This document outlines the course objectives and content for a mechatronics course. It includes 5 units that cover topics such as mechatronics systems, sensors and transducers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, programmable peripheral interfaces, programmable logic controllers, and actuators and mechatronic system design. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in mechatronic systems to understand the emerging field of automation.
MECHATRONICS-UNIT 4-PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER .pptCHANDRA KUMAR S
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic structure of a PLC including input/output modules, a central processing unit, memory, and a programming unit. The document outlines how PLCs are used to automate industrial processes through input/output processing and programming using ladder logic and mnemonics. Additional features of PLCs like timers, counters, internal relays, and data handling are also summarized. The document concludes with factors to consider when selecting a PLC for an automation application.
The toolmaker's microscope is an optical measuring device that can measure lengths, profiles, angles, and threads up to 1/100th of a millimeter. It works on the principle of projecting a shadow image of the workpiece through an optical system onto a screen with cross lines, allowing measurements to be taken. Key components include a base, measuring head with light source and lenses, and a glass table with scales for measuring movement in the X, Y, and rotational directions. It can be used to accurately measure various mechanical components and perform tasks like thread measurement and angle measurement of tools.
The document discusses different types of drive systems including electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic. It provides details on the basic working principles of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, which use enclosed fluids and pressure to generate motion and force. Hydraulic systems use high-density liquids and pumps to transfer pressure through fluid, while pneumatic systems use compressed air. Both systems have advantages like precision and power transfer, though pneumatic systems tend to have lower costs and maintenance needs. Examples of applications that commonly use hydraulic and pneumatic drive systems are also outlined.
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
This document discusses computer aided quality control (CAQC). It introduces CAQC and explains that it uses computers to inspect and test manufactured products to ensure they meet defined quality standards. The objectives of CAQC are listed as increasing inspection and production productivity, reducing lead times and waste. The main components of CAQC are computer aided inspection (CAI) and computer aided testing (CAT). CAI uses 3D scanning and CAD modeling to check part specifications, while CAT simulates stresses and other factors to test attributes like strength. The advantages of CAQC include data harvesting, allowing 100% inspection and testing, using non-contact sensors, and providing computerized feedback control.
MECHATRONICS-UNIT 4-PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER .pptCHANDRA KUMAR S
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic structure of a PLC including input/output modules, a central processing unit, memory, and a programming unit. The document outlines how PLCs are used to automate industrial processes through input/output processing and programming using ladder logic and mnemonics. Additional features of PLCs like timers, counters, internal relays, and data handling are also summarized. The document concludes with factors to consider when selecting a PLC for an automation application.
The toolmaker's microscope is an optical measuring device that can measure lengths, profiles, angles, and threads up to 1/100th of a millimeter. It works on the principle of projecting a shadow image of the workpiece through an optical system onto a screen with cross lines, allowing measurements to be taken. Key components include a base, measuring head with light source and lenses, and a glass table with scales for measuring movement in the X, Y, and rotational directions. It can be used to accurately measure various mechanical components and perform tasks like thread measurement and angle measurement of tools.
The document discusses different types of drive systems including electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic. It provides details on the basic working principles of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, which use enclosed fluids and pressure to generate motion and force. Hydraulic systems use high-density liquids and pumps to transfer pressure through fluid, while pneumatic systems use compressed air. Both systems have advantages like precision and power transfer, though pneumatic systems tend to have lower costs and maintenance needs. Examples of applications that commonly use hydraulic and pneumatic drive systems are also outlined.
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
This document discusses computer aided quality control (CAQC). It introduces CAQC and explains that it uses computers to inspect and test manufactured products to ensure they meet defined quality standards. The objectives of CAQC are listed as increasing inspection and production productivity, reducing lead times and waste. The main components of CAQC are computer aided inspection (CAI) and computer aided testing (CAT). CAI uses 3D scanning and CAD modeling to check part specifications, while CAT simulates stresses and other factors to test attributes like strength. The advantages of CAQC include data harvesting, allowing 100% inspection and testing, using non-contact sensors, and providing computerized feedback control.
The document discusses surface finish and roughness measurement. It defines terms like surface texture, roughness, waviness, and provides explanations of different measurement methods and parameters like Ra, Rz, and Rmax. Measurement methods covered include comparison methods, profilometers, and instruments like the Taylor-Hobson Talysurf that can numerically analyze surface roughness.
Introduction ,FMS Equipment,FMS Layouts ,Analysis Methods for FMS,,advantages of fms,comparison of fms to conventional methods,applications.Benefits of fms.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
Group technology (GT) is a manufacturing philosophy that groups similar parts together based on their design attributes and manufacturing processes. This allows parts to be processed in dedicated machine cells. Key benefits include reduced setup times, work-in-process inventory, and material handling due to processing parts within cells rather than across the entire factory. Implementing GT involves substantial tasks like identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells.
The document provides an overview of various electrical actuation systems used in mechatronics including relays, solenoids, DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors, and servomotors. It describes the basic operational principles, components, types, and applications of each system. Relays use electromagnets to open and close contacts and switch circuits. Solenoids convert electrical signals into linear or rotary motion using coils and armatures. DC and AC motors produce rotation using magnetic fields and current flow according to Fleming's left hand rule. Stepper motors move in discrete steps with each pulse, while servomotors provide precise rotation for control applications.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC), direct numerical control (DNC), and adaptive control systems. It describes how CNC replaced conventional NC by using a computer to store machining programs instead of punched tapes. DNC connects multiple CNC machines to a central computer to facilitate programming and data collection. Adaptive control systems measure output variables during machining and dynamically adjust speeds/feeds to optimize performance based on variability in workpieces and tools.
Computer application for testing (contact and non-contact)Ghassan Alshahiri
This document discusses computer applications in manufacturing measurement systems. It covers topics like contact and non-contact measurement tools, techniques, and considerations when choosing tools. It also discusses how computer systems perform measurements using sensors, analog to digital conversion, and programming. The document compares contact and non-contact methods, describing technologies like CMMs, laser scanners, and structured light scanners. It notes advantages and disadvantages of different methods and considerations for software for inspection.
The document provides information on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). EDM is a manufacturing process where electrical discharges are used to erode material from a workpiece to achieve a desired shape. In EDM, a series of sparks erode material by rapidly recurring electrical discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One electrode is the tool that shapes the workpiece. Material removal occurs through thermal melting and vaporization caused by the extreme heat of electrical sparks between the electrodes.
This document discusses the components of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). It describes CIM as the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise through computer technologies and communication networks. The key components discussed include the CASA/SME model, computer networking, the OSI model, and the various subsystems and elements that make up CIM such as CAD/CAM, computer-aided process planning (CAPP), and manufacturing resource planning (MRP). The benefits of CIM implementation are also summarized such as improved quality, reduced costs and lead times, and increased flexibility and responsiveness.
This document provides definitions and information about sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that responds to a physical stimulus and produces a signal and a transducer as a device that converts energy from one form to another. Common sensors measure displacement, position, temperature, pressure, force, velocity and other quantities. Active transducers directly generate a signal in response to stimulation while passive transducers require external power. Performance characteristics like range, sensitivity and hysteresis are also discussed. Examples of common displacement and position sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive sensors and LVDTs are provided along with their applications.
Non-traditional machining techniques remove material using various energy sources besides traditional cutting tools. They are divided into mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical techniques. Non-traditional techniques are needed for hard or complex materials, and can machine intricate shapes and deep holes. Selection depends on the part geometry, material properties, machining capabilities, and cost effectiveness. While more expensive initially than traditional techniques, non-traditional machining offers higher precision, surface finish, and ability to machine difficult materials.
