building blocks of living things that make up tissues. Tissues form organs that work together in organ systems.
2. Organ systems grouped into populations of the same species that interact in a community. Multiple communities make up an ecosystem.
3. The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems and is the highest level of biological organization that includes air, land, and water where organisms exist. Understanding these levels from cell to biosphere show how living things are arranged from simple to complex.
This document contains two passages about building biomolecules and their properties. The first passage discusses the six most abundant elements in biomolecules and how they bond to form organic molecules like hydrocarbons. It also defines isomers and explains polarity, electronegativity, and functional groups. The second passage defines monomers and polymers and how they link together. It describes the four main classes of biomolecules - lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids - and lists some of their key properties and functions.
The document discusses several key concepts in chemistry and biology:
1. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
2. Molecules are formed from combinations of atoms. Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons, while ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred between atoms.
3. Organisms are made up of macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and synthetic polymers. These molecules are essential for structure, energy storage, heredity, and other functions.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of the AP Biology textbook. It discusses the following main topics:
1) Matter is made up of chemical elements and their combinations as compounds. The four most abundant elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
2) An atom's properties depend on its structure of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The number of protons determines the element, and electrons occupy different energy levels.
3) Chemical bonds between atoms form molecules and determine molecular structure and function. The main types of bonds are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds which vary in strength. Molecular shape is important for biological functions.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including definitions, classifications, and theories. It discusses:
1) The definitions of science and the divisions of natural and social sciences. Chemistry is classified as a natural science dealing with the properties and composition of matter.
2) The key developments in atomic theory from Dalton to Bohr, including evidence that supported Dalton's atomic theory. Modern atomic structure includes protons, neutrons, and electrons.
3) The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic structure. Elements with similar properties recur periodically when arranged by atomic number.
4) Matter is classified as elements, compounds, and mixtures based on composition. Chemical and physical changes in matter are also defined.
The origin of life on Earth occurred in four stages:
1) Organic molecules like nucleotides and amino acids formed spontaneously in the early reducing atmosphere of Earth.
2) These organic molecules polymerized to form RNA and proteins, which took place on clay surfaces.
3) The polymers became enclosed in membrane vesicles formed from phospholipid membranes.
4) The membrane-bound polymers acquired cellular properties through chemical selection and mutations, leading to the RNA world hypothesis where RNA carried out information storage, catalysis, and self-replication before DNA and proteins evolved.
John Macklin is an analytical chemist born in 1939 in Texas. He has worked with NASA, Stanford University, and Washington State, teaching and conducting research in analytical chemistry. As a child, Macklin was curious about how things work and what they are made of. He studied chemistry in college and received his Bachelor's degree in 1962. His contributions include advancing the technique of Raman spectrometry to allow for testing of smaller samples and studying environmental pollution. He also worked with NASA and Stanford scientists to analyze meteorites and dust particles in search of carbon molecules important for the origins of life.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
The Urey-Miller experiment conducted in 1953 aimed to test the hypothesis that basic biomolecules could form from simple gases on the early Earth. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey created a setup to simulate early Earth conditions, exposing a mixture of gases including methane, ammonia and hydrogen to electric sparks. The resulting organic soup was found to contain amino acids like glycine and alanine, demonstrating prebiotic synthesis of key building blocks of life from simple starting materials. This experiment supported the hypothesis that life may have originated from natural chemical processes on the early Earth.
1. The document is a pre-test for a science training workshop on interrelationships in ecosystems for untrained Grade 3-6 science teachers in Region IV-MIMAROPA, Division of Oriental Mindoro.
2. The pre-test contains 13 multiple choice questions about food chains, energy flow, the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in ecosystems.
3. The questions assess understanding of key concepts like primary consumers, the role of plants in the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle, the direction of energy flow through food webs, which organism acts as a decomposer, and the effects of removing decomposers from the carbon cycle.
This document lists 18 publications by the author, including:
- 8 articles published in refereed journals on topics like water quality assessments and health awareness related to surface waters in Vietnam.
- 10 conference proceedings from international conferences covering subjects such as flood preparedness and water quality analyses.
The publications date from 2008 to the present and include work conducted in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand related to environmental studies.
John Dalton was an English chemist who developed modern atomic theory in the early 1800s. He proposed that all matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for a given element but differ between elements. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds, and chemical reactions involve atoms combining, separating, or rearranging. Dalton's atomic theory laid the foundation for understanding the composition and behavior of matter at the atomic scale.
This document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth. It proposes that early conditions allowed for the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules like amino acids and nucleotides. These molecules could have joined to form polymers like proteins and nucleic acids. Self-replicating molecules then developed that allowed for inheritance. Early life forms may have been encapsulated in membrane-bound droplets called protobionts. Experiments simulating early Earth conditions support the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. RNA may have played a role in early self-replication. Natural selection among primitive self-replicating systems could have driven the evolution of early life.
IB Biology markscheme, past exam papers, notes and 2012 IB Biology syllabus. IB Biology option D evolution markscheme. IB Biology option D evolution notes, IB Biology option D Evolution exam papers, IB Biology option E markscheme, IB Biology option E notes, IB Biology option E Neurobiology papers, IB Biology Option A Human Nutrition and Health syllabus 2012, Stimulus and response, Homologous structures, Pavlov experiments.
This document provides information about an English language teaching material titled "The Ecosystems" that is aimed at a 2nd year secondary education level in Spain. It includes details about the language level, subject area, guiding theme, format, estimated time needed and more. The guiding theme is about the concept of ecosystem, its characteristics, and the flow of matter and energy within it. It also lists learning objectives, content, activities, vocabulary and evaluation criteria for the material.
This document provides an overview of chemistry and its importance. It discusses:
1) How chemistry began with early Greek philosophers seeking to explain natural phenomena and their development of early theories of matter. It then discusses key figures like Robert Boyle, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton who established modern chemistry.
