Working Stress Method v/s Limit State Method
•
5 likes•4,870 views
The document compares the Working Stress Method and Limit State Method for structural design. The Working Stress Method is an elastic, stress-based, deterministic design approach where members are designed to remain in the elastic range using allowable stresses. The Limit State Method is a plastic, strain-based, non-deterministic approach where partial safety factors are used and the material is allowed to yield and enter the plastic zone to reach ultimate strength.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Rcc design by working stress method
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
Limit state, working stress, ultimate load method - Detailed Concept
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Foundation types
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
Well foundation
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
Ductile detailing IS 13920
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
Chapter 3 shallow foundations
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Cofferdams
Cofferdams are temporary structures used to allow construction in areas that would otherwise be underwater or difficult to work in. They are enclosures that hold back water and soil to create a dry work area. Various types of cofferdams exist, including braced, earth-type, timber crib, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular designs. Proper construction and safety precautions are vital as workers will be exposed to flooding hazards. Leakage is prevented through measures like cement grouting, clay sealing, and tarpaulins.
Structural analysis 1
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
Recommended
Rcc design by working stress method
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
Limit state, working stress, ultimate load method - Detailed Concept
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/design-philosophies-of-rcc-structure/
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
www.civilinsider .com
Various design philosophies have been invented in the different parts of the world to design RCC structures. In 1900 theory by Coignet and Tedesco was accepted and codified as Working Stress Method. The Working Stress Method was in use for several years until the revision of IS 456 in 2000.
What are the Various Design Philosophies?
Working Stress Method
limit state method
ultimate load method
#civil insider
Foundation types
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
Well foundation
The document discusses different types of well foundations used in construction. It describes the key components of well foundations including the cutting edge, steining, bottom plug, top plug, and well cap. It explains the process of sinking well foundations, which involves excavating material inside the well curb to allow the well to sink vertically into the ground. Precautions like maintaining verticality and limiting tilt and shift are important during well sinking.
Ductile detailing IS 13920
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
Chapter 3 shallow foundations
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Cofferdams
Cofferdams are temporary structures used to allow construction in areas that would otherwise be underwater or difficult to work in. They are enclosures that hold back water and soil to create a dry work area. Various types of cofferdams exist, including braced, earth-type, timber crib, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular designs. Proper construction and safety precautions are vital as workers will be exposed to flooding hazards. Leakage is prevented through measures like cement grouting, clay sealing, and tarpaulins.
Structural analysis 1
This document discusses structural analysis methods for statically indeterminate structures. It defines key terms like degree of static indeterminacy, internal and external redundancy, and methods for analyzing indeterminate structures. Specific methods discussed include the flexibility matrix method, consistent deformation method, and unit load method. Examples of statically indeterminate beams and frames are also provided.
Ductile detailing
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Deep foundation
Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
Design of columns as per IS 456-2000
This document discusses reinforced concrete columns. It begins by defining columns and different column types, including based on shape, reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. Short columns fail due to material strength while slender columns are at risk of buckling. The document covers column design considerations like unsupported length and effective length. It provides examples of single storey building column design and discusses minimum longitudinal reinforcement requirements in columns.
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipment
This document discusses field compaction control and compaction equipment. It notes that field compaction depends on placement water content, compaction equipment type, and soil type. Placement water content should be within 2% of optimum moisture content from lab tests. Different soils require different moisture levels - cohesive soils are compacted dry of optimum while earth dam cores are compacted wet of optimum. Compaction can be measured using methods like core cutting or nuclear gauges. Common compaction equipment includes smooth drum rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers, each suited to different soil types. Relative compaction is used to check compaction levels in the field.
Advantages and disadvantages of Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete has several advantages over reinforced concrete including being more crack-resistant, durable, and requiring smaller cross-sectional areas, allowing for longer spans and easier transport. However, it also has some disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment, advanced technical knowledge, and skilled labor for construction, as well as more expensive prestressing reinforcement bars.
determinate and indeterminate structures
This topic I am uploading here contains some basic topics in structural analysis which includes types of supports, reactions for different support conditions, determinate and indeterminate structures, static and kinematic indeterminacy,external and internal static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy for beams, frames, trusses.
need of finding indeterminacy, different methods available to formulate equations to solve unknowns.
Pre-stressed Concrete
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. There are two main methods - pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Pre-tensioning tensions the strands before the concrete is poured, while post-tensioning tensions strands inside ducts after the concrete has cured. This compression counteracts tensile and flexural stresses from loads to reduce cracking and increase strength, allowing pre-stressed concrete to be lighter and more durable than reinforced concrete. It is commonly used in bridges, buildings, tanks, and other structures.