This document provides information about the ME407 Mechatronics course taught by Sukesh O P. The course objectives are to introduce sensors used in CNC machines and robots, study MEMS sensors, and develop hydraulic/pneumatic circuits and PLC programs. By the end of the course, students will be able to understand mechanical systems in mechatronics and integrate mechanical, electronic, control and computer engineering in mechatronics design. The syllabus covers topics like sensors, actuators, MEMS, mechatronics applications in CNC and robotics. Actuator types like hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical actuators are discussed along with mechanical components used in mechatronics like mechanisms, c
The document discusses mechanical measurements and metrology. It covers topics like limits, fits, tolerances and gauging. Specifically, it defines tolerance, describes different types of tolerances like unilateral, bilateral and compound. It also discusses interchangeability, selective assembly, fits, tolerance grades and general terminology used in metrology like basic size, actual size, deviations etc. The objective is to equip students with knowledge of these important concepts in mechanical measurements.
This document provides an overview of friction stir welding (FSW), including its principles, setup, materials used, advantages, and applications. Some key points:
- FSW was invented in 1991 as a solid state welding process that generates frictional heat between a rotating tool and materials to be joined, below their melting points.
- It overcomes issues with conventional welding like distortion and defects, and enables welding of materials not possible with fusion welding.
- The FSW setup involves a cylindrical, shouldered tool with a probe that is rotated and plunged into materials to be joined. This generates frictional heat to plasticize the materials without melting.
- FSW produces high strength welds in a wide
The LVDT consists of a primary winding in the center of a former surrounded by two secondary windings. It works on the principle of mutual induction to convert displacement, a non-electrical energy, into an electrical output. When the soft iron core inside is in the null position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings, resulting in a differential output voltage of 0. If the core moves left or right, the flux linking one secondary increases while the other decreases, producing a differential voltage. The LVDT has a linear output characteristic for small displacements but becomes non-linear at larger displacements. It is used to measure various parameters like force, weight, pressure, and displacements in applications such as soil testing
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
The adaptive control is basically a feedback system that treats the CNC as an internal unit and in which the machining variables automatically adapt themselves to the actual conditions of the machining process.
Automation in manufacturing five unit vtu, mechanical engineering notes pdf d...kiran555555
This document provides an overview of automation in manufacturing systems. It discusses production systems, facilities, manufacturing support systems, and the three categories of manufacturing systems: manual work systems, worker-machine systems, and automated systems. It then covers the four functions of manufacturing support: business functions, product design, manufacturing planning, and manufacturing control. Finally, it describes the three types of automated manufacturing systems: fixed automation, programmable automation, and flexible automation.
This document defines computer numerical control (CNC) and describes its components and operating principles. CNC uses a prepared program to control machine tool functions and motions. It has various applications in both machine tools and non-machine tools. The key components of a CNC system are the part program, machine control unit, and machine tool. CNC systems can operate in either incremental or absolute modes and use different types of interpolation to control tool movement along continuous paths.
This document contains lecture material on mechatronics systems from Dr. V. Kandavel. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and computer control. It describes the key elements of mechatronics systems including sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, control algorithms, and computer hardware and software. It also explains what a system is, showing a diagram of a spring system with an input force producing an output extension. Finally, it briefly discusses CAD/CAM/CAE software used for computer-aided design, manufacturing, and engineering.
The document provides information about the ME8791 Mechatronics course offered at SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology. It includes 5 units that will be covered: Mechatronics, sensors and transducers; microprocessors and microcontrollers; programmable peripheral interfaces; programmable logic controllers; and actuators and mechatronic system design. Upon completing the course, students will be able to discuss key concepts of mechatronics including applications of different engineering disciplines for system control, architectures of microprocessors and interfaces, and design of various mechatronic systems and case studies. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in mechatronic systems.
The document discusses surface finish and roughness measurement. It defines terms like surface texture, roughness, waviness, and provides explanations of different measurement methods and parameters like Ra, Rz, and Rmax. Measurement methods covered include comparison methods, profilometers, and instruments like the Taylor-Hobson Talysurf that can numerically analyze surface roughness.
Introduction ,FMS Equipment,FMS Layouts ,Analysis Methods for FMS,,advantages of fms,comparison of fms to conventional methods,applications.Benefits of fms.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
Group technology (GT) is a manufacturing philosophy that groups similar parts together based on their design attributes and manufacturing processes. This allows parts to be processed in dedicated machine cells. Key benefits include reduced setup times, work-in-process inventory, and material handling due to processing parts within cells rather than across the entire factory. Implementing GT involves substantial tasks like identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells.
The document provides an overview of various electrical actuation systems used in mechatronics including relays, solenoids, DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors, and servomotors. It describes the basic operational principles, components, types, and applications of each system. Relays use electromagnets to open and close contacts and switch circuits. Solenoids convert electrical signals into linear or rotary motion using coils and armatures. DC and AC motors produce rotation using magnetic fields and current flow according to Fleming's left hand rule. Stepper motors move in discrete steps with each pulse, while servomotors provide precise rotation for control applications.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC), direct numerical control (DNC), and adaptive control systems. It describes how CNC replaced conventional NC by using a computer to store machining programs instead of punched tapes. DNC connects multiple CNC machines to a central computer to facilitate programming and data collection. Adaptive control systems measure output variables during machining and dynamically adjust speeds/feeds to optimize performance based on variability in workpieces and tools.
Computer application for testing (contact and non-contact)Ghassan Alshahiri
This document discusses computer applications in manufacturing measurement systems. It covers topics like contact and non-contact measurement tools, techniques, and considerations when choosing tools. It also discusses how computer systems perform measurements using sensors, analog to digital conversion, and programming. The document compares contact and non-contact methods, describing technologies like CMMs, laser scanners, and structured light scanners. It notes advantages and disadvantages of different methods and considerations for software for inspection.
The document provides information on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). EDM is a manufacturing process where electrical discharges are used to erode material from a workpiece to achieve a desired shape. In EDM, a series of sparks erode material by rapidly recurring electrical discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One electrode is the tool that shapes the workpiece. Material removal occurs through thermal melting and vaporization caused by the extreme heat of electrical sparks between the electrodes.
This document discusses the components of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). It describes CIM as the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise through computer technologies and communication networks. The key components discussed include the CASA/SME model, computer networking, the OSI model, and the various subsystems and elements that make up CIM such as CAD/CAM, computer-aided process planning (CAPP), and manufacturing resource planning (MRP). The benefits of CIM implementation are also summarized such as improved quality, reduced costs and lead times, and increased flexibility and responsiveness.
This document provides definitions and information about sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that responds to a physical stimulus and produces a signal and a transducer as a device that converts energy from one form to another. Common sensors measure displacement, position, temperature, pressure, force, velocity and other quantities. Active transducers directly generate a signal in response to stimulation while passive transducers require external power. Performance characteristics like range, sensitivity and hysteresis are also discussed. Examples of common displacement and position sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive sensors and LVDTs are provided along with their applications.
Non-traditional machining techniques remove material using various energy sources besides traditional cutting tools. They are divided into mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical techniques. Non-traditional techniques are needed for hard or complex materials, and can machine intricate shapes and deep holes. Selection depends on the part geometry, material properties, machining capabilities, and cost effectiveness. While more expensive initially than traditional techniques, non-traditional machining offers higher precision, surface finish, and ability to machine difficult materials.
This document provides information about the ME407 Mechatronics course taught by Sukesh O P. The course objectives are to introduce sensors used in CNC machines and robots, study MEMS sensors, and develop hydraulic/pneumatic circuits and PLC programs. By the end of the course, students will be able to understand mechanical systems in mechatronics and integrate mechanical, electronic, control and computer engineering in mechatronics design. The syllabus covers topics like sensors, actuators, MEMS, mechatronics applications in CNC and robotics. Actuator types like hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical actuators are discussed along with mechanical components used in mechatronics like mechanisms, c
The document discusses mechanical measurements and metrology. It covers topics like limits, fits, tolerances and gauging. Specifically, it defines tolerance, describes different types of tolerances like unilateral, bilateral and compound. It also discusses interchangeability, selective assembly, fits, tolerance grades and general terminology used in metrology like basic size, actual size, deviations etc. The objective is to equip students with knowledge of these important concepts in mechanical measurements.
