This document discusses mechanical aspects of polymer production. It describes the logistics of transporting raw materials by cargo ship from Saudi Arabia and Singapore to Visakhapatnam, India. It then explains the production processes for general purpose polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, and expandable polystyrene. It also discusses the environment and safety department and various types of pumps used in production.

1. MECHANICAL ASPECTS IN POLYMER
PRODUCTION
BY P.PRIYANKA (13131A0390)
P.SANTAN (13131A0391)
P.GOPI TEJESH (13131A0387)

2. LGPI, Visakhapatnam

3. SM :SABIC – S.Arabia
.Shell- S’pore
Cargo Ship transport to
Vizag
Berth at Vizag Port
EIPL
Visakhapatnam
Transport through
tankers
Ship to EIPL = 5 KM EIPL to LGPI = 14 KM
Main. Raw material (SM) – Logistics flow chart
)
Sailing Time :–
S.Arabia :. 10 ~15 days
S’ pore : 5 ~ 7 days
3 / 5

4. • General Purpose Polystyrene
• High Impact Polystyrene
• Expandable Polystyrene

5. Styrene
Liquid paraffin Feed preparation Feed solution
Chemicals
Feed solution Polymersisation Polymer
(input) (output)
Polymer Extrusion Strands
Strands Pelletisation Pellets

6. CHARACTERSTICS :
Transparent thermoplastic with good mechanical and heat resistance properties
Excellent processability with optimum time
Good mold release characterstics

7. APPLICATIONS(GPPS)
Food containers
Refrigerator components
Audio cassettes &compact disc cases
Louvers

8. HIPS(HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE)
Styrene
Solvent rubber
Lubricant Feed preparation Feed solution
Chemicals
Feed solution Polymerisation Polymer (output)
Polymer Extrusion Strands
Strands Palletisation Pellets
Pellets Product making Lot

9. CHARACTERSTICS
Opaque thermoplastic with good mechanical properties
Excellent for injection moulding and extrusion applications
Easy processability
Good surface finish for food grade applications

10. APPLICATIONS
Washing machine front panel protector
Vacuum cleaner housing
Air conditioning housing ,refrigeration lining
Toys ,ball pen barrel
Umbrella handles
Disposable cups,containers for food &dairy packing
Trays ,cups ,thin wall containers
TV front and back cabinets

11. EPS (EXPANDABLE POLYSTYRENE)
Styrene
Dm water
Pentane polymerisation EPS slurry
Initiators chemicals
Acid free slurry Acidification EPS
EPS beads Coating coatedEPS
Coated EPS beads Packing 25KGEPS

12. CHARACTERSTICS
Light weight ,rigid cellular plastic polymerised in spherical shaped
beads with dia of 0.4~1.8mm and classified into grades for respective
applications
Available both in general purpose grade and self –extinguishing grade
Light weight ,insulation,cost effective constriction
Mechanical strength ,impact resistance
Weather ability that is widely employed for cushioning packages
,boxes for agricultural &fishery products ,insulation boards
Low moisture absorption rate ,low thermal conductivity
Excellent fire and corrosion resistance
Non –toxicity ,uniform quality

13. Environment and safety department
 Material safety data sheets
Health and safety policies and company acts
Safety committee members and their duties
Personal protective equipment system
Safety promotional activities
Precautions for vessel entry
Classes of fires and fire extinguishing techniques
Onsite emergency plan

14. PUMPS

15. PUMPS
• A hydraulic pump is a mechanical device that converts mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS :
pumps are basically classified into two types
1.Non positive displacement pump
2.Positive displacement pump

16. NON POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMP
• In this the flow in not constant but
varies with the pressure. As the output
flow decreases the system pressure
increases.
• They are mainly used for low pressure
applications like transportation of
liquids from one place to other

17. POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
• In this type of pumps the
output flow is constant
independent on pressure of
the system.
• They are basically
designed for high pressure
applications like hydraulic
fluid power application

18. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by conversion of rotational
kinematic energy into hydrodynamic energy.
• The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to rotating axis and is
accelerated by impeller flowing radially outward into a diffuser

19. GEAR PUMP
• Gear pumps are mainly used to pump
high viscous fluids.
• They are positive displacement pumps
means they pump a constant amount of
fluid for each revolution.
• When the two gears rotate they create a
suction or void which is filled by the
fluid. The fluid is carried by the gears to
the discharge side due to the meshing o

21. Plastics Tensile Testing { Test standard : ASTM D-638 }
ASTM D-638 tensile test procedure:
• Specimens are placed in the grips of the universal tester at a
specified grip separation and pulled until failure.
• For ASTM D 638 the test speed is determined by the material
specification
• Extensometer is used to determine elongation and tensile
modulus.

22. SIZE TYPE 1
Full length, l3 165
Parallel length,l2 57
Gauge length,l1 50
Parallel section
width, b1
13
Thickness , h 7mm or less
Grip section
width, b2
19
Distance between
grips
115
Specimen

23. Flexural Strength test { Test standard : ASTM D-790}
3 point bending test jig kit of
plastic specimen
Flexure test measures the force required to bend a beam under
three point loading conditions.
Specimen size
Specimen size for ASTM is
3.2mm x 12.7mm x125mm

24. Test procedure
• Specimen lies on support span and the load is applied to the centre at a
specified rate
• The parameters for this test are the support span, speed of loading and
the maximum deflection for the test. These parameters are based on the
test specimen thickness and are defined by ASTM.
• For ASTM D790, the test is stopped when the specimen reaches 5%
deflection or specimen breaks before 5%.

25. Impact Strength { Test standard : ASTM D-256}
• Notched Izod impact is single point test that measures a material resistance to impact from
a swinging pendulum.
• Izod impact is defined as the kinetic energy needed to initiate fracture and continue the
fracture until the specimen is broken.
• Izod specimens are notched to prevent deformation of the specimen upon impact.
Specimen size
The standard specimen for ASTM 64 x 12.7 x 3.2 mm
specimen thickness 3.2mm

26. Test procedure
• Specimen is clamped into the pendulum impact test fixture
with notched edge facing the striking edge of pendulum.
• Pendulum is released and allowed to strike through the
specimen.

27. Melt flow rate ASTM D1238
Melt flow rate measures the rate of extrusion of thermoplastics through an orifice at a
prescribed temperature and load.
Test procedure
• Load 7 grams of pre heated material into barrel of melt flow
apparatus
• A specified weight for material is applied to a plunger
• Molten material is forced through the die.
• A timed extrudate is collected and weighed.
• Melt flow rate values are calculated in g/10 min

28. Gloss Analyzer {Test standard : ASTM D-2457}
Specular gloss is a measure of light reflected by the surface of a material.
Test procedure
• Gloss measurements are always referenced against a standard, and the
angle of reflection(200 600 800) must be specified.
• Glossmeter is set to proper angle, calibrated , the checked with standard
supplied with meter.
• The meter is then placed on the test sample and a reading is taken

29. Thank you