2) The main branches of chemistry including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biochemistry. It also discusses the importance of chemistry in fields like medicine, engineering, agriculture and more.
3) Desirable qualities of scientists like curiosity, perseverance, and open-mindedness that allow them to solve problems and make discoveries. It provides examples of famous Filipino chemists.
Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of lifesbarkanic
This document is a reading guide for an AP Biology chapter on carbon and the molecular diversity of life. It includes questions about Stanley Miller's experiment on prebiotic conditions, carbon bonding abilities, organic structures like chains and hydrocarbons, isomers including enantiomers, functional groups key to biological molecules, and structures of testosterone and estradiol.
This document contains a test bank of multiple choice questions for Biology: The Essentials 3rd Edition by Hoefnagels. The questions cover topics on the structure of atoms, chemical bonds, and properties of water. Specifically, questions assess remembering details about atomic structure like protons, neutrons, electrons; the different types of chemical bonds like ionic and covalent; and phase changes of water like evaporation. The test bank aims to evaluate students' mastery of key concepts in chemistry that are relevant to understanding biology.
Plants need mineral salts for healthy growth. These mineral salts are absorbed by plant roots from the soil as inorganic ions. Farmers and gardeners add fertilizers to soil to provide important mineral salts like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These three mineral salts are essential for plant growth and are often listed on fertilizer packaging by their chemical symbols N, P, K.
This document provides information about a module on chemical nomenclature. It begins with an introduction that names are used to identify and distinguish between people and compounds. It then outlines the lessons contained in the module, which are on chemical symbols, formulas, empirical formulas, molecular formulas, and nomenclature. The document concludes by explaining how students should approach learning from the module, including taking pre- and post-tests.
Unit at a_glance_number_one - new curriculumsbarkanic
Unit 1 covers ecology, with readings from chapters 50-55 of the textbook. The unit focuses on essential knowledge about energy flow through biological systems, complex biotic and abiotic interactions, homeostasis, and the effects of behavior on natural selection. Laboratory exercises include observing habitat preferences in sow bugs and mating behaviors in fruit flies, as well as measuring primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems. Students will be assessed through a traditional test incorporating free response and multiple choice questions covering topics like ecological concepts, population and community dynamics, ecosystem processes, and conservation biology.
1. Cells are the basic building blocks of living things that make up tissues. Tissues form organs that work together in organ systems.
2. Organ systems grouped into populations of the same species that interact in a community. Multiple communities make up an ecosystem.
3. The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems and is the highest level of biological organization that includes air, land, and water where organisms exist. Understanding these levels from cell to biosphere show how living things are arranged from simple to complex.
This document contains two passages about building biomolecules and their properties. The first passage discusses the six most abundant elements in biomolecules and how they bond to form organic molecules like hydrocarbons. It also defines isomers and explains polarity, electronegativity, and functional groups. The second passage defines monomers and polymers and how they link together. It describes the four main classes of biomolecules - lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids - and lists some of their key properties and functions.
The document discusses several key concepts in chemistry and biology:
1. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
2. Molecules are formed from combinations of atoms. Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons, while ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred between atoms.
3. Organisms are made up of macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and synthetic polymers. These molecules are essential for structure, energy storage, heredity, and other functions.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of the AP Biology textbook. It discusses the following main topics:
1) Matter is made up of chemical elements and their combinations as compounds. The four most abundant elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
2) An atom's properties depend on its structure of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The number of protons determines the element, and electrons occupy different energy levels.
3) Chemical bonds between atoms form molecules and determine molecular structure and function. The main types of bonds are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds which vary in strength. Molecular shape is important for biological functions.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including definitions, classifications, and theories. It discusses:
1) The definitions of science and the divisions of natural and social sciences. Chemistry is classified as a natural science dealing with the properties and composition of matter.
2) The key developments in atomic theory from Dalton to Bohr, including evidence that supported Dalton's atomic theory. Modern atomic structure includes protons, neutrons, and electrons.
3) The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic structure. Elements with similar properties recur periodically when arranged by atomic number.
4) Matter is classified as elements, compounds, and mixtures based on composition. Chemical and physical changes in matter are also defined.
The origin of life on Earth occurred in four stages:
1) Organic molecules like nucleotides and amino acids formed spontaneously in the early reducing atmosphere of Earth.
2) These organic molecules polymerized to form RNA and proteins, which took place on clay surfaces.
3) The polymers became enclosed in membrane vesicles formed from phospholipid membranes.
4) The membrane-bound polymers acquired cellular properties through chemical selection and mutations, leading to the RNA world hypothesis where RNA carried out information storage, catalysis, and self-replication before DNA and proteins evolved.
John Macklin is an analytical chemist born in 1939 in Texas. He has worked with NASA, Stanford University, and Washington State, teaching and conducting research in analytical chemistry. As a child, Macklin was curious about how things work and what they are made of. He studied chemistry in college and received his Bachelor's degree in 1962. His contributions include advancing the technique of Raman spectrometry to allow for testing of smaller samples and studying environmental pollution. He also worked with NASA and Stanford scientists to analyze meteorites and dust particles in search of carbon molecules important for the origins of life.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
The Urey-Miller experiment conducted in 1953 aimed to test the hypothesis that basic biomolecules could form from simple gases on the early Earth. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey created a setup to simulate early Earth conditions, exposing a mixture of gases including methane, ammonia and hydrogen to electric sparks. The resulting organic soup was found to contain amino acids like glycine and alanine, demonstrating prebiotic synthesis of key building blocks of life from simple starting materials. This experiment supported the hypothesis that life may have originated from natural chemical processes on the early Earth.
1. The document is a pre-test for a science training workshop on interrelationships in ecosystems for untrained Grade 3-6 science teachers in Region IV-MIMAROPA, Division of Oriental Mindoro.
