mechanical Modification
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This document discusses principles of soil densification and compaction. It defines compaction as artificially decreasing soil volume by expelling air from between soil grains, increasing density. The objectives of compaction are to increase shear strength, decrease settlements, control volume change, decrease permeability, and increase bearing capacity and slope stability. Compaction is controlled through tests of water content, density, and penetration resistance. Specifications ensure expected performance in terms of strength, compressibility, permeability, bearing capacity, and drainage.
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Chapter 3 -consolidation notes
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory uses the spring-mass analogy to model the behavior of saturated soil under loading. Pore water pressure dissipates over time as the soil skeleton gains effective stress and the spring compresses.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loading in an oedometer apparatus. Dial gauge readings over time are used to determine consolidation properties like coefficient of consolidation (cv) and compression index (Cc).
3. Soil compressibility is evaluated from void ratio-effective stress plots. The preconsolidation pressure σ'pc indicates the soil's maximum past stress and influences its compression path. Normally consolidated soils follow the normal compression line
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This document provides an introduction to ground improvement techniques. It discusses why ground improvement is required when soils have inadequate properties for a given engineering use. Common problem soils are listed, including soft soils, swelling soils, and loose sands. The document then summarizes various ground improvement methods such as dewatering using electro-osmosis, preloading, compaction techniques like vibro-compaction and dynamic compaction, and soil mixing using deep mixing methods. Details on how each technique works and the types of soils they are suitable for are provided.
Chapter 3 -consolidation notes
1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory uses the spring-mass analogy to model the behavior of saturated soil under loading. Pore water pressure dissipates over time as the soil skeleton gains effective stress and the spring compresses.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loading in an oedometer apparatus. Dial gauge readings over time are used to determine consolidation properties like coefficient of consolidation (cv) and compression index (Cc).
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1. The document discusses concepts related to seepage, piping failure, and remedial measures for earth dams. It then defines consolidation as the reduction in volume of saturated clay that occurs over a long time through the expulsion of water from voids when the clay is loaded externally.
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Let AD be a trial slip circle, with r as the radius and O as the centre of rotation
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This document discusses principles of soil densification through compaction. It defines compaction as artificially decreasing soil volume by expelling air from pores to increase density. The key objectives of compaction are to increase shear strength, decrease settlement, control volume change, decrease permeability, and increase bearing capacity and slope stability. Compaction control tests indirectly assess the objectives by measuring water content, density, and penetration resistance. Specifications ensure expected performance by requiring field tests during compaction and laboratory tests on borrow materials. Other densification methods discussed include blasting, vibrocompaction, dynamic tamping, and compaction piles.
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2. Design criteria for embankment dams include considerations for the foundation conditions, suitable soil/rock materials, embankment slopes, and spillway capacity. Factors like settlement, compaction, permeability, and stability must be addressed in the design.
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2. The types of consolidation are described as immediate compression, primary consolidation, and secondary compression. Primary consolidation is the portion of settlement due to the resistance of water flowing under induced hydraulic gradients.
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STABILITY OF SLOPES SEEPAGE CONTROL MEASURES AND SLOPE PROTECTION
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The method Consists of assuming a number of trial slip circles, and finding the factor of safety of each.
The circle corresponding to the minimum factor of safely is the critical slip circle.
Let AD be a trial slip circle, with r as the radius and O as the centre of rotation
Let W be the weight of the soil of the wedge ABDA of unit thickness, acting through the centroid G.
The driving moment MD will be equal to W x, where x, is the distance of line of action of W from the vertical line passing through the centre of rotation O.
if cu is the unit cohesion, and l is the length of the slip arc AD, the shear resistance developed along the slip surface will be equal to cu • l, which act at a radial distance r from centre of rotation O.
When slip is imminent in a cohesive soil, a tension crack will always DevelOP by the top surface of the slope along which no shear resistance can develop,
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1) Gravity retaining walls which rely on their mass to resist pressure and may have a batter or setback for stability.
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coulomb's theory of earth pressure
coulomb's theory of earth pressure
coulomb's wedge theory of earth pressure
coulomb's expression for active pressure
coulomb's active earth pressure coefficient =Ka
vedio link
https://youtu.be/PSDwMjlTTGs
for numerical problem
https://youtu.be/ZPf3qAAtcpE
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This document discusses theories for designing weirs on permeable foundations to prevent failures from seepage. It describes Bligh's creep theory, Lane's weighted creep theory, and Khosla's theory. Bligh's theory calculates creep length and floor thickness but does not distinguish horizontal from vertical creep. Lane's theory assigns higher weight to vertical creep. Khosla's theory accounts for pressure distributions and recommends cut-offs and aprons. It is commonly used but requires corrections for floor thickness, pile interference, and slope. Inverted filters and launching aprons are also discussed.
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long term deflections due to creep and shrinkage – Check for serviceability limit state of deflection.
