The document discusses the differences between user programs and the kernel. It explains that the kernel runs in supervisor mode and manages system resources, loading and allocating memory for user programs. It also covers virtual memory systems, how they use page tables to map virtual to physical addresses, and how the page fault handler works to load pages from disk when needed. Finally, it discusses file systems and techniques used like block buffer caches to reduce disk access and improve performance.

1. NACHOS 2 Theoretical Presentation Carlos Eduardo Triana Sarmiento Jonathan Alvarado Mata Obed David Guevara Ibarra

3. Sumarizing, Kernel is what runs in supervisor mode, and all other is user programs Compilers, window managers, and utility programs packaged with a typical operating system are actually user programs though they are part of system software Now we can say that all the Linux distributions are basically same. If we don’t alter the kernel code, they differ only in provided utility programs.

4. After the system boots up, kernel does some management tasks, creates and initializes the data structures necessary. Unix based operating systems then create Process 0 which runs in kernel mode. Process 0 forks and creates User mode Process called init(). Every other user programs are created by calling fork() copying parent’s address space. Record of parent child relationships are kept inside several kernel data structures. When user process is let to run, the system is in user mode and kernel mode (or supervisor mode) is achieved only via traps or system calls.

5. When you invoke nachos with the "-x" flag, the MIPS simulator begins executing the user program specified, instruction by instruction (the MIPS simulator is an interpreter that reads in binary instructions and simulates their effect). Whenever an event occurs that the OS needs to know about, the simulator makes a procedure call into the Nachos kernel.

6. The basic idea of virtual memory its: main memory used as a cache for backing store Virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels Virtual memory makes it possible for computers to more easily handle larger and more complex applications All implementations of virtual memory divide a virtual address space into pages, blocks of contiguous virtual memory addresses. Pages are usually at least 4 kilobytes in size. Virtual Memory

7. Page tables are used to translate the virtual addresses seen by the application into physical addresses by the hardware to process instructions Each entry in the page table holds a flag indicating whether the corresponding page is in real memory or not. If it is in real memory, the page table entry will contain the real memory address at which the page is stored. If the page table entry for the page indicates that it is not currently in real memory, the hardware raises a page fault exception, invoking the paging supervisor component of the operating system.

8. For example, if you load the operating system, an e-mail, a web browser and word processor into RAM simultaneously, is not enough space to hold it all. If there were no Virtual Memory, then once you filled up the available RAM your computer would have to say: "Sorry, you can not load any more applications, please close another application to load a new one". With virtual memory, what the computer can do is look at RAM areas that have not been used recently and copy them onto the hard disk. This frees up space in RAM to load the new application.

17. Control block of a file

18. Directories in UNIX systems are organized keeping certain hierarchy

20. Pseudo-code