2. The pre-test contains 13 multiple choice questions about food chains, energy flow, the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in ecosystems.
3. The questions assess understanding of key concepts like primary consumers, the role of plants in the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle, the direction of energy flow through food webs, which organism acts as a decomposer, and the effects of removing decomposers from the carbon cycle.
This document lists 18 publications by the author, including:
- 8 articles published in refereed journals on topics like water quality assessments and health awareness related to surface waters in Vietnam.
- 10 conference proceedings from international conferences covering subjects such as flood preparedness and water quality analyses.
The publications date from 2008 to the present and include work conducted in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand related to environmental studies.
John Dalton was an English chemist who developed modern atomic theory in the early 1800s. He proposed that all matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for a given element but differ between elements. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds, and chemical reactions involve atoms combining, separating, or rearranging. Dalton's atomic theory laid the foundation for understanding the composition and behavior of matter at the atomic scale.
This document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth. It proposes that early conditions allowed for the abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules like amino acids and nucleotides. These molecules could have joined to form polymers like proteins and nucleic acids. Self-replicating molecules then developed that allowed for inheritance. Early life forms may have been encapsulated in membrane-bound droplets called protobionts. Experiments simulating early Earth conditions support the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules. RNA may have played a role in early self-replication. Natural selection among primitive self-replicating systems could have driven the evolution of early life.
IB Biology markscheme, past exam papers, notes and 2012 IB Biology syllabus. IB Biology option D evolution markscheme. IB Biology option D evolution notes, IB Biology option D Evolution exam papers, IB Biology option E markscheme, IB Biology option E notes, IB Biology option E Neurobiology papers, IB Biology Option A Human Nutrition and Health syllabus 2012, Stimulus and response, Homologous structures, Pavlov experiments.
This document provides information about an English language teaching material titled "The Ecosystems" that is aimed at a 2nd year secondary education level in Spain. It includes details about the language level, subject area, guiding theme, format, estimated time needed and more. The guiding theme is about the concept of ecosystem, its characteristics, and the flow of matter and energy within it. It also lists learning objectives, content, activities, vocabulary and evaluation criteria for the material.
Chapter 1 - A View of Life and its Chemical Basis. 1. Explain the.pdfmonikajain201
Chapter 1 - A View of Life and its Chemical Basis. 1. Explain the basic characteristics that are
common to all living things. 2. Describe the levels of organization of life. 3. Distinguish among
the three domains of life and kingdoms. 4. Explain the process of natural selection. 5. Identify
the components of the scientific method. 6. Contrast ionic and covalent bonds. 7. Explain how
the properties of water make life possible. 8. Recognize the importance of functional groups in
determining the chemical properties of an organic molecule. 9. Summarize the categories of the
main macromolecules and provide examples of their diverse biological functions: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Solution
please split the questions and ask. it was too lengthy to answer so all are in short.
1. Explain the basic characteristics that are common to all living things.
The fundamental characteristics of all living beings are growth, reproduction. All are made up of
cells, they adapt and respond to the environment. They all obtain and utilize energy. Though all
these are in common, they have different cellular organization.
2. Describe the levels of organization of life.
The various levels of organization of life include organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems,
organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem and biosphere. They are in the chronological
order starting from the simplest form to the most complex one.
3. Distinguish among the three domains of life and kingdoms.
Three domain system introduced by carl woese divides cellular forms into three domains- archae,
bacteria and eukaryotes. It mainly separates archae from prokaryotes based on their 16sRNA
differences. This classification is above the kingdom level.
The five kingdom system has prokaryotes without membranes placed under Monera, eukaryotes
are placed into 3 kingdoms plantae, fungi and animalia. Protista are a separate kingdom
consisting of diversified algae and others which does not come under other groups
4. Explain the process of natural selection
Charles Darwin proposed the natural selection in his theory of evolution. Natural selection is a
process by which the organisms which are adapted to the environmental conditions and survive
in them. Shortly said as “survival of the fittest”. They transfer the genetic traits to further
generations making them more dominant while those who cannot survive get eliminated.
5. Identify the components of the scientific method.
Scientific method is a planned method which helps scientists in answering or solving a problem.
It consists of 6 components. 1. Purpose or question of research, 2. Research to find more
information on the question, 3. Hypothesis after getting preliminary information, 4. Experimental
design of the question, 5. Analysis of the results, 6. Conclusion of the experiment.
6. Contrast ionic and covalent bonds.
Covalent bonds are less polar than ionic bonds.Covalent bond is a chemical bond formed
between two non-metals .
1) The weekly learning plan outlines the objectives, topics, and activities for a Grade 11/12 general chemistry class over 5 days, focusing on kinetic molecular theory, intermolecular forces, properties of liquids and solids, water, and crystalline vs amorphous solids.
2) The daily lessons include classroom activities like discussion, experiments, and worksheets as well as homework assignments to reinforce the concepts.
3) The objectives cover explaining states of matter using kinetic molecular models, differentiating intermolecular force types, relating liquid properties to forces, analyzing water's unique structure and properties, and distinguishing crystalline and amorphous solid structures.
Science 9_Q2_Mod2_CHEMICAL BONDING PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS_VerFinal-2(1).docxJeanetteRios4
This document provides information about chemical bonding and properties of compounds. It discusses how ionic and covalent compounds can be identified based on their chemical formula and names. The key physical properties that distinguish ionic from covalent compounds are also presented, such as state of matter, melting point, hardness, conductivity. Examples of naturally occurring phenomena that utilize these properties, like snowflakes and voltaic cells, are given. The document aims to help students recognize different types of compounds based on their characteristic properties.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in AP Biology related to chemistry and macromolecules. It discusses the following main points:
1) Matter is made up of elements and compounds that combine in fixed ratios. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter.
2) Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. The number of protons determines the element. Chemical bonds like covalent and ionic bonds form between atoms.
3) Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are polymers of smaller monomers. They serve important functions in energy storage, structure and heredity.
This document contains a weekly lesson log and lesson plan exemplar for a 9th grade science class covering topics in living things and their environment, matter, and ecosystems over two quarters. The log outlines content standards, learning competencies, and daily tasks/activities for each week, including summative assessments. Key topics include the respiratory and circulatory systems, heredity and genetics, biodiversity and evolution, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, atomic structure and bonding, and carbon compounds. The purpose is to guide student learning and ensure coverage of required content standards.
This document provides an outline for Chapter 2 of an ecology textbook. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The chapter discusses systems and feedback loops, chemical bonds, energy flow in ecosystems, and various biogeochemical cycles. It examines how photosynthesis captures energy from the sun and how it is used by plants and other organisms through respiration. The chapter also explores trophic levels, ecological pyramids, and the roles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements in sustaining life through biogeochemical cycling.
This lesson plan teaches students about cause and effect relationships through reading a poem about a mother's birthday. The poem describes how each of the children, Ben, Liz, and Bess, interact with their mother on her birthday. After reading, students answer questions to identify the causes and effects in the poem. They will then act out scenes from the poem in groups. Finally, students will practice identifying causes and effects by labeling sentences from the poem as the cause or effect in each situation. The lesson aims to help students understand how to identify the connection between an event and its cause within a text.
The document provides an outline for a biology curriculum covering various topics across 26 weeks. Some of the key topics included are: introducing biology, cells, movement of substances across membranes, chemical composition of cells, cell division, nutrition, and respiration. Each week covers 1-2 learning objectives, the associated learning outcomes, and any relevant notes. The learning outcomes describe what students should be able to do by the end of each topic, such as explaining concepts, designing experiments, comparing processes, and more.
This document contains a daily lesson plan for a physical science class taught on February 7, 2024. The objectives of the lesson are to differentiate between polar and nonpolar bonds, determine bond polarity using electronegativity, and familiarize students with molecular shapes. The lesson will cover the polarity of molecules, discussing how electronegativity differences between atoms affect bond polarity and the polarity of the overall molecule. Formative assessments include multiple choice and true/false questions about bond polarity, electronegativity, and molecular geometry. The teacher will reflect on students' performance and the effectiveness of teaching strategies.
This document contains a daily lesson plan for an 11th grade biology class. The lesson plan aims to teach students about the unifying themes in the study of life, including cell theory, gene theory, homeostasis, and evolution. The teacher will start by reviewing a previous lesson on evolution experiments. Then students will discuss the definition of biology and its importance. The teacher will use a picture game to introduce the topic of unifying life principles. Students will learn about each principle through examples and diagrams. At the end, students will answer questions to evaluate their understanding of the key concepts.
Introduction to Biology Lecture Chapter 2 Study Guide.pdfGeorgeYoung63
These notes are based on the Introduction to Biology 1: The Chemistry of Biology - Atoms, Molecules, and How They Support Life. I do apologize that some of it did not load correctly, but hopefully, your book will fill in those parts.
This document provides information about the four subsystems of Earth: atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. It defines each subsystem and explains how they are interconnected. Matter and energy flow between the subsystems through biogeochemical cycles, which involve biological, geochemical, and chemical processes. The document includes objectives, activities, guide questions, and directions for students to analyze illustrations and demonstrate understanding of how the four subsystems interact in cycles like the carbon and oxygen cycles.
This lesson plan aims to teach students about the properties of water. It will have students:
1) Describe the polarity of water molecules and how it affects water's properties.
2) Explain why water climbs glass but not plastic using an activity with paper strips.
3) Describe chromatography and how it can separate the components of water-based substances.
It involves several hands-on activities using materials like detergent, oil, food coloring and cylinders to demonstrate water's interactions and polarity. The lesson emphasizes how water's structure at the molecular level explains its unexpected bulk properties.
This document contains a daily lesson log from a physical science teacher. It outlines the objectives, content, learning resources, and procedures for four lessons on the formation and evolution of elements and atoms. The lessons cover how elements formed during the Big Bang and in stars, the historical development of atomic theory from ancient Greece to modern models, and how atomic number allows for synthesizing new elements in laboratories. The performance objective is for students to create a timeline illustrating the historical development of atoms and elements.
The document is a model paper for biology class 9 that includes multiple choice and long answer questions to test students' understanding of key biology concepts.
The multiple choice section contains 12 questions testing topics like microbiology, the definition of a hypothesis, organism classification, cell organelles, passive transport, the cell cycle, homeostasis, the lock and key model of enzyme action, cellular respiration, light intensity, mineral roles, and transpiration.
The long answer sections include questions requiring students to define and explain topics such as: levels of biological organization; distinguishing characteristics of the kingdom Protista; electron microscopes; turgor pressure in plants; differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; mitosis;
This document is the outline for Chapter 2 of an ecology textbook. It covers several key topics:
- Systems can be described as open or closed based on their interactions. Feedback loops can be positive or negative.
- Chemical bonds hold atoms and molecules together. The four major groups of organic molecules are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
- Energy comes in different forms like kinetic, potential, heat, and chemical. Photosynthesis captures solar energy which powers life on Earth through food webs and trophic levels. Respiration releases this energy.
- Biogeochemical cycles circulate essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus through ecosystems.
This course provides an introduction to environmental chemistry principles and their application to pollution-related subjects. The course outlines cover topics such as atmospheric chemistry including air pollution, acid rain, global warming, and the ozone layer. Water pollution, water treatment, and soil pollution are also discussed. The laboratory component involves experimental exercises to demonstrate understanding of environmental chemistry concepts. Recommended textbooks and references are provided to support student learning.