This document provides an overview of friction stir welding (FSW), including its principles, setup, materials used, advantages, and applications. Some key points:
- FSW was invented in 1991 as a solid state welding process that generates frictional heat between a rotating tool and materials to be joined, below their melting points.
- It overcomes issues with conventional welding like distortion and defects, and enables welding of materials not possible with fusion welding.
- The FSW setup involves a cylindrical, shouldered tool with a probe that is rotated and plunged into materials to be joined. This generates frictional heat to plasticize the materials without melting.
- FSW produces high strength welds in a wide
The LVDT consists of a primary winding in the center of a former surrounded by two secondary windings. It works on the principle of mutual induction to convert displacement, a non-electrical energy, into an electrical output. When the soft iron core inside is in the null position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings, resulting in a differential output voltage of 0. If the core moves left or right, the flux linking one secondary increases while the other decreases, producing a differential voltage. The LVDT has a linear output characteristic for small displacements but becomes non-linear at larger displacements. It is used to measure various parameters like force, weight, pressure, and displacements in applications such as soil testing
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
The adaptive control is basically a feedback system that treats the CNC as an internal unit and in which the machining variables automatically adapt themselves to the actual conditions of the machining process.
Automation in manufacturing five unit vtu, mechanical engineering notes pdf d...kiran555555
This document provides an overview of automation in manufacturing systems. It discusses production systems, facilities, manufacturing support systems, and the three categories of manufacturing systems: manual work systems, worker-machine systems, and automated systems. It then covers the four functions of manufacturing support: business functions, product design, manufacturing planning, and manufacturing control. Finally, it describes the three types of automated manufacturing systems: fixed automation, programmable automation, and flexible automation.
This document defines computer numerical control (CNC) and describes its components and operating principles. CNC uses a prepared program to control machine tool functions and motions. It has various applications in both machine tools and non-machine tools. The key components of a CNC system are the part program, machine control unit, and machine tool. CNC systems can operate in either incremental or absolute modes and use different types of interpolation to control tool movement along continuous paths.
This document contains lecture material on mechatronics systems from Dr. V. Kandavel. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and computer control. It describes the key elements of mechatronics systems including sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, control algorithms, and computer hardware and software. It also explains what a system is, showing a diagram of a spring system with an input force producing an output extension. Finally, it briefly discusses CAD/CAM/CAE software used for computer-aided design, manufacturing, and engineering.
The document provides information about the ME8791 Mechatronics course offered at SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology. It includes 5 units that will be covered: Mechatronics, sensors and transducers; microprocessors and microcontrollers; programmable peripheral interfaces; programmable logic controllers; and actuators and mechatronic system design. Upon completing the course, students will be able to discuss key concepts of mechatronics including applications of different engineering disciplines for system control, architectures of microprocessors and interfaces, and design of various mechatronic systems and case studies. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in mechatronic systems.
The document provides an overview of the ME8791 Mechatronics course offered at SSMIET. It outlines 5 units that will be covered: Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducers; Microprocessors and Microcontrollers; Programmable Peripheral Interfaces; Programmable Logic Controllers; and Actuators and Mechatronic System Design. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in Mechatronic systems, including sensors, microprocessors, actuators, and the design of Mechatronic systems. Upon completing the course, students will be able to discuss various topics related to Mechatronics applications and system design.
This document outlines the course objectives, units, outcomes, and references for an undergraduate course in Mechatronics Engineering. The course aims to impart knowledge of Mechatronics systems and techniques essential for understanding automation. It covers topics like sensors and transducers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, programmable peripheral interfaces, programmable logic controllers, actuators, and Mechatronics system design. Upon completing the course, students will be able to discuss interdisciplinary applications of Mechatronics, architectures of microprocessors and controllers, interfacing devices, and apply their skills to Mechatronics systems and case studies.
This document provides an introduction and overview of mechatronics. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and intelligent computer control. It discusses the evolution of mechatronics through the industrial, semiconductor, and information revolutions. Key elements of mechatronic systems are identified as sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, decision/control algorithms, and computer hardware/software. Examples of mechatronics applications include smart consumer products, medical devices, manufacturing, automotive, and more. The advantages of adopting a mechatronic approach are also summarized.
The document is a seminar report on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) submitted by Govind Ram Kumawat to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes sections on MEMS technology overview, chemical vapor deposition processes, physical vapor deposition, pattern transfer processes, etching processes, MEMS fabrication technology, applications of MEMS, and advantages and disadvantages of MEMS. The report provides information on different fabrication and processing techniques used in MEMS such as CVD, photolithography, etching, and applications such as sensors, accelerometers, and inertial sensors.
The document provides an introduction to mechatronics systems. It discusses:
1. The origins and definitions of mechatronics, which involves the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer control.
2. Mechatronics has evolved through industrial, semiconductor, and information revolutions to allow the integration of sensors, actuators, computers, and control systems.
3. Common mechatronics applications include smart consumer products, medical devices, manufacturing systems, and automotive systems.
The document outlines the syllabus for the MET402 Mechatronics course. It includes 5 modules that cover topics such as introduction to mechatronics, sensors and actuators, mechatronics in computer numerical control machines, programmable logic controllers, and mechatronics in robotics. Recommended textbooks and the course instructor's contact information are also provided.
Unit 1(part-1)Introduction of mechatronicsswathi1998
This document provides an introduction and overview of mechatronics. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer technology for the design of industrial products. Mechatronics evolved from the industrial, semiconductor, and information revolutions to develop highly efficient systems through judicious selection and integration of sensors, actuators, control algorithms, and computer hardware/software. Common mechatronics applications include smart consumer products, medical devices, manufacturing systems, and automotive systems. The key elements of a mechatronics system are discussed as actuators/sensors, signal conditioning, digital logic, software/data acquisition, and computers/displays. Measurement and control systems are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of mechatronics systems. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer technology. Mechatronics systems combine sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, decision-making algorithms, and computer hardware/software. The document discusses the evolution of mechatronics through the industrial, semiconductor, and information revolutions. It also outlines the key elements of a mechatronics system, including actuators/sensors, signal conditioning, digital logic, software/data acquisition, and computers/displays. Examples of mechatronics applications are provided.
This document provides an overview of mechatronics systems and their components. It begins with definitions of mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer control. It then discusses the evolution of mechatronics through the industrial, semiconductor, and information revolutions. The document outlines the key elements of mechatronic systems including actuators, sensors, signal conditioning, digital logic systems, software, computers, and displays. It provides examples of measurement systems, open and closed loop control systems, and applications such as speed control, water level control, washing machines, cameras, and engine management.
The document is a seminar report on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) submitted by Govind Ram Kumawat in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes a title page, candidate's declaration, certificate, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, and the beginning of chapter 1 which provides an overview of MEMS technology. The report was supervised by Mr. Trivendra Sharma and examines MEMS, which integrate electrical and mechanical components on a micrometer scale for applications such as sensors and actuators.
This document summarizes a project to control the speed of a DC motor using an ARM microcontroller. It describes the components used including the ARM microcontroller, motor driver, optocounter, and interfaces to an LCD display. It provides the schematic and code for the motor control system, which implements a PID control loop to control motor speed based on feedback from the optocounter. It also presents the final PCB design and hardware implementation of the DC motor speed control system using an ARM microcontroller.
