Memory Allocation to a process
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Memory is encoded, stored, and retrieved through processes. Encoding allows external information to reach our senses. Memory allocation involves setting aside space, such as allocating hard drive space for an application. It places blocks of information in memory systems. To allocate memory, the memory management system tracks available memory and allocates only what is needed, keeping the rest available. If insufficient memory exists, blocks may be swapped. Static and dynamic allocation methods exist, with dynamic using nonpreemptive and preemptive allocation. Nonpreemptive allocation searches memory for available space for a transferring block. Preemptive allocation more efficiently uses memory through compaction. Different memory types store executable code, variables, and dynamically sized structures, with heap memory
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There are three main methods to map main memory addresses to cache memory addresses: direct mapping, associative mapping, and set-associative mapping. Direct mapping is the simplest but least flexible method, while associative mapping is most flexible but also slowest. Set-associative mapping combines aspects of the other two methods, dividing the cache into sets with multiple lines to gain efficiency while remaining reasonably flexible.
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There are three main methods to map main memory addresses to cache memory addresses: direct mapping, associative mapping, and set-associative mapping. Direct mapping is the simplest but least flexible method, while associative mapping is most flexible but also slowest. Set-associative mapping combines aspects of the other two methods, dividing the cache into sets with multiple lines to gain efficiency while remaining reasonably flexible.
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Persistent Memory exhibits several interesting characteristics including persistence, capacity and others. These (sometimes)competing characteristics may require system and server architects to make tradeoffs in system architecture. A sometimes overlooked tradeoff is in the locality of the persistent memory, i.e. locally-attached persistent memory versus remote(or fabric-attached) persistent memory. In this session, we explore some of those tradeoffs and take an early look at the emerging use cases for Remote Persistent Memory and how those may impact network architecture and API design.
Watch the video: https://wp.me/p3RLHQ-jZR
Learn more: https://www.openfabrics.org/2019-workshop-agenda-and-abstracts/
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Memory Allocation to a process
- 1. Presented By: SATYA PRAKASH RANJAN MCA/25005/18
- 2. CONTENTS What is memory allocation? Types of memory allocation Use of stack Use of heap Memory allocation model 4/13/2020 Footer Text 2
- 3. Meaning of memory allocation Processes are assigned a specific memory as per their requirements during their run- time. When the program is finished its operation or is idle, the memory is released and allocated to another program or merged within the primary memory. 4/13/2020 Footer Text 3
- 4. Types of memory allocation Memory allocation has two core types; Static Memory Allocation: Memory allocated at compile time. Dynamic Memory Allocation: Memory allocated at run time. 4/13/2020 Footer Text 4
- 5. 4/13/2020 Footer Text 5 Static vs Dynamic allocation
- 6. Memory assignment Memory assignment usually follow these 2 type of Data Structures based on the need and use cases Stack Based Heap Based 4/13/2020 Footer Text 6
- 7. Stack based memory assignment Allocated memory includes variables whose scope is associated with functions, procedures, or blocks, in a program and parameters of function calls. Memory is allocated when a function or block is entered and is deallocated when it is exited. Last-In First-Out (LIFO) nature of the allocation/deallocation of data leads to Stack based allocation 4/13/2020 Footer Text 7
- 8. Each entry in stack is of some standard size e.g. N bytes A contiguous area of memory is reserved for the stack. Only the last entry of the stack is accessible at any time. Stack data is used to support function calls during execution The group of stack entries that pertain to one function call is called a stack frame. Stack frame is pushed on the stack during function call 4/13/2020 Footer Text 8
- 9. Two provisions are made to facilitate use of stack frames: The first entry in a stack frame is a pointer to the previous stack frame on the stack. This entry facilitates popping off of a stack frame. A pointer called the frame base (FB) is used to point to the start of the topmost stack frame in the stack. It helps in accessing various stack entries in the stack frame. 4/13/2020 Footer Text 9
- 10. Heap based memory assignment The program-controlled dynamic data (PCD data) of the program is allocated by using Heap Heap allows allocation/de-allocation of memory in random order An allocation request by a process returns with a pointer to the allocated memory area in the heap, and the process accesses the allocated memory area through this pointer. A de-allocation request returns a pointer to the memory area to be de-allocated. 4/13/2020 Footer Text 10
- 11. Memory allocation model for a process The kernel creates a new process when a user issues a command to execute a program. At this time, it also decides how much memory it should allocate to the process Process needs memory for following components: Code and static data of the program Stack Program-controlled dynamic data (PCD data) 4/13/2020 Footer Text 11
- 12. 4/13/2020 Footer Text 12
- 13. Thank You!!! 4/13/2020 Footer Text 13