Similar to 2011 2012 hghs ap biology summer packet (20)
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, assessment objectives, content, and assessment details of the course. The aims are to provide students with an educational experience in biology, develop relevant skills and attitudes, and stimulate interest in biology. The course is assessed through multiple choice, structured, and practical exam papers that test knowledge, handling information, and experimental skills. The syllabus content is divided into core topics and applications.
This document outlines two extra credit opportunities for Ms. Donohue's class: Classroom Supply Extra Credit and Novel Extra Credit. For Classroom Supply Extra Credit, students can receive points for donating classroom supplies like copy paper, dry erase markers, or latex gloves, with a maximum of 25 points. For Novel Extra Credit, students can receive 20 points for donating their copy of one of the specified class novels.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, objectives, content, and assessment of the course. The aims are to provide students with an understanding of biology, scientific skills, and interests in further study. Students can take AS exams after 1 year or complete the full A Level after 2 years. Assessment includes multiple choice, structured questions, practical exams, and essays. The content covers core biological principles and applications.
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa and have evolved several times as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations throughout hominid evolution include bipedal locomotion, increasing brain size, facial structure changes, decreasing jaw and tooth size, opposable thumbs, and tool usage. The earliest known hominid genus is Australopithecus, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis, with modern humans emerging in the last 10,000 years.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management:
1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration.
2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution.
3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.
Water is a vital resource that sustains life. Freshwater sources include groundwater, which infiltrates underground, and surface water. Groundwater depletion can occur when withdrawals exceed recharge, causing water tables to fall and land to subside. Increasing supplies involves desalination or reverse osmosis. Water pollution reduces water quality and harms organisms. Major pollutants include pathogens, nutrients, chemicals, sediments and heat. Pollution can be from point sources like factories or nonpoint sources like runoff. Treating sewage reduces pollution levels. Large-scale water diversions for uses like irrigation and cities can deplete rivers and harm ecosystems.
The document provides information about aquatic biodiversity including definitions of key terms like plankton, nekton, benthos, and decomposers. It also discusses aquatic ecosystems like coastal zones, wetlands, and intertidal zones. Multiple choice questions test comprehension of topics like ocean acidification, plankton types, eutrophic lakes, and aquaculture. A free response question asks why aquatic plants tend to be smaller while some marine mammals are extremely large.
The document summarizes different types of waste (hazardous, solid), waste disposal methods (open dumps, sanitary landfills, incineration), types of recycling (primary, secondary, composting), types of radioactive waste (high level, low level), types of environmental hazards (biological, chemical, physical, cultural, lifestyle), specific biological and chemical hazards, and cultural and lifestyle hazards. It also includes multiple choice questions about these topics.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy gabriel rileyMaria Donohue
Here are responses to the questions about hydroelectric power:
a) The series of energy transformations in a hydroelectric plant are:
1) Potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy as water flows through pipes/turbines.
2) The kinetic energy of flowing water is used to spin turbines.
3) The spinning turbines are connected to generators which convert the kinetic energy of the spinning turbines into electrical energy.
b) Once a hydroelectric dam is constructed, the source of fuel (falling water) is replenished by nature through the water cycle. As long as rainfall continues to fill reservoirs, the dams can generate electricity without incurring significant ongoing fuel costs.
c) One species
Amamda and robert air pollution and ozone pptMaria Donohue
Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
E) Gases in the atmosphere absorb visible light but allow most infrared radiation to
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula, and then a gastrula with three germ layers.
2. The embryo develops organs and tissues during the first trimester and is then referred to as a fetus. It continues to grow and develop throughout the second and third trimesters.
3. The male and female reproductive systems produce and transport gametes through various glands and structures. In females, eggs mature in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes, while in males sperm mature in the testes and epididymis and
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa. They have evolved several times, as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations in hominid evolution included bipedal locomotion, larger brains and cranial capacities, changes in skull shape and jaw size, and opposable thumbs. Major hominid species included Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis. Homo sapiens are the only surviving hominid lineage.
Evolution is the process by which species change over time based on genetic variations and natural selection. Organisms must compete for limited resources and reproduce, so individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Evidence for evolution includes fossils that show how species have changed over millions of years, as well as anatomical and genetic similarities between organisms that indicate common ancestry. Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce and leave more descendants.
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth. It describes the early conditions on the primitive Earth that allowed for life to emerge, including the presence of liquid water, moderate temperatures, sunlight, and gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from volcanoes. Early life forms like bacteria emerged around 3.8 billion years ago. The document then discusses theories for how life began like spontaneous generation, the Miller-Urey experiment that produced amino acids from conditions simulating early Earth, and chemical evolution in underwater vents. Early life was in the form of prokaryotes for over a billion years before oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere around 2 billion years ago due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, allowing for more complex aerobic life
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth and the evolution of species over time. It describes the early conditions on Earth that allowed life to form, including the presence of water, moderate temperatures, and various gases like carbon dioxide. It explains how early life forms like prokaryotes evolved and how oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere due to photosynthetic bacteria. It also summarizes key ideas in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including inherited variation within populations, the struggle for existence, differential reproduction of offspring, and descent with modification over generations.
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The document discusses the nervous system and its major divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and controls the body's functions. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and thalamus. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into sensory and motor divisions. The document also discusses the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation.
#1 donohue immune system, vaccines, and antibioticsMaria Donohue
The document summarizes the immune system's three lines of defense against pathogens:
1. Barriers to infection like skin and mucous membranes that keep pathogens out of the body.
2. The inflammatory response that responds when pathogens enter, causing swelling and fever to fight the infection.
3. The immune response involving specialized white blood cells like macrophages, T cells, and B cells that mount a specific attack against the pathogen through antibodies and memory cells to prevent future infections.
1. The document provides a review of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It contains 14 multiple choice questions about DNA replication, molecular clocks, sickle cell anemia treatment via gene therapy, DNA's role in controlling cells, transcription errors, the universal genetic code, DNA and RNA structures, transcription, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning human genes in bacteria.