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This document provides information on a syllabus for a course on prestressed concrete. It outlines the course objectives which are to understand the principles, necessity, techniques, losses, and analysis and design of prestressed concrete members. The course outcomes are for students to acquire knowledge on the evolution of prestressing, prestressing techniques, and skills in analyzing and designing prestressed structural elements per code provisions. The syllabus then outlines 5 units that will be covered which include introduction, methods and systems, losses of prestress, flexure, shear, transfer of prestress, composite beams, and deflections. Relevant textbooks and codes are also listed.
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This Presentation was presented as a partial fulfillment of Prestressed Concrete Design Lab Course. Behavior & Design of Prestress on above topic is shortly discussed on the presentation. The part "Shear & Shear Design in Prestressed" Concrete was prepared by me. Other topics were prepared by other members of my group. Thanks to all my teachers & friends who helped us in different stages during preparation of the total presentation.
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Compaction is a ground improvement technique where external effort is applied to densify soil and reduce voids. It increases soil strength and decreases settlement. The optimum moisture content produces maximum density during compaction. Factors like moisture content, soil type, and compactive effort influence compaction results. Consolidation is the process by which saturated soil expels water and decreases in volume from applied loads. It includes elastic, primary, and secondary compression. The oedometer test measures consolidation properties under controlled loading.
Lecture 6 compaction & consolidation
Compaction involves densifying soils through external effort to reduce voids. It reduces settlements under loads, increases soil strength and decreases water flow. Key factors affecting compaction are moisture content, soil type and compactive effort. Consolidation is the process by which saturated clay expels water from voids when loaded, resulting in settlement over time. Consolidation settlement can be divided into immediate elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement and secondary consolidation settlement. The oedometer test is used to model one-dimensional consolidation in the lab and obtain soil properties to predict field consolidation settlement.
Design of high embankment official report
The document provides guidelines for stage construction method for building embankments on soft soils. It discusses soft soil characteristics like low shear strength, high compressibility, and problems in embankment construction on such soils. The key techniques discussed are stage construction, which involves raising embankments in stages to allow for consolidation between stages. Detailed calculations are provided as examples to help field engineers design embankments that are stable and meet settlement criteria using the stage construction method.
Soil Improvement Techniques
This document summarizes various physical soil improvement techniques including grouting, soil cement, heating, and freezing. Grouting involves injecting adhesives into soil to fill voids and increase strength. Types of grouting include penetration, compaction, and jet grouting. Soil cement mixes cement with soil to increase strength, stiffness, and durability. Heating soil to 300-1000°C changes its properties, making it harder. Freezing soil by refrigeration causes water to expand and bond particles, temporarily increasing strength for excavation support. The document provides details on each technique's process and applications.
2marks 1 by civildatas.blogspot.in
The document discusses various types of problematic soils and ground improvement techniques. It defines expansive soils as those containing minerals like smectite clays that absorb water and increase in volume, potentially damaging structures. Collapsible soils undergo large volume changes upon saturation. Soft clays present issues for field investigation, characterization, modeling, and stability of structures. Loose sand can form quicksand when agitated and saturated. Common soil deposits in India include alluvial, desert, black cotton, lateritic, and marine soils. Ground improvement techniques mentioned include vibro stone columns, vibro concrete columns, vibro compaction, pencol rigid solutions, dynamic compaction, rapid impact compaction, and band drains. The document also discusses
Geo textile for soil stabilization
Prepared by Students of Northern University Bangladesh
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Pervious or porous concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water to pass directly through it. This is achieved through a mix with a highly interconnected void content of around 20-35% and the absence of fine aggregates. Pervious concrete has environmental benefits like reducing stormwater runoff and replenishing groundwater, but also has disadvantages like being susceptible to clogging. It has a range of applications in pavements, sports courts, and other surfaces. Proper mix design, placement, finishing, curing and maintenance are important to ensure the permeability and strength of pervious concrete.
2.3 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : HIGHWAY MATERIALS (TRE) 3150611 GTU
Components of highway pavement and materials used. Soil: Importance, Desirable properties, Index properties, Compaction, Strength evaluation tests. Aggregate: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on road aggregates and quality control. Bituminous binders: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on bitumen and quality control, Bitumen emulsion functions and classification, Modified bituminous binder functions and classification. Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of design mix, general approach for design of bituminous mixes and introduction to Marshall Mix Design Method
Applicability, quality control and quality assurance in
This document provides an overview of various ground improvement techniques including vibro compaction, vibro replacement, deep soil mixing, permeation grouting, weight reduction, and the use of admixtures. For each technique, the document discusses applicability to different soil types, as well as quality control and quality assurance considerations. Key points include monitoring construction parameters, performing post-construction testing such as plate load tests, and allowing sufficient curing time before testing. The techniques vary in their suitable soil types, with some such as permeation grouting and vibro compaction working best in granular soils while others can treat a wide range of soils including clays.
Abrasion, erotion and cavitation
This document discusses abrasion, erosion, and cavitation in concrete structures. It provides information on:
1) Abrasion is the wearing away of concrete surfaces through repeated rubbing, rolling, or sliding. Factors like water-cement ratio, aggregate grading, air content, curing, and finishing procedures affect abrasion resistance.
