The document provides an overview of membrane separation processes, highlighting their significance in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. It discusses types of membrane processes, their advantages and disadvantages, and applications in industrial settings, including purification and concentration of valuable products. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of synthetic membranes and various cleaning methods for maintaining membrane performance.

1. MEMBRANE
SEPARATION
PROCESS
PRESENTED BY: ER. RAHUL JARARIYA (CHEMICAL)
GRADUATED: MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,
GWALIOR 474005
:

2. OVERVIEW OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION
PROCESS
• Separation is a part of downstream operation in Chemical,
petrochemical, biochemical, food and several other allied
industries.
• Mostly the separation process required to obtain hight- value
products in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
• The separation process works on the matter to be separated
size, shape, vapour pressure, solubility and so on.

3. WHAT IS A MEMBRANE?
• Membrane means Skin.
• A membrane is defined as a structure having lateral dimensions
much greater than its thickness.
• A membrane defined by what it does (function), not by what it is.
• A membrane can be homogeneous or heterogenous, symmetric or
asymmetric in structure.
• The membrane thickness may be from as small as 100 micron to
several millimetres.

4. Classification of Membrane
Processes
1. Pressure driven membrane
process:
• a. Reverse Osmosis (RO). d.
Microfiltration(MF).
• b. Nanofiltration (NF). e. Pervaporation (PV)
• c. Ultrafiltration (UF). f. Membrane gas
separation.
2. Concentration gradient driven
membrane process:
• a. Dialysis.
•b. Membrane extraction.
3. Electrical potential driven
membrane process:
a. Electrodialysis (ED)

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBRANE
SEPARATION PROCESSES:
• Separation goal.
• Nature of species retained (size of the species).
• Nature of the species transported through membrane, electrolytic or
volatile.
• Minor or major species of feed solution transported through
membrane.
• Driving force.
• Mechanism for transport/selectivity.
• Phase of feed and permeate streams.

8. MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES:
ADVANTAGES
• Clean Technology with operational
ease.
• Replace the conventional processes.
• Recovery of high value products.
• Greater flexibility in designing
systems.
• Hybrid process development.
• Applicable energy savings.
DISADVANTAGES
• Membrane fouling: (Especially for
hollow fibre modules).
• Upper solid limits in RO.
• Expensive: (Fabrication method).

9. APPLICATIONS OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION
PROCESSES:
Chemical
Industry
Pharmaceutical
Industry
Food and Dairy
Industry
Biotechnology
Industry

10. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
• Production of process water for Industrial
use.
• Waste water treatment.
• Desalination of food, acid and reactive
dyes.
• Concentration of all types of dyes.

11. PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
• Concentration and purification of soluble
macromolecules such as plasma proteins,
vaccines, enzymes and yeasts.
• Process water as per USP standards.
• Endotoxin free water.

12. FOOD AND DAIRY INDUSTRY
• Lactose and protein concentration.
• Concentration of whole and skin milk.
• Lactose protein separation.
• Gelatin Concentration.
• Papine enzyme concentration.
• Fractionation and concentration of egg
albumin and animal and fish oils and
proteins.
• Concentration of extracts of vanilla, lemon
peel, malt, etc.

13. BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
• Enzyme concentration.
• Fermentation broth clarification.
• Separation of micro solutes like antibiotics
and vitamins.
• Purification and concentration of vitamins.
• Tissue culture reactor systems.
• Bioremediation: The most significant
emerging application of members in
bioremediation involve the use of members
to selectively separate hydrophobic organic
pollutants from contaminated.

14. TYPES OF SYNTHETIC MEMBRANES:
Synthetic
Membrane
Inorgan
ic
Electrically
Charged
Thin film
Composite
Asymmetric
(Skinned)
Microporo
us
Isotropic
Anisotro
pic

15. MICROPOROUS MEMBRANE
• A microporous membrane is very similar in structure and function to
a conventional filter.
• It has rigid, highly voided structure with randomly distributed.
• Pore size is small 0.01 to 10 µm in diameter.
• Isotropic and Anisotropic two different classified membranes.
• The pores are of uniform throughout the membrane is called
Isotropic.
• The pores change in size from one surface of the membrane to the
other is called Anisotropic.

16. ASYMMETRIC MEMBRANE
• Asymmetric also know as Skinned membrane.
• Size is 0.1 to 1.0 micron skin on the surface of the
membrane.
• The skin may consist of voids which serve to support
the skin layer.
• Porous sub layer acts as a support for the thin, fragile
skin and has little effect on the separation
characteristics.
• Two types of asymmetric are: Integrally and Non-
Integrally skinned.
• The skin layers resulting from phase inversion process,
which are porous is called Integrally.
• The skin layers are deposited from solution and are
homogenous in nature is called Non-Integrally.

17. THE FILM COMPOSITE
• Primarily developed for RO and NF applications composites
have a thin polymer skin formed over a microporous support
film.
• The membrane brought about a sustainable improvement of RO
technology since they were superior to cellulose acetate (CA)
membrane.
• They have a greater biofouling tendency than CA membrane.

18. ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
• These are necessarily ion charged membranes consisting of highly
swollen gels carrying fixed positive or negative charges. These are
mainly used in the Electrodialysis.
• It can be dense or microporous.
• A membrane with fixed positively charged ions is referred to as an
anion exchange membrane.
• A membrane containing fixed negatively charged ions is called a
cation exchange membrane.

20. INORGANIC MEMBRANES
• Inorganic membrane are also known as ceramic membrane.
• Inorganic membranes are versatile and can be operated at elevated
temperatures ranging form 500-800 ºC and ceramic membrane
usable over at 1000 ºC.
• Inorganic membranes compete with organic membranes for
commercial use.
• Ceramic membranes normally have an asymmetrical structure
composed of at least two, but mostly three, different porosity levels.
• Inorganic membranes manufactured because of particle dispersion
and slip casting, phase separation and leaching, anodic oxidation,
thin film deposition.

21. MEMBRANE MODULUS
• Plate and frame.
• Tubular.
• Spiral wound.
• Hollow fibre.

22. FLOW PATTERNS IN MEMBRANE
SEPARATION

23. MEMBRANE MATERIALS
Rubbery Polymer
Glassy polymer
Ion exchange
polymer

24. METHODS OF MEMBRANE MANUFACTURE
Phase Inversion
Process.
Melt Pressing. Film Stretching.
Interfacial
Polymerization.
Track-etch
Method.
Sol-gel
Peptization.
Template
Leaching.
Preparation of
Ion-exchange
Membranes.

25. MEASUREMENTS AND INTERPOLATION OF
SURFACE PROPERTIES:
Surface
Properties
Surface
Energy
Streaming
potential
Surface
Texture
Solute-
membrane
affinity

26. MEMBRANE CLEANING
HYDRAULIC
CLEANING
• Used in membrane bio Reactors.
• The backwash leads to the lift-off
of deposited particles from the
membrane surface and reduces
the degree of concentration
polarization.
• Back pulsing is a more backwash
method with a forward filtration
step and followed by a reversed
filtration step.
PNEUMATIC
CLEANING
• The membrane consist of air
sparging, air lifting, air
scoring, and air bubbling.
• The process has advantage of
low maintenance cost, ease of
integration with the existing
system, and elimination of
cleaning chemicals.
ULTRASONIC
CLEANING
• Low ultrasonic irradiation (up
to 40kHz) is an effective
strategy for fouled
membranes.
• Several factors are ultrasonic
frequency, power intensity,
feed quality, membrane
materials, cross flow velocity,
temperature, and
transmembrane pressure
govern the effectiveness of
ultrasonic cleaning.

27. THANK YOU