2. Key concepts covered include that DNA replication involves DNA polymerase joining nucleotides to produce two new complementary DNA strands. Molecular clocks can be used to estimate how long ago species diverged from a common ancestor. Gene therapy for sickle cell anemia may involve inserting DNA that provides a blueprint for normal hemoglobin synthesis.
3. DNA in
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. Ms. Donohue’s Advanced Placement Biology Summer Assignments
Congratulations on being accepted into the Advanced Placement Biology Program! AP Biology is a rigorous and rewarding
course exploring the deepest mysteries of life on Earth. It is imperative that we embark on our journey of knowledge in
the summer in order to cover all the topics that will appear on the AP Biology Exam in May of 2012. Your hard work and
dedication this summer will unquestionably pave the road for a successful year in Hialeah Gardens’ 2011-2012 AP Biology
Course!
Read the following chapters, outline chapters in Campbell’s 7th Edition Biology textbook and complete the study guide
questions posted on the AP Biology Blog (http://hghsAPbiology.blogspot.com) by 11 pm on the assigned dates (Sunday
Nights):
Chapter 1 & 2 (6-19)
Chapter 3 & 50 (6-26)
Chapter 51 (6-3)
Chapter 52 (7-10)
Chapter 53 (7-24)
Chapter 54 (8-7)
Chapter 55 (8-21)
***Outlines must be ORIGINAL and hand written in a 5-subject spiral notebook that will serve as your “NOTES”
notebook during the school year…must use Roman Numerals and Letters (see website
http://www.lavc.edu/Library/outline.htm for pointers)…include relevant diagrams, pictures, tables etc…
***Answers to study guide questions need to be emailed to mdonohue@dadeschools.net by the assigned dates! The
subject line of your email should look like the following:
“AP Biology Chapter __#__ Study Guide by YOUR NAME (first and last)”
You may submit outlines study guides EARLIER than the assigned date but NOT later! Also, be sure to print out AND
save a copy. On the first meeting of class you will be submitting a hardcopy of all study guide questions and chapter
outlines
The second day of class, there will be a cumulative test on the assigned summer chapters (1, 2, 3, 50-55) in class. This
will be 25% of your first quarter grade.
Feel free to email me or tweet me with any questions. I will try and respond as soon as possible.
Email: mdonohue@dadeschools.net
Twitter Name: MissD_BioRox
2. Chapter 1 Study Guide Questions
Exploring Life on its Many Levels
1. Briefly describe the unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences.
2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biological organization.
3. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
4. Describe the two major dynamic processes of any ecosystem.
5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. Describe the basic structure and function of DNA.
7. Describe the dilemma of reductionism.
8. Discuss the goals and activities of systems biology. List the three research developments that have advanced systems biology.
9. Explain the importance of regulatory mechanisms in living things. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback.
Evolution, Unity, and Diversity
10. Distinguish among the three domains of life. List and distinguish among the three kingdoms of multicellular, eukaryotic life.
11. Explain the phrase: “life‟s dual nature of unity and diversity”.
12. Describe the observations and inferences that led Charles Darwin to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
13. Explain why diagrams of evolutionary relationships have a treelike form.
The Process of Science
14. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis-based science. Explain why both types of exploration contribute to our understanding of
nature.
15. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data.
16. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
17. Explain why hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable but are not provable.
18. Describe what is meant by a controlled experiment.
19. Distinguish between the everyday meaning of the term „theory‟ and its meaning to scientists.
20. Explain how science is influenced by social and cultural factors.
21. Distinguish between science and technology. Explain how science and technology are interdependent.
3. Chapter 2 Study Guide Questions
Elements and Compounds
1. Distinguish between an element and a compound.
2. Identify the four elements that make up 96% of living matter.
3. Define the term trace element and give an example.
Atoms and Molecules
4. Draw and label a simplified model of an atom. Explain how this model simplifies our understanding of atomic structure.
5. Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms:
a. neutron and proton
b. atomic number and mass number
c. atomic weight and mass number
6. Explain how the atomic number and mass number of an atom can be used to determine the number of neutrons.
7. Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar. Explain how they are different.
8. Describe two biological applications that use radioactive isotopes.
9. Define the terms energy and potential energy. Explain why electrons in the first electron shell have less potential energy than electrons in
higher electron shells.
10. Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
11. Explain why strong covalent bonds and weak bonds are both essential in living organisms.
12. Distinguish between hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions.
13. Give an example that illustrates how a molecule‟s shape can determine its biological function.
14. Explain what is meant by a chemical equilibrium.
4. Chapter 3 Study Guide Questions
The Properties of Water
1. With the use of a diagram or diagrams, explain why water molecules are:
a. polar
b. capable of hydrogen bonding with 4 neighboring water molecules
2. List four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.
3. Define cohesion and adhesion. Explain how water‟s cohesion and adhesion contribute to the movement of water from the roots to the leaves
of a tree.
4. Distinguish between heat and temperature, using examples to clarify your definitions.
5. Explain the following observations by referring to the properties of water:
Coastal areas have milder climates than adjacent inland areas.
Ocean temperatures fluctuate much less than air temperatures on land.
Insects like water striders can walk on the surface of a pond without breaking the surface.
If you slightly overfill a water glass, the water will form a convex surface above the top of the glass.
If you place a paper towel so that it touches spilled water, the towel will draw in the water.
Ice floats on water.
Humans sweat and dogs pant to cool themselves on hot days.
6. Distinguish among a solute, a solvent, and a solution.
7. Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.