This project document describes an IOT based sensor network for smart grid communication. The network monitors voltage, current, and temperature readings from the power grid and transmits the data to ThingSpeak, a cloud-based software. Sensors are placed throughout the power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. If faults are detected, notifications are sent. Readings from the sensors are displayed on ThingSpeak and can be used for power monitoring and control. The project was successfully designed and tested with advanced ICs to integrate all hardware components. It could potentially be used for improved power monitoring and control methodologies in the future.
This document provides an introduction and overview of mechatronics systems. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and intelligent computer control in the design of industrial products. Mechatronics aims to produce cost-effective, high performance systems by combining sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, decision making algorithms, and computer hardware/software. Examples of various mechatronics applications are also provided.
Ekeeda - Mechatronics Engineering - Introduction to MechatronicsEkeedaPvtLtd
Mechatronics Engineering is a program in engineering which combines the fundamentals of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer engineering. It concentrates mainly on modeling, sensors, controllers, and real-time computer interfacing.
This program is developed due to demand from industries for an engineer with multi-disciplinary skills. Mechatronics engineers have to design, construct, and run production lines and automated processes with their skills, much like a production engineer but in a different field. This a field for students who have an interest in using computers and designing things. They should also be curious about how things work and what can be done to enhance them. They should be satisfactory in observing design and doing something with it. Ekeeda offers Online Mechatronics Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus.
This document outlines the course contents for an engineering course on mechatronics. The course will cover topics such as sensors, actuators, control systems, microcontrollers, and interfacing. It will teach students how to integrate mechanical, electrical, and computer systems to design mechatronics products. The course assessments include sessional work, mid-semester exams, end-semester exams, and evaluation of laboratory work.
To impart knowledge about the elements, techniques and sensors involved in mechatronics systems which are very much essential to understand the emerging field of automation.
This document discusses turbines and their classification. It covers the working principles of axial, radial, and mixed flow turbines as well as Pelton wheels and Francis and Kaplan turbines. The document describes how water works on the turbine runner and the purpose of the draft tube. It also discusses specific speed, unit quantities, performance curves for turbines, and turbine governing.
This document summarizes key concepts from the fluid mechanics and machinery unit, including pumps. It discusses the impact of jets, Euler's equation, theories of rotodynamic machines, efficiencies, velocity triangles, and classifications and working principles of centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, and rotary pumps such as gear pumps, vane pumps, and screw pumps. Specifically, it explains how centrifugal pumps work by imparting velocity and kinetic energy to the fluid using an impeller, and how reciprocating pumps work by trapping fluid in a chamber and forcing it out with a piston. It also categorizes rotary pumps based on their rotating elements.
This document outlines the topics to be covered in the third unit of a fluid mechanics and machinery course. The unit will cover dimensional analysis, including the need for dimensional analysis, methods of dimensional analysis, types of similitude, dimensionless parameters, and applications. Dimensional analysis provides a way to identify relevant factors in physical situations and form relationships between them. It allows experimental data to be presented in a readable form and for unknown factors to be determined from experiments using qualitative relationships converted to quantitative forms. Examples applying these concepts will also be included.
This document discusses concepts related to fluid flow through circular conduits including:
- Laminar flow through pipes and boundary layer concepts such as boundary layer thickness.
- The Darcy-Weisbach equation for calculating head loss and how it relates to friction factor.
- The Moody diagram which plots friction factor against Reynolds number for different relative pipe roughnesses.
- Commercial pipes and how piping systems are used to transport fluids with considerations for energy loss due to friction.
This document discusses the objectives and content of a fluid mechanics and machinery course. It includes:
- The objectives of understanding fluid properties, dimensional analysis, and various types of pumps and turbines.
- An introduction to fluid mechanics, including the basic concepts and importance in engineering applications.
- Details about the first unit which will cover fluid properties, flow characteristics using concepts like the continuity, energy, and momentum equations.
Engineering Graphics course material R 17 vk-ssmDr. Kandavel V
This document provides information about a course on Engineering Graphics taught at SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology. It includes the course objectives, outline, units of study, outcomes and references. The key points are:
1. The course aims to develop graphic skills for communication and design. It covers topics like plane curves, projections, solids, developments and isometric/perspective views.
2. The course has 5 units spanning concepts, curves, projections of points/lines/surfaces, solids and their sections, and isometric/perspective projections.
3. On completion, students will be able to sketch, project orthographically, draw solids and their developments, and visualize isometric and perspective views of objects
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a course on mechatronics. It includes 5 units: (1) an introduction to mechatronics, sensors, and transducers; (2) microprocessors and microcontrollers; (3) programmable peripheral interfaces; (4) programmable logic controllers; and (5) actuators and mechatronic system design. The document provides details on the topics that will be covered in each unit, such as sensor characteristics, microcontroller architecture, and types of actuators. It also lists the intended learning outcomes and references for the course.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
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represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
3. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 3
OBJECTIVE:
To impart knowledge about the elements and techniques involved in Mechatronics systems which are very much
essential to understand the emerging field of automation.
UNIT I MECHATRONICS, SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS 9
Introduction to Mechatronics – Systems – Concepts of Mechatronics approach – Need for Mechatronics – Emerging
areas of Mechatronics – Classification of Mechatronics. Sensors and Transducers: Static and dynamic Characteristics
of Sensor, Potentiometers – LVDT – Capacitance sensors – Strain gauges – Eddy current sensor – Hall effect sensor –
Temperature sensors – Light sensors
UNIT II MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER 9
Introduction – Architecture of 8085 – Pin Configuration – Addressing Modes –Instruction set, Timing diagram of 8085
– Concepts of 8051 microcontroller – Block diagram.
UNIT III PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE 9
Introduction – Architecture of 8255, Keyboard interfacing, LED display –interfacing, ADC and DAC interface,
Temperature Control – Stepper Motor Control – Traffic Control interface.
UNIT IV PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS 9
Introduction – Basic structure – Input and output processing – Programming – Mnemonics – Timers, counters and
internal relays – Data handling – Selection of PLC.
UNIT V ACTUATORS AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN 9
Types of Stepper and Servo motors – Construction – Working Principle – Advantages and Disadvantages. Design
process-stages of design process – Traditional and Mechatronics design concepts – Case studies of Mechatronics
systems – Pick and place Robot – Engine Management system – Automatic car park barrier.
OTAL: 45 PERIODS
4. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 4
OUTCOMES:
Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to
CO1 Discuss the interdisciplinary applications of Electronics, Electrical, Mechanical
and Computer Systems for the Control of Mechanical, Electronic Systems and sensor
technology.
CO2 Discuss the architecture of Microprocessor and Microcontroller, Pin Diagram,
Addressing Modes of Microprocessor and Microcontroller.
CO3 Discuss Programmable Peripheral Interface, Architecture of 8255 PPI, and
various device interfacing
CO4 Explain the architecture, programming and application of programmable logic
controllers to problems and challenges in the areas of Mechatronic engineering.
CO5 Discuss various Actuators and Mechatronics system using the knowledge and
skills acquired through the course and also from the given case studies
5. Text books
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 5
1. Bolton,W, “Mechatronics” , Pearson education, second edition,
fifth Indian Reprint, 2003
2. Ramesh S Gaonkar, “Microprocessor Architecture, Programming,
and Applications with the 8085”, 5th Edition, PrenticeHall, 2008.
REFERENCES
1. Michael B.Histand and Davis G.Alciatore, “Introduction to Mechatronics and
Measurement systems”, McGraw Hill International edition, 2007.
2. Bradley D.A, Dawson D, Buru N.C and Loader A.J, “Mechatronics”, Chapman
and Hall, 1993.
3. Smaili.A and Mrad.F , “Mechatronics Integrated Technologies for Intelligent
Machines”,Oxford University Press, 2007.