Doubly R C Beam
This document provides information on doubly reinforced concrete beams. It introduces the concept of doubly reinforced beams, which have reinforcement in both the tension and compression zones. This allows for an increased moment of resistance compared to singly reinforced beams. The key advantages of doubly reinforced beams are that they can be used when the applied moment exceeds the capacity of a singly reinforced beam, when beam depth cannot be increased, or when reversal of stresses may occur. The document includes stress diagrams, design concepts, and differences between singly and doubly reinforced beams.
Steel structures
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
Earthquake resistant techniques
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
Design of beams
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
Fundamentals of structural analysis
includes details of statically determinate and indeterminate structure,degree if redundancy for beams, truss,frame .
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structure.
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
Canal irrigation
This presentation discusses about the different types of canals and and also different components of canals.
Boussinesq'S theory
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Cross Drainage Works
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
Design and construction of well foundations
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
Limit state method
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
Wash boring
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Sand Replacement Method
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description
Determine the unit weight of natural soil in place.
Stages
Determination of sand filling the cone
Determination bulk unit weight of sand
Determination bulk unit weight of natural soil
Procedure
Determining the weight of sand filling the cone
Sand passing through a 600µ sieve and retained over 300µ sieve is used.
Pouring cylinder attached over pouring cone is placed over level ground and completely filled with sand and weighed
The weight of sand + cylinder before pouring =푤_1
Now place the cylinder on the glass plate and open the shutter allow the sand to run out. Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. This is the weight of sand filling pouring cone.
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring on the glass =푤_2
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒=푤_1−푤_2
Determination of bulk unit weight of sand
Determine the volume of the calibrated container (V)
Filled the pouring cylinder with weight 푤_1 again. Now placed over calibrating container and open the shutter, permit the sand to run into calibrating cylinder. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh it.
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring into calibrated cylinder =푤_3
The weight of sand filling calibrated cylinder (푤_푐푐 )=푤_1−(푤_푐표푛푒+푤_3 ")"
Determination of bulk unit weight of natural soil
Exposed about 45 cm square area of the soil and trim it down to a level surface.
Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth.
The weight of excavated soil =푤^′
Remove the tray, and placed the sand pouring cylinder over the hole, the cylinder should have sand of weight 푤_1.
Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no movement of the sand seen.
Remove the cylinder and weigh the sand pouring cylinder.
The weight of sand +cylinder after pouring into hole =푤_4
The weight of sand in the hole 〖(푤〗_ℎ표푙푒)=푤_1−(푤_4+푤_푐표푛푒)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
More Related Content
What's hot
Ductile detailing
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
Deep foundation
Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
Design of columns as per IS 456-2000
This document discusses reinforced concrete columns. It begins by defining columns and different column types, including based on shape, reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. Short columns fail due to material strength while slender columns are at risk of buckling. The document covers column design considerations like unsupported length and effective length. It provides examples of single storey building column design and discusses minimum longitudinal reinforcement requirements in columns.
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipment
This document discusses field compaction control and compaction equipment. It notes that field compaction depends on placement water content, compaction equipment type, and soil type. Placement water content should be within 2% of optimum moisture content from lab tests. Different soils require different moisture levels - cohesive soils are compacted dry of optimum while earth dam cores are compacted wet of optimum. Compaction can be measured using methods like core cutting or nuclear gauges. Common compaction equipment includes smooth drum rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers, each suited to different soil types. Relative compaction is used to check compaction levels in the field.
Advantages and disadvantages of Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete has several advantages over reinforced concrete including being more crack-resistant, durable, and requiring smaller cross-sectional areas, allowing for longer spans and easier transport. However, it also has some disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment, advanced technical knowledge, and skilled labor for construction, as well as more expensive prestressing reinforcement bars.
determinate and indeterminate structures
This topic I am uploading here contains some basic topics in structural analysis which includes types of supports, reactions for different support conditions, determinate and indeterminate structures, static and kinematic indeterminacy,external and internal static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy for beams, frames, trusses.
need of finding indeterminacy, different methods available to formulate equations to solve unknowns.