8. Explain how you would make up a one molar (1M) solution of ethyl alcohol.
The Dissociation of Water Molecules
9. Name the products of the dissociation of water and give their concentration in pure water.
10. Define acid, base, and pH.
11. Explain how acids and bases may directly or indirectly alter the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
12. Using the bicarbonate buffer system as an example, explain how buffers work.
13. Briefly explain the causes and effects of acid precipitation.
5. Chapter 50 Study Guide Questions
The Scope of Ecology
1. Define ecology. Identify the two features of organisms studied by ecologists.
2. Describe the relationship between ecology and evolutionary biology.
3. Distinguish between abiotic and biotic components of the environment.
4. Distinguish among organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and landscape ecology.
5. Clarify the difference between ecology and environmentalism.
Interactions Between Organisms and the Environment Affect the Distribution of Species
6. Define biogeography.
7. Describe the questions that might be asked in a study addressing the limits of the geographic distribution of a particular species.
8. Describe the problems caused by introduced species and illustrate with a specific example.
9. Explain how habitat selection may limit distribution of a species within its range of suitable habitats.
10. Describe, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may affect the distribution of organisms.
11. List the four abiotic factors that are the most important components of climate.
12. Distinguish between macroclimate and microclimate patterns.
13. Provide an example of a microclimate.
14. Explain, with examples, how a body of water and a mountain range might affect regional climatic conditions.
15. Describe how an ecologist might predict the effect of global warming on distribution of a tree species.
16. Name three ways in which marine biomes affect the biosphere.
Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes
17. Describe the characteristics of the major aquatic biomes: lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers, estuaries, intertidal biomes, oceanic pelagic biomes,
coral reefs, and marine benthic biomes.
18. Define the following characteristics of lakes: seasonal turnover, thermal stratification, thermocline, photic zone.
19. Explain why the following statement is false: “All communities on Earth are based on primary producers that capture light energy by
photosynthesis.”
20. Describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes: tropical forest, desert, savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, coniferous forest,
temperate broadleaf forest, and tundra.
21. Give an example of a biome characterized by periodic disturbance.
6. Chapter 51 Study Guide Questions
Introduction to Behavior and Behavioral Ecology
1. Define behavior.
2. Distinguish between proximate and ultimate questions about behavior. Ask a proximate question and an ultimate question about bird song.
3. Explain how the classical discipline of ethology led to the modern study of behavioral ecology.
4. Define fixed action patterns and give an example.
5. Define imprinting. Suggest a proximate cause and an ultimate cause for imprinting in young geese.
Many Behaviors Have a Genetic Component
6. Explain how genes and environment contribute to behavior. Explain what is unique about innate behavior.
7. Distinguish between kinesis and taxis.
8. Distinguish between signal and pheromone.
9. Explain how Berthold‟s research demonstrated a genetic basis for blackcap migration.
10. Describe Insel‟s research on the genetic and physiological controls on parental behavior of prairie voles. Describe Bester-Meredith and Marler‟s
research on the influence of social behavior on parental behavior of California mice.
Learning
11. Explain how habituation may influence behavior.
12. Describe Tinbergen‟s classic experiment on spatial learning in digger wasps.
13. Distinguish between landmarks and cognitive maps.
14. Describe how associative learning might help a predator to avoid toxic prey.
15. Distinguish between classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
16. Describe an experiment that demonstrates problem solving in nonhuman animals.
Behavioral Traits Can Evolve by Natural Selection
17. Explain how Hedrick and Riechert‟s experiments demonstrated that behavioral differences between populations might be the product of natural
selection.
18. Use an example to show how researchers can demonstrate the evolution of behavior in laboratory experiments.
19. Explain optimal foraging theory.
20. Explain how behavioral ecologists carry out cost-benefit analyses to determine how an animal should forage optimally. Explain how Zach
demonstrated that crows feed optimally on whelks.
21. Explain how predation risk may affect the foraging behavior of a prey species.
22. Define and distinguish among promiscuous, monogamous, and polygamous mating relationships. Define and distinguish between polygyny and
polyandry.
23. Describe how the certainty of paternity influences the development of mating systems.
24. Explain why males are more likely than females to provide parental care in fishes.
25. Suggest an ultimate explanation for a female stalk-eyed fly‟s preference for mates with relatively long eyestalks.
26. Agonistic behavior in males is often a ritualized contest rather than combat. Suggest an ultimate explanation for this.
27. Explain how game theory may be used to evaluate alternative behavioral strategies.
28. Define inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism. Discuss conditions that would favor the evolution of altruistic behavior.
29. Relate the coefficient of relatedness to the concept of altruism.
30. Define Hamilton’s rule and the concept of kin selection.
Social Learning and Sociobiology
31. Define social learning and culture.
32. Explain why mate choice copying by a female may increase her fitness.
33. State the main premise of sociology.
7. Chapter 52 Study Guide
Characteristics of Populations
1. Distinguish between density and dispersion of a population.
2. Explain how ecologists may estimate the density of a species.
3. Describe conditions that may result in clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion of individuals in a population.
4. Explain how a life table is constructed.
5. Distinguish between a life table and a reproductive table.
6. Describe the characteristics of populations that exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves.
Life Histories
7. Define and distinguish between semelparity and iteroparity. Explain what factors may favor the evolution of each life history strategy.
8. Explain, with examples, how limited resources and trade-offs may affect life histories.
Population Growth
9. Compare the exponential model of population growth with the logistic model.
10. Explain how an environment‟s carrying capacity affects the per capita rate of increase of a population.
11. Explain the meaning of each of the following terms in the logistic model of population growth:
a. rmax
b. K – N
c. (K – N)/K
12. Distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected populations.
Population-Limiting Factors
13. Explain how density-dependent factors affect population growth.
14. Explain, with examples, how biotic and abiotic factors may work together to control a population‟s growth.
15. Describe boom-and-bust population cycles, explaining possible causes of lynx/hare fluctuations.
Human Population Growth
16. Describe the history of human population growth.
17. Define the demographic transition.
18. Compare the age structures of Italy, Afghanistan, and the United States. Describe the possible consequences for each country.