4. Devadas Shetty and Richard A. Kolk, “Mechatronics Systems Design”, PWS
publishing
company, 2007.
5. Krishna Kant, “Microprocessors & Microcontrollers”, Prentice Hall of India,
2007.
6. Clarence W, de Silva, "Mechatronics" CRC Press, First Indian Re-print, 2013
6. UNIT I MECHATRONICS, SENSORS
AND TRANSDUCERS
– Introduction to Mechatronics
• Systems
• Concepts of Mechatronics approach
• Need for Mechatronics
• Emerging areas of Mechatronics
• Classification of Mechatronics.
– Sensors and Transducers:
• Static and dynamic Characteristics of Sensor,
• Potentiometers
• LVDT
• Capacitance.
• Strain gauges
• Eddy current sensor
• Hall effect sensor
• Temperature sensors
• Light sensors
6Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
8. Mechatronics Definition…
• “The name [mechatronics] was coined by Ko Kikuchi, now president of Yasakawa
Electric Co., Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo.”
– R. Comerford, “Mecha … what?” IEEE Spectrum, 31(8), 46-49, 1994.
• “The word, mechatronics is composed of mecha from mechanics and tronics
from electronics. In other words, technologies and developed products will be
incorporating electronics more and more into mechanisms, intimately and
organically, and making it impossible to tell where one ends and the other
begins.”
– T. Mori, “Mechatronics,” Yasakawa Internal Trademark Application Memo, 21.131.01,
July 12, 1969.
Mechatronics
mecha
tronicsEletronics
Mechanics
8Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
9. Mechatronics Definition…
• “Integration of electronics, control engineering, and mechanical engineering.”
– W. Bolton, Mechatronics: Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical Engineering,
Longman, 1995.
• “Application of complex decision making to the operation of physical systems.”
– D. M. Auslander and C. J. Kempf, Mechatronics: Mechanical System Interfacing,
Prentice-Hall, 1996.
• “Synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and
intelligent computer control in the design and manufacturing of industrial
products and processes.”
– F. Harshama, M. Tomizuka, and T. Fukuda, “Mechatronics-what is it, why, and how?-
and editorial,” IEEE/ASME Trans. on Mechatronics, 1(1), 1-4, 1996.
9Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
10. Mechatronics Definition…
• “Synergistic use of precision engineering, control theory, computer science, and
sensor and actuator technology to design improved products and processes.”
– S. Ashley, “Getting a hold on mechatronics,” Mechanical Engineering, 119(5), 1997.
• “Methodology used for the optimal design of electromechanical products.”
– D. Shetty and R. A Kolk, Mechatronics System Design, PWS Pub. Co., 1997.
• “Field of study involving the analysis, design, synthesis, and selection of systems
that combine electronics and mechanical components with modern controls and
microprocessors.”
– D. G. Alciatore and M. B. Histand, Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement
Systems, McGraw Hill, 1998.
• Aside: Web site devoted to definitions of mechatronics:
– http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~dga/mechatronics/definitions.html
10Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
11. Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of
sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power
electronics, decision and control algorithms, and
computer hardware and software to manage complexity,
uncertainty, and communication in engineered systems.
11Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
Working Definition
12. System
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 12
System OutputInput
System is indicated by a box where the input
and output is the responsibility of the system. So
that system is called the interconnection of some
components or elements to perform useful work.
13. A system can be thought of as a box or a
bounded whole which has input and output
elements, and a set of relationships between
these elements.
Figure shows a typical spring system. It has
‘force’ as an input which produces an
‘extension’. The input and output of this system
follows the Hooke’s law F = –kx, where F is force
in N, x is distance in m and k is stiffness of the
spring.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 13
14. Key Elements of Mechatronics
14Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
15. 15
What CAD/CAM/CAD
• CAD: Computer-Aided Design
• CAM: Computer-Aided
Manufacturing
• CAE: Computer-Aided Engineering
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
17. CAD/CAM/CAE software
• CAD – 2D drafting
– AutoCAD, TwinCAD, etc.
• CAD – Solid modeling
– Solid Edge, SolidWorks, Mechanical
Desktop(MDT), etc.
• CAM
– SOLIDCAM, SURFCAM, MasterCAM, SmartCAM,
etc.
• CAE
– ANSYS, ABAQUS, NASTRAN, ADAMS,
MOLDFLOW, etc.
17Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
18. Mechatronics Applications
• Smart consumer products: home security, camera, microwave oven,
toaster, dish washer, laundry washer-dryer, climate control units, etc.
• Medical: implant-devices, assisted surgery, haptic, etc.
• Defense: unmanned air, ground, and underwater vehicles, smart
munitions, jet engines, etc.
• Manufacturing: robotics, machines, processes, etc.
• Automotive: climate control, antilock brake, active suspension, cruise
control, air bags, engine management, safety, etc.
• Network-centric, distributed systems: distributed robotics, tele-
robotics, intelligent highways, etc.
18Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
19. Micro to Macro
Applications
Mechatronics Systems
MEMS
Consumer
Electronics
Tools
Computers
Cars
Stealth Bomber
High Speed Trains
19Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
20. Emerging Areas of Mechatronics
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 20
Mechatronics has a variety of applications as
products and systems in the area of ‘manufacturing
automation’. Some of these applications are as
follows:
1. Computer numerical control (CNC) machines
2. Tool monitoring systems
3. Advanced manufacturing systems
a. Flexible manufacturing system (FMS)
b. Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)
4. Industrial robots
5. Automatic inspection systems: machine vision
systems
21. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 21
6. Automatic packaging systems
7. Smart consumer products: home security, camera,
microwave oven, toaster, dish washer, laundry washer-dryer,
climate control units, etc.
8. Medical: implant-devices, assisted surgery, etc.
9. Defense: unmanned air, ground, and underwater vehicles,
smart munitions, jet engines, etc.
10. Manufacturing: robotics, machines, processes, etc.
Manufacturing: robotics, machines, processes, etc.
11. Automotive: climate control, antilock brake, active
suspension, cruise control, air bags, engine management,
safety, etc.
12. Network-centric, distributed systems: distributed robotics,
tele-robotics, intelligent highways, etc.
22. Classification of Mechatronics
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 22
Based on the application of basic
theories used, mechatronics systems
are classified as follows:
•Conventional mechatronic systems
•Micro electromechanical
- Micro mechatronic systems (MEMS)
•Nano electromechanical
- Micro mechatronic systems (NEMS)
23. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 23
Based on the technologies incorporated and product
features, Japan Society Promotion of Machine Industry
(JSPMI) classifies mechatronics products into following four
categories.
•Case I
Primarily mechanical products with electronic are
incorporated to enhance functionality.
e.g. NC machines tools and variable speed drives in
manufacturing machines.
•Case II
Traditional mechanical systems with significantly updated
internal devices are incorporating electronics. The external
user interfaces are unaltered.
e.g. Modern sewing machine and automated
manufacturing systems.
24. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 24
•Case III
Systems are that retain the functionality of
traditional mechanical systems but the internal
mechanisms are replaced by electronics.
e.g. Digital watch, automatic camera.
•Case IV
Products are designed with mechanical and
electronic technologies through synergistic
integration.
e.g. Photocopiers, intelligent washers and
dryers, rice cookers and automatic ovens.
25. Sensors and Actuators
• Sensor
A device that converts an environmental
condition into an electrical signal.
• Actuator
A device that converts a control signal
(usually electrical) into mechanical action
(motion).
(Taken together, sensors, actuators, controllers,
and power supply form the basic elements of
a control system.)
25Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
26. A good sensor obeys the following rules
• Is sensitive to the measured property
• Is insensitive to any other property likely
to be encountered in its application
• Does not influence the measured
property
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 26
27. Characteristics of sensor
• The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value
specified. This is called a sensitivity error, but the sensor is
still linear.