Pre-stressed Concrete
Pre-stressed concrete uses tensioned steel strands or bars to place concrete in compression and improve its tensile strength. There are two main methods - pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Pre-tensioning tensions the strands before the concrete is poured, while post-tensioning tensions strands inside ducts after the concrete has cured. This compression counteracts tensile and flexural stresses from loads to reduce cracking and increase strength, allowing pre-stressed concrete to be lighter and more durable than reinforced concrete. It is commonly used in bridges, buildings, tanks, and other structures.
Doubly R C Beam
This document provides information on doubly reinforced concrete beams. It introduces the concept of doubly reinforced beams, which have reinforcement in both the tension and compression zones. This allows for an increased moment of resistance compared to singly reinforced beams. The key advantages of doubly reinforced beams are that they can be used when the applied moment exceeds the capacity of a singly reinforced beam, when beam depth cannot be increased, or when reversal of stresses may occur. The document includes stress diagrams, design concepts, and differences between singly and doubly reinforced beams.
Steel structures
Steel structures involve structural steel members designed to carry loads and provide rigidity. Some famous steel structures include the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Tyne Bridge, and Howrah Bridge. Steel structures have advantages like high strength, ductility, elasticity, and ease of fabrication and erection. The Howrah Bridge is a steel cantilever bridge that connects Howrah and Kolkata. When built, it was the 3rd longest cantilever bridge in the world. It uses steel components like I-beams, rivets, and expansion joints and was constructed between 1936-1942.
Earthquake resistant techniques
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
Design of beams
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
Fundamentals of structural analysis
includes details of statically determinate and indeterminate structure,degree if redundancy for beams, truss,frame .
Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structure.
The document discusses static and kinematic indeterminacy of structures. It defines different types of supports for 2D and 3D structures including fixed support, hinged/pinned support, roller support, and their properties. It also discusses internal joints like internal hinge, internal roller, and internal link. The document explains concepts of static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy, and degree of freedom for different types of structures.
Canal irrigation
This presentation discusses about the different types of canals and and also different components of canals.
Boussinesq'S theory
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
Cross Drainage Works
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
Design and construction of well foundations
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
Limit state method
The document discusses limit state design of reinforced concrete structures. It introduces limit states as conditions where the structure becomes unfit for use, including limit states of strength and serviceability. Limit state design involves characterizing loads and resistances as random variables and using partial safety factors on loads and resistances to achieve a target reliability. The document outlines the general principles of limit state design according to Indian Standard code IS 800, including defining actions, factors governing strength limits, and serviceability limits related to deflection, vibration and durability.
What's hot (20)
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipment
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipment
Advantages and disadvantages of Prestressed concrete
Advantages and disadvantages of Prestressed concrete
More from MachenLink
Wash boring
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in all types of soils.
Boulders and rock cannot be penetrated by this method.
The method consists in first driving a casing through which a hollow drill rod with a sharp chisel or chopping bit at the lower end is inserted.
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is alternately raised and dropped and also rotated.
The resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water disintegrate the soil.
The cutting is forced up to the ground surface in the form of soil − water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod and the casing.
The change of soil stratification could be guessed from the rate of progress and the colour of wash water.
The samples recovered from the wash water are almost valueless for interpreting the correct geotechnical properties of soil.
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Sand Replacement Method
For full course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description
Determine the unit weight of natural soil in place.
Stages
Determination of sand filling the cone
Determination bulk unit weight of sand
Determination bulk unit weight of natural soil
Procedure
Determining the weight of sand filling the cone
Sand passing through a 600µ sieve and retained over 300µ sieve is used.
Pouring cylinder attached over pouring cone is placed over level ground and completely filled with sand and weighed
The weight of sand + cylinder before pouring =푤_1
Now place the cylinder on the glass plate and open the shutter allow the sand to run out. Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. This is the weight of sand filling pouring cone.
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring on the glass =푤_2
The weight of sand in pouring cone =푤_푐표푛푒=푤_1−푤_2
Determination of bulk unit weight of sand
Determine the volume of the calibrated container (V)
Filled the pouring cylinder with weight 푤_1 again. Now placed over calibrating container and open the shutter, permit the sand to run into calibrating cylinder. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh it.
The weight of sand + cylinder after pouring into calibrated cylinder =푤_3
The weight of sand filling calibrated cylinder (푤_푐푐 )=푤_1−(푤_푐표푛푒+푤_3 ")"
Determination of bulk unit weight of natural soil
Exposed about 45 cm square area of the soil and trim it down to a level surface.
Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of 10 cm diameter and 15 cm depth.
The weight of excavated soil =푤^′
Remove the tray, and placed the sand pouring cylinder over the hole, the cylinder should have sand of weight 푤_1.
Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no movement of the sand seen.
Remove the cylinder and weigh the sand pouring cylinder.
The weight of sand +cylinder after pouring into hole =푤_4
The weight of sand in the hole 〖(푤〗_ℎ표푙푒)=푤_1−(푤_4+푤_푐표푛푒)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Core cutter method
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description:
Cutter is driven into the ground with the help of hammer until dolly extends 1cm above the ground.
Cutter is taken out of the ground and weight of soil retained in it is noted.
Weight of empty cutter = 푤_1
The weight of cutter + moist soil =푤_2
The weight of moist soil, 푊=푤_2−푤_1
The volume of core cutter, 푉=〖0.785 퐷〗^2 퐻
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Determination of specific gravity
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Description:
Series of observation involved in all density bottle, pycnometer and flask are same.
The empty weight of pycnometer 풘 _(ퟏ ).
Oven dry sample of soil + pycnometer 풘_(ퟐ ).
The empty volume of pycnometer is filled with water in multiple stages simultaneous removal of air present in soil either by constant stirring or by use of vacuum at the top of the pycnometer.
The pycnometer is being again weight after filling the empty volume with water 풘_(ퟑ ).
The pycnometer is then completely emptied and again filled with water after cleaning properly 풘_(ퟒ ).
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Description:
This test (IS: 2131 – 1981) is performed in a clean hole, 100 to 150 mm in diameter.
A casing or drilling mud is used to support the sides of the hole.
This test is most commonly used for cohesionless soil which can not be easily sampled.
Useful for determining the relative density and the angle of shear resistance.
It can also be used to determine the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil.
The test shall be made,…
At every change in stratum
At intervals not more than 1.5 m
If the number of blows for 150mm exceeds 50 it is taken as a refusal and the test is discontinuous
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Follow #MachenLink
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/machenLink/
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/company/machenlink/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MachenLink
What are the Grades of Concrete according to IS:456?
In this booster, you will learn -
1. How to find characteristics strength of concrete?
2. What are the grades of concrete described in IS 456?
Phases of soil investigation
For Full Course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
The phases of Soil Investigation
1. PHASE -I (Desk Study)
2. PHASE -II (Preliminary Reconnaissance)
3. PHASE -III (Detailed Soil Exploration)
4. PHASE -IV (Laboratory Testing)
5. PHASE -V (Write a report)
For Full Course visit our website
https://www.machenlink.com/course/foundation-engineering/
Determination of water content (Calcium Carbide method, Radiation method, Tor...
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Methods of determining water content
1. Oven drying Method
2. Sand Bath Method
3. Alcohol Method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgrKaUgohHw&index=4&list=PLjNHcF09jOW0y3RNIZyvha_IDmIxpCDVB
4. Pycnometer Method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCyfa8vawmw&list=PLjNHcF09jOW0y3RNIZyvha_IDmIxpCDVB&index=5
5. Calcium Carbide Method
6. Radiation Method
7. Torsional Balance Method
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Pycnometer method (water content) machen link
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
Method of Determining Water Content
1. Oven Drying Method
2. Sand Bath Method
3. Alcohol Method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgrKaUgohHw&t=4s
4. Pycnometer
5. Calcium Carbide Method
6. Radiation Method
7. Torsional Method
For full course visit our website :
https://www.machenlink.com/course/soil-mehcanics/
More from MachenLink (9)
What are the Grades of Concrete according to IS:456?
What are the Grades of Concrete according to IS:456?
Determination of water content (Calcium Carbide method, Radiation method, Tor...
Determination of water content (Calcium Carbide method, Radiation method, Tor...
Recently uploaded
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Covered community pharmacy topic of the subject Social and preventive pharmacy for Diploma and Bachelor of pharmacy
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Recently uploaded (20)
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Working Stress Method v/s Limit State Method
- 1. MachenLink RCC Limit State Method v/s Working Stress Method Booster
- 2. MachenLink Working Stress Method Limit State Method ✓ WSM is an elastic design method. ✓ The stress in material is allowed to go beyond the yield limit and enter into the plastic zone to reach ultimate strength. ✓ LSM is strain based method. ✓ WSM is deterministic approach. ✓ In this design method, members are designed to never go beyond their elastic range. ✓ LSM is a plastic design method. ✓ WSM is stress based method. ✓ LSM is non-deterministic method. ✓ Factor safety is used find the allowable stress. ✓ Partial Safety factors are used for Design WSM Vs LSM