2) Erosion occurs when flowing water carrying solid particles damages concrete surfaces. Factors like particle size, velocity, and quality of concrete determine the degree of erosion. Erosion involves abrasive and cavitation actions.
3) Cavitation is the formation and collapse of air bubbles in water causing intense local stresses that damage concrete. Locations prone to cavitation
Chapter 6.0 modern foundation tech. & ground improvement
Ground improvement techniques are required to enhance the engineering properties of soils that are inadequate for supporting structures. Common issues include soft, collapsible, or swelling soils. Techniques include densification using vibro compaction or dynamic compaction to increase density; reinforcement by installing compaction piles or jet grouting columns; and stabilization through admixtures or electrochemical processes. The appropriate technique depends on the soil type and desired improvement to shear strength, stiffness, or permeability.
What is an embankment and why is it important in road.pdf
Strong structures called embankments are utilised in building projects to withstand flooding and erosion.
Building construction/Unit 2 /Basic civil engineering
The document provides information on concrete foundations, including the key ingredients of concrete and their functions. It discusses different grades of concrete based on their compressive strength. Formwork, mixing, placing, compaction and curing of concrete are explained. Different types of foundations are described, including shallow foundations like spread footings, strap footings and mat foundations. Deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations are also summarized. Load bearing and framed structures are compared in terms of their suitability for different types of buildings and soils.
Construction methods and equipments
The document discusses various topics related to construction methods and equipment, including:
- Excavation methods such as mass and structural excavation. Problems in deep excavations include collapsing sides and water seepage. Remedies include shoring and dewatering.
- Foundations types including shallow foundations (spread, column, raft) and deep foundations (pile, pier, well). Pier foundations transfer large loads to firm strata below using a cylindrical column.
- Caissons are structural boxes sunk into the ground to provide bearing capacity. Types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Materials include concrete, steel, and timber.
- Other topics covered include basement construction methods
118039141-Soil-Improvement-Techniques.ppt
The document discusses various soil improvement techniques including vibro-compaction, vibro-replacement stone columns, vacuum consolidation, preloading, heating, ground freezing, mechanically stabilized earth structures, soil nailing, and micro piles. It provides details on the principles, applications, and considerations for each technique.
chapter5a.pdf
This document discusses different methods for ground improvement (GI), including mechanical, hydraulic, and chemical modification techniques. Mechanical modification techniques aim to densify soils using external forces like compaction. Compaction increases soil strength and reduces compressibility, permeability, and liquefaction potential. Hydraulic modification techniques like dewatering and preloading are used to modify ground conditions by lowering the water table or accelerating consolidation. Preloading combined with vertical drains can shorten consolidation time in fine-grained soils. The document provides examples of different compaction and ground improvement equipment and methods.
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#Prerequisites:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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mechanical Modification
- 1. UNIT - II Mechanical Modification – Principles of soil densification – Properties of Compacted soil,Compaction control tests, Specification of compaction requirements, BlastingVibrocompaction, Dynamic Tamping and Compaction piles.
- 2. What is densification of soil In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which stress is applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. ... Affected soils become less able to absorb rainfall, thus increasing runoff and erosion
- 3. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPACTION OF SOILS
- 4. INTRODUCTION Soil is used as a construction material for constructing embankments and subgrades. Embankments are constructed to raise the ground level above the existing level up to the formation level to support buildings, roads, or railways or other structures and also to retain water as in the case of earth dams or canal banks
- 5. The stability and durability of the embankments and subgrades depends on the improvement of shear strength of the soil as well as the restriction of settlements or deformation within permissible limits. The strength and deformation characteristics of embankments and subgrades depend directly on the density of the soil
- 6. Definition of Compaction Compaction is the artificial and mechanical process of decreasing the volume of the soil rapidly by the expulsion of air voids in the soil resulting in the increase in density. Densification of soil also occurs naturally due to consolidation of foundation soils by expulsion of pore water due to loads from the structure. This is a rather long-term process compared to compaction
- 7. Principle of Compaction . • The principle of compaction was developed by R. R. Proctor in 1933 during construction of earth dams in California • The objective of compaction is to achieve maximum possible dry density of the compacted soil. . • The water content used for compaction controls the dry density achieved
- 8. shows the variation of the dry density with water content
- 9. The following are some of the objectives of compaction: Increase the shear strength of soil. Decrease the undesirable settlement of structures. Control undesirable volume change. Decrease permeability of soil. Increase the bearing capacity of foundations. Increase the stability of slopes
- 11. COMPACTION CONTROL TESTS Compaction control tests are essential to check whether the objectives of compaction are achieved. It is difficult to check the objectives directly and properties strength and compressibility are assessed indirectly. Control tests in terms of water content, density, penetration resistance are conducted.
- 12. Compaction Control Procedures These specifications are expected to ensure an expected level of performance (in terms of shear strength, compressibility, permeability which are related to bearing capacity, settlements and drainage and seepage etc) Field compaction control tests are specified, and the results of these become the standard for controlling the project. After the earth structure is designed, the compaction specifications written. Laboratory tests are conducted on samples of the proposed borrow materials to define the properties required for design.
- 20. DYNAMIC TAMPING