•
• Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the
output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum
when the measured property exceeds the limits. The full
scale range defines the maximum and minimum values of
the measured property.
•
• If the output signal is not zero when the measured property
is zero, the sensor has an offset or bias. This is defined as
the output of the sensor at zero input.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 27
28. • Long term drift usually indicates a slow degradation of sensor
properties over a long period of time.
•
• Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.
• Hysteresis is an error caused by when the measured property
reverses direction, but there is some finite lag in time for the
sensor to respond, creating a different offset error in one
direction than in the other.
• If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an
approximation of the measured property. The approximation
error is also called digitization error.
•
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 28
29. Transducers
• It is defined as an element when subjected to
some physical change experiences a related
change or an element which converts a
specified measurand into a usable output by
using a transduction principle.
•
• It can also be defined as a device that converts
a signal from one form of energy to another
form.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 29
30. Sensor/transducers specifications
• Transducers or measurement systems are not perfect
systems. Mechatronics design engineer must know the
capability and shortcoming of a transducer or
measurement system to properly assess its performance.
There are a number of performance related parameters of
a transducer or measurement system. These parameters
are called as sensor specifications.
• Sensor specifications inform the user to the about
deviations from the ideal behavior of the sensors. Following
are the various specifications of a sensor/transducer
system.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 30
31. 1. Range
The range of a sensor indicates the limits between which the input
can vary. For example, a thermocouple for the measurement of
temperature might have a range of 25-225 °C.
2. Span
The span is difference between the maximum and minimum values
of the input. Thus, the above-mentioned thermocouple will have a
span of 200 °C.
3. Error
Error is the difference between the result of the measurement and
the true value of the quantity being measured. A sensor might give
a displacement reading of 29.8 mm, when the actual displacement
had been 30 mm, then the error is –0.2 mm.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 31
32. 4. Accuracy
The accuracy defines the closeness of the agreement between
the actual measurement result and a true value of the
measurand. It is often expressed as a percentage of the full
range output or full–scale deflection. A piezoelectric
transducer used to evaluate dynamic pressure phenomena
associated with explosions, pulsations, or dynamic pressure
conditions in motors, rocket engines, compressors, and other
pressurized devices is capable to detect pressures between 0.1
and 10,000 psig (0.7 KPa to 70 MPa). If it is specified with the
accuracy of about ±1% full scale, then the reading given can be
expected to be within ± 0.7 MPa.
5. Sensitivity
Sensitivity of a sensor is defined as the ratio of change in
output value of a sensor to the per unit change in input value
that causes the output change. For example, a general purpose
thermocouple may have a sensitivity of 41 µV/°C.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 32
33. 6. Nonlinearity
The nonlinearity indicates the maximum
deviation of the actual measured curve of a
sensor from the ideal curve. Figure 1.3
shows a somewhat exaggerated relationship
between the ideal, or least squares fit, line
and the actual measured or calibration line.
Linearity is often specified in terms of
percentage of nonlinearity, which is defined
as:
Nonlinearity (%) = Maximum deviation in
input / Maximum full scale input figure
below.
The static nonlinearity defined by figure
below is dependent upon environmental
factors, including temperature, vibration,
acoustic noise level, and humidity.
Therefore it is important to know under
what conditions the specification is valid.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 33
34. 7. Hysteresis
The hysteresis is an error of a sensor, which is
defined as the maximum difference in output
at any measurement value within the sensor’s
specified range
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 34
When approaching the point
first with increasing and then
with decreasing the input
parameter. Figure shows the
hysteresis error might have
occurred during measurement of
temperature using a
thermocouple. The hysteresis
error value is normally specified
as a positive or negative
percentage of the specified input
range.
35. 8. Resolution
Resolution is the smallest detectable incremental change of input
parameter that can be detected in the output signal. Resolution can be
expressed either as a proportion of the full-scale reading or in absolute
terms. For example, if a LVDT sensor measures a displacement up to 20
mm and it provides an output as a number between 1 and 100 then the
resolution of the sensor device is 0.2 mm.
9. Stability
Stability is the ability of a sensor device to give same output when used to
measure a constant input over a period of time. The term ‘drift’ is used to
indicate the change in output that occurs over a period of time. It is
expressed as the percentage of full range output.
10. Dead band/time
The dead band or dead space of a transducer is the range of input values
for which there is no output. The dead time of a sensor device is the time
duration from the application of an input until the output begins to
respond or change. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 35
36. 11. Repeatability
It specifies the ability of a sensor to give same output
for repeated applications of same input value. It is
usually expressed as a percentage of the full range
output: Repeatability = (maximum – minimum values
given) X 100 / full range (Figure Hysteresis Error
Curve)
Response time
Response time describes the speed of change in the
output on a step-wise change of the measurand. It is
always specified with an indication of input step and
the output range for which the response time is
defined.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 36
37. Classification of sensors
• Sensors can be classified into various groups
according to the factors such as measurand,
application fields, conversion principle, energy
domain of the measurand and
thermodynamic considerations. Detail
classification of sensors in view of their
applications in manufacturing is as follows.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 37
38. Displacement, position and proximity
sensors
• Potentiometer
• Strain-gauged element
• Capacitive element
• Differential transformers
• Eddy current proximity sensors
• Inductive proximity switch
• Optical encoders
• Pneumatic sensors
• Proximity switches (magnetic)
• Hall effect sensors
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 38
40. Liquid flow
• Orifice plate
• Turbine meter
Liquid level
• Floats
• Differential pressure
Temperature
• Bimetallic strips
• Resistance temperature detectors
• Thermistors
• Thermo-diodes and transistors
• Thermocouples
• Light sensors
• Photo diodes
• Photo resistors
• Photo transistor Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 40
41. UNIT II MICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCONTROLLER
Introduction:
Architecture of 8085
Pin Configuration
Addressing Modes
Instruction set, Timing diagram of 8085
Concepts of 8051 microcontroller
Block diagram,.
41
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
46. CPU
General-
Purpose
Micro-
processor
RAM ROM I/O
Port
Timer
Serial
COM
Port
Data Bus
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example:Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0
Many chips on mother’s board
Microprocessor
46Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
Introduction:
47. RAM ROM
I/O
Port
Timer
Serial
COM
Port
Microcontroller
CPU
• A smaller computer
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example:Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X
A single chip
Microcontroller
47Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
48. Microprocessor
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
ROM, I/O, timer are separate
• designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O
ports.
• expansive
• versatility
• general-purpose
Microcontroller
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
timer are all on a single chip
• fix amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
• for applications in which cost,
power and space are critical
• single-purpose
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
48Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
91. 8051 microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a VLSI IC that contains a CPU
(Processor) along with some other peripherals like
Memory (RAM and ROM), I/O Ports, Timers/Counters,
Communication Interface, ADC, etc.
92. On the contrary, a
Microprocessor (which was
developed before
Microcontroller) is just a
Processor (CPU) and doesn’t
have the above mentioned
peripherals. In order to make
it work or build a system
around it, we need to
interface the peripherals
separately.
Until the development of
Microcontrollers, almost all
process and control tasks
were implemented using
Microprocessors. As
Microprocessor need the
additional peripherals to
work as a system, the
overall cost of the control
system was high.
93. Concepts of 8051 microcontroller
• 8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in
1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built
with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of
ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage,
2 16-bit timers. It consists of are four parallel
8-bit ports, which are programmable as well as
addressable as per the requirement. An on-chip
crystal oscillator is integrated in the
microcontroller having crystal frequency of 12
MHz.
94. Brief History of 8051
• The first microprocessor 4004 was invented by Intel
Corporation. 8085 and 8086 microprocessors were
also invented by Intel. In 1981, Intel introduced an 8-
bit microcontroller called the 8051. It was referred
as system on a chip because it had 128 bytes of
RAM, 4K byte of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial
port, and 4 ports (8-bit wide), all on a single chip.