19. Describe the problems associated with estimating Earth‟s carrying capacity for the human species.
8. Chapter 53 Study Guide
Interspecific Interactions and Community Structure
1. List the categories of interspecific interactions and explain how each interaction may affect the population densities of the two species involved.
2. State the competitive exclusion principle.
3. Define an ecological niche and restate the competitive exclusion principle using the niche concept.
4. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niche.
5. Explain how interspecific competition may lead to resource partitioning.
6. Define and compare predation, herbivory, and parasitism.
7. Give specific examples of adaptations of predators and prey.
8. Explain how cryptic coloration and warning coloration may aid an animal in avoiding predators.
9. Distinguish between Batesian mimicry and MŸllerian mimicry.
10. Describe how predators may use mimicry to obtain prey.
11. Distinguish among endoparasites, ectoparasites, and parisitoids.
12. Distinguish among parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
13. Explain the relationship between species richness and relative abundance and explain how both contribute to species diversity.
14. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web.
15. Describe two ways to simplify food webs.
16. Summarize two hypotheses that explain why food chains are relatively short.
17. Explain how dominant and keystone species exert strong control on community structure. Describe an example of each.
18. Describe and distinguish between the bottom-up and top-down models of community organization. Describe possible features of a model that
is intermediate between these two extremes.
Disturbance and Community Structure
19. Define stability and disturbance.
20. Provide examples of how disturbance may increase or decrease species diversity.
21. Give examples of humans as widespread agents of disturbance.
22. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.
23. Describe how species that arrive early in succession may facilitate, inhibit, or tolerate later arrivals.
24. Explain why species richness declines along an equatorial-polar gradient.
25. Explain the significance of measures of evapotranspiration to species richness.
Biogeographic Factors Affect Community Biodiversity
26. Define the species-area curve.
27. Explain how species richness on islands varies according to island size and distance from the mainland.
28. Define and contrast the following pairs of hypotheses:
a. interactive hypothesis versus individualistic hypothesis
b. rivet model versus redundancy model
9. Chapter 54 Study Guide
Ecosystems, Energy, and Matter
1. Describe the fundamental relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem.
2. Explain how the first and second laws of thermodynamics apply to ecosystems.
3. Explain how decomposition connects all trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Primary Production in Ecosystems
4. Explain why the amount of energy used in photosynthesis is so much less than the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth.
5. Define and compare gross primary production and net primary production.
6. Define and compare net primary production and standing crop.
7. Compare primary productivity in specific marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems.
Secondary Production in Ecosystems
8. Explain why energy is said to flow rather than cycle within ecosystems.
9. Explain what factors may limit production in aquatic ecosystems.
10. Describe an experiment that provided evidence that iron availability limits oceanic primary production in some regions. Explain how iron
availability is related to nitrogen availability in these regions.
11. Explain why areas of upwelling in the ocean have exceptionally high levels of primary production.
12. Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms:
a. primary and secondary production
b. production efficiency and trophic efficiency
13. Explain why the production efficiency of a human is much less than the production efficiency of a mosquito.
14. Distinguish among pyramids of net production, pyramids of biomass, and pyramids of numbers.
15. Explain why aquatic ecosystems may have inverted biomass pyramids.
16. Explain why worldwide agriculture could feed more people if all humans consumed only plant material.
17. Explain the green-world hypothesis. Describe five factors that may act to keep herbivores in check.
The Cycling of Chemical Elements in Ecosystems
18. Describe the four nutrient reservoirs and the processes that transfer the elements between reservoirs.
19. Name the main processes driving the water cycle.
20. Name the major reservoirs of carbon.
21. Describe the nitrogen cycle and explain the importance of nitrogen fixation to all living organisms. Name three other key bacterial processes in
the nitrogen cycle.
22. Describe the phosphorus cycle and explain how phosphorus is recycled locally in most ecosystems.
23. Explain how decomposition affects the rate of nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
24. Describe how net primary production and the rate of decomposition vary with actual evapotranspiration.
25. Describe the experiments at Hubbard Brook that revealed the key role that plants play in regulating nutrient cycles.
Human Impact on Ecosystems and the Biosphere
26. Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling.
27. Explain how “cultural eutrophication” can alter freshwater ecosystems.
28. Describe the causes and consequences of acid precipitation.
29. Explain why toxic compounds usually have the greatest effect on top-level carnivores.
30. Describe how increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide could affect Earth.
31. Describe the causes and consequences of ozone depletion.
10. Chapter 55 Study Guide
The Biodiversity Crisis
1. Distinguish between conservation biology and restoration biology.
2. Describe the three levels of biodiversity.
3. Explain why biodiversity at all levels is vital to human welfare.
4. List the four major threats to biodiversity and give an example of each.
Conservation at the Population and Species Levels
5. Define and compare the small-population approach and thedeclining-population approach.
6. Explain how an extinction vortex can lead to the extinction of a small population. Describe how a greater prairie chicken population was
rescued from an extinction vortex.
7. Describe the basic steps that are used to analyze declining populations and determine possible interventions in the declining-population
approach. Describe the case of the red-cockaded woodpecker to illustrate this approach.
8. Describe the conflicting demands that accompany species conservation.
Conservation at the Community, Ecosystem, and Landscape Levels
9. Explain how edges and corridors can strongly influence landscape biodiversity.
10. Define biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important.
11. Explain why natural reserves must be functional parts of landscapes.
12. Define zoned reserves and explain why they are important.
13. Define restoration ecology and describe its goals.
14. Explain the importance of bioremediation and biological augmentation of ecosystem processes in restoration efforts.
15. Describe the process of adaptive management.
16. Describe the concept of sustainable development.
17. Explain the goals of the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative.
18. Define biophilia and explain why the concept gives some biologists hope.