When it became widely popular, Intel allowed other
manufacturers to make and market different flavors
of 8051 with its code compatible with 8051. It
means that if you write your program for one flavor
of 8051, it will run on other flavors too, regardless of
the manufacturer. This has led to several versions
with different speeds and amounts of on-chip RAM.
95. Comparison between 8051 Family Members
Feature 8051 8052 8031
ROM(bytes) 4K 8K 0K
RAM(bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt
sources
6 8 6
The following table compares the features available in 8051, 8052, and 8031.
96. Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller
• Let us now discuss the architecture of 8051
Microcontroller.
• In the next following diagram, the system bus
connects all the support devices to the CPU. The
system bus consists of an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit
address bus and bus control signals. All other
devices like program memory, ports, data
memory, serial interface, interrupt control,
timers, and the CPU are all interfaced together
through the system bus.
99. Features of 8051 Microcontroller
An 8051 microcontroller comes bundled with the following features
• 8 – Bit ALU: ALU or Arithmetic Logic Unit is the heart of a microcontroller. It
performs arithmetic and bitwise operation on binary numbers. The ALU in 8051
is an 8 – Bit ALU i.e. it can perform operations on 8 – bit data.
• 8 – Bit Accumulator:The Accumulator is an important register associated with
the ALU. The accumulator in 8051 is an 8 – bit register.
• RAM: 8051 Microcontroller has 128 Bytes of RAM which includes SFRs and Input
/ Output Port Registers.
• ROM: 8051 has 4 KB of on-chip ROM (Program Memory).
• I/O Ports: 8051 has four 8 – bit Input / Output Ports which are bit addressable
and bidirectional.
• Timers / Counters: 8051 has two 16 – bit Timers / Counters.
• Serial Port: 8051 supports full duplex UART Communication.
• External Memory: 8051Microcontroller can access two 16 – bit address line at
once: one each for RAM and ROM. The total external memory that an 8051
Microcontroller can access for RAM and ROM is 64KB (216 for each type).
• Additional Features: Interrupts, on-chip oscillator, Boolean Processor, Power
Down Mode, etc.
– NOTE: Some of the features like size of RAM and ROM, number of Timers, etc. are
not generic. They vary by manufacturer.
100.
101.
102. • Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
– The many varieties of RISC designs
include ARC, Alpha, Am29000, ARM, Atmel
AVR, Blackfin, i860, i960, M88000, MIPS, PA-RISC, Power
ISA (including PowerPC), RISC-V, SuperH, and SPARC. The use of ARM
architecture processors in smartphones and tablet computers such as
the iPad and Android devices provided a wide user base for RISC-based
systems. RISC processors are also used in supercomputers, such as Fugaku,
which, as of June 2020, is the world's fastest supercomputer.
• Complex instruction set computer (CISC)
– is a computer in which single instructions can execute several low-level
operations (such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and
a memory store) or are capable of multi-step operations or addressing
modes within single instructions. The term was retroactively coined in
contrast to reduced instruction set computer.
– Examples of instruction set architectures that have been retroactively
labeled CISC are System/360 through z/Architecture, the PDP-
11 and VAX architectures, Data General Nova and many others.
– Well known microprocessors and microcontrollers that have also been
labeled CISC in many academic publications include the Motorola
6800, 6809 and 68000-families; the Intel 8080, iAPX432 and x86-family; the
Zilog Z80, Z8 and Z8000-families; and others
103.
104. Pins 1 to 8 − These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve
any other functions. It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.
Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to
its initial values.
Pins 10 to 17 − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some
functions like interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial
communication signals RxD and TxD, etc.
Pins 18 & 19 − These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal
to get the system clock.
Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.
Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port.
Higher order address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port.
Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is
used to read a signal from the external program memory.
Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is
used to enable/disable the external memory interfacing.
105. Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable.
It is used to demultiplex the address-data signal of port.
Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O
port. Lower order address and data bus signals are multiplexed
using this port.
Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.
8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each of 8-bit, which can be
configured as input or output. Hence, total 32 input/output pins allow
the microcontroller to be connected with the peripheral devices.
Pin configuration, i.e. the pin can be configured as 1 for input and 0
for output as per the logic state.
Input/Output (I/O) pin − All the circuits within the
microcontroller must be connected to one of its pins except P0
port because it does not have pull-up resistors built-in.
Input pin − Logic 1 is applied to a bit of the P register. The output
FE transistor is turned off and the other pin remains connected to
the power supply voltage over a pull-up resistor of high
resistance.
106. Port 0 − The P0 (zero) port is characterized by two functions −
•When the external memory is used then the lower address
byte (addresses A0A7) is applied on it, else all bits of this port
are configured as input/output.
•When P0 port is configured as an output then other ports
consisting of pins with built-in pull-up resistor connected by its
end to 5V power supply, the pins of this port have this resistor
left out.
Output Configuration
When the pin is configured as an output, then it acts as an
“open drain”. By applying logic 0 to a port bit, the
appropriate pin will be connected to ground (0V), and
applying logic 1, the external output will keep on “floating”.
In order to apply logic 1 (5V) on this output pin, it is
necessary to build an external pullup resistor.
107. Port 1
P1 is a true I/O port as it doesn’t have any alternative
functions as in P0, but this port can be configured as
general I/O only. It has a built-in pull-up resistor and is
completely compatible with TTL circuits.
Port 2
P2 is similar to P0 when the external memory is used.
Pins of this port occupy addresses intended for the
external memory chip. This port can be used for higher
address byte with addresses A8-A15. When no memory
is added then this port can be used as a general
input/output port similar to Port 1.
Port 3
In this port, functions are similar to other ports except
that the logic 1 must be applied to appropriate bit of the
P3 register.
108. Pins Current Limitations
When pins are configured as an output (i.e. logic 0),
then the single port pins can receive a current of
10mA.
When these pins are configured as inputs (i.e. logic 1), then
built-in pull-up resistors provide very weak current, but can
activate up to 4 TTL inputs of LS series.
If all 8 bits of a port are active, then the total current must be
limited to 15mA (port P0: 26mA).
If all ports (32 bits) are active, then the total maximum current
must be limited to 71mA.
Interrupts are the events that temporarily suspend the main
program, pass the control to the external sources and execute their task.
It then passes the control to the main program where it had left off.
8051 has 5 interrupt signals, i.e. INT0, TFO, INT1, TF1, RI/TI. Each
interrupt can be enabled or disabled by setting bits of the IE register and
the whole interrupt system can be disabled by clearing the EA bit of the
same register.
118. Applications of 8051 Microcontroller
• Even with the development of many advanced and superior Microcontrollers,
8051 Microcontroller is still being used in many embedded system and
applications.
• Some of the applications of 8051 Microcontroller are mentioned below:
– Consumer Appliances (TV Tuners, Remote controls, Computers, Sewing
Machines, etc.)
– Home Applications (TVs, VCR, Video Games, Camcorder, Music Instruments,
Home Security Systems, Garage Door Openers, etc.)
– Communication Systems (Mobile Phones, Intercoms, Answering Machines,
Paging Devices, etc.)
– Office (Fax Machines, Printers, Copiers, Laser Printers, etc.)
– Automobiles (Air Bags, ABS, Engine Control, Transmission Control,
Temperature Control, Keyless Entry, etc)
– Aeronautical and Space
– Medical Equipment
– Defense Systems
– Robotics
– Industrial Process and Flow Control
– Radio and Networking Equipment
– Remote Sensing
130. UNIT III PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL
INTERFACE
Introduction :
Architecture of 8255,
Keyboard interfacing,
LED display – interfacing,
ADC and DAC interface,
Temperature Control
Stepper Motor Control
Traffic Control interface.
130
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
131. Programmable peripheral interface 8255
• PPI 8255 is a general purpose programmable I/O device
designed to interface the CPU with its outside world such as
ADC, DAC, keyboard etc. We can program it according to the
given condition. It can be used with almost any
microprocessor.
• It consists of three 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports i.e. PORT A,
PORT B and PORT C. We can assign different ports as input or
output functions.
• It consists of 40 pins and operates in +5V regulated power
supply. Port C is further divided into two 4-bit ports i.e. port C
lower and port C upper and port C can work in either BSR (bit
set rest) mode or in mode 0 of input-output mode of 8255.
Port B can work in either mode or in mode 1 of input-output
mode. Port A can work either in mode 0, mode 1 or mode 2 of
input-output mode.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150. • PA0 – PA7 – Pins of port A
• PB0 – PB7 – Pins of port B
• PC0 – PC7 – Pins of port C
• D0 – D7 – Data pins for the transfer of data
• RESET – Reset input
• RD’ – Read input
• WR’ – Write input
• CS’ – Chip select
• A1 and A0 – Address pins
195. UNIT IV PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER
– Introduction:-
Basic Structure and Input / Output
Processing
Programming
Mnemonics
Timers and Internal relays and counters
Shift Registers
Master and Jump Controls
Data Handling and Analogs Input / Output
Selection of a PLC
195Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
196. PLCs
(Definition according to NEMA standard ICS3-1978)
A digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a
programming memory for the internal storage of instructions for
implementing specific functions such as logic, sequencing, timing,
counting and arithmetic to control through digital or analog modules,
various types of machines or process.
PLCs were designed to replace relay logic systems. These PLCs
were programmed in "ladder logic", which strongly resembles a
schematic diagram of relay logic. This program notation was chosen to
reduce training demands for the existing technicians. Other early PLCs
used a form of instruction list programming, based on a stack-based
logic solver
196Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
198. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 198
The Hydramatic Division of the General Motors Corporation specified
the design criteria for the first programmable controller in 1968
Their primary goal
To eliminate the high costs associated with inflexible, relay-
controlled systems.
In 1968 GM Hydra-Matic (the automatic transmission division of General
Motors) issued a request for proposals for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay
systems based on a white paper written by engineer Edward R. Clark. The winning
proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts.
History:
1968 Programmable concept developed
1969 Hardware CPU controller, with logic
instructions, 1 K of memory and 128 I/O points
1974 Use of several (multi) processors within a
PLC - timers and counters; arithmetic
operations; 12 K of memory and 1024 I/O points
1976 Remote input/output systems introduced
1977 Microprocessors - based PLC introduced
199. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 199
The functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to
include sequential relay control, motion control, process
control, distributed control systems and networking. The data
handling, storage, processing power and communication
capabilities of some modern PLCs are approximately equivalent
to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with
remote I/O hardware, allow a general-purpose desktop computer
to overlap some PLCs in certain applications. Regarding the
practicality of these desktop computer based logic controllers
200. Major Components of a Common PLC
PROCESSOR
POWER
SUPPLY
I M
N O
P D
U U
T L
E
O M
U O
T D
P U
U L
T E
PROGRAMMING
DEVICE
From
SENSORS
Pushbuttons,
contacts,
limit switches,
etc.
To
OUTPUT
Solenoids,
contactors,
alarms
etc.
200Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
202. Contd.,
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 202
A structure of
PLC program is designed
to increase its
effectiveness in matching
CNC system to machine
Programmable logic controller
(PLC) is a control system using
electronic operations. Its easy storing
procedures, handy extending principles,
functions of sequential/position control,
timed counting and input/output control
are widely applied to the field of
industrial automation control.
203. Input / Output
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 203
The I/O module units form the interface between the microelectronics of
the programmable controller and the real world outside, and must
therefore provide all necessary signal conditioning and isolation
functions. This often allows a PLC to be directly connected to process
actuators and input devices without the need for intermediate circuitry
or relays.
205. Processing
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
205
All automated equipment is likely to have an initial or home position.
This is the position that all of its actuators will adopt prior to the operation of
the equipment. Therefore to signify and initialize a basic position for the
equipment, the home position of each actuator can be combined logically and
programmed as a step in a sequential process.
For example in a simple drill system that comprises of a drill cylinder and a
clamp cylinder as shown in Fig 1, the initial position can be defined as:
Drill cylinder retracted
Clamp cylinder retracted
Process status is often displayed using
indicator lamps or alarms, etc. Such elements are
programmed in this section of the software.
Standard logic instructions
The processing potential of binary signals can
be described using the three basic operations:
AND / OR / NOT (negation)
These basic logic operations can be used to solve
combinational control problems.
206. Programming
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 206
Programming
• Plan your program on paper first! Don’t just power up your PLC and start
keying in elements. 80% of your time should be spent working out the program,
and only 20% keying it in.
• Keep documentation of all elements used in the program – add comments as
necessary.
• Assume the program will find every error sequence possible – design safety
into it!
• Keep programs simple and readable. Comments would be helpful.
• Try sectional development and testing if possible.
• Use forcing and monitoring functions to observe program operation in
situations where it is safe to do so.
As example to illustrate how a ladder diagram, show in
is translated from the Boolean equation based on the
given requirement below: -
To operate valve Y1 limit switches A and B and valve X
are activated and both switch C and valve Z are not
activated. Valve Y1 will also operate if switch D and
valve X are activated and both level switch C and valve Z
are not activated
208. L1
LS1 PB1 LS2 R1
R1
R1
TIMER
R2
PR=5
For process control, it is desired to have the process start (by turning on a
motor) five seconds after a part touches a limit switch. The process is
terminated automatically when the finished part touches a second limit
switch. An emergency switch will stop the process any time when it is
pushed.
LS1
PB1
LS2
R1
TIMER
5
Motor
R2
Contd.,
208Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
212. Timer
A timer consists of an internal clock, a count value register, and
an accumulator. It is used for or some timing purpose.
Clock
Accumulator
contact
reset
output
Register
Contact
Time 5 seconds.
Clock
Reset
Output
Count 1 2 3 40 5
212Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
213. Digital counters output in the form of a relay contact when a
preassigned count value is reached.
Register
Accumulator
contact
input
reset
output
Input
Reset
Output
Count 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1
5
Counters
213Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
214. Shift Registers
A shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same
clock, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the
"data" input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a
circuit that shifts by one position the "bit array" stored in it,
shifting in the data present at its input and shifting out the last
bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input.
Shift registers can have both parallel and serial inputs and
outputs. These are often configured as 'serial-in, parallel-out'
(SIPO) or as 'parallel-in, serial-out' (PISO). There are also types
that have both serial and parallel input and types with serial
and parallel output.
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 214
215. Master and Jump Controls
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 215
Master controls can be thought of as "emergency stop switches". An
emergency stop switch typically is a big red button on a machine that will shut it off in
cases of emergency. e.g In the local gas station’s door on the outside to see an example
of an e-stop, master control symbol
The master control instruction typically is used in pairs with a master control
reset. However this varies by manufacturer. Some use MCR in pairs instead of teaming it
with another symbol. It is commonly abbreviated as MC/MCR (master control/master
control reset), MCS/MCR (master control set/master control reset) or just simply MCR
(master control reset).
JMP
The jump instruction (JMP) is an output instruction
used for this purpose
216. Contd.,
Program control instructions are used to alter the
program scan from its normal sequence. Sometimes
referred to as override instructions, they provide a
means of executing sections of the control logic if certain
conditions are met. They allow for greater program
flexibility and greater efficiency in the program scan.
216Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
217. Typical Program Control Instructions Based On The SLC 500 And Associated
RSLogix Software
Program Control
JMP
JMP Jump to Label Jump forward/backward
to a corresponding label
instruction
LBL JSR RET SBR TND MCR
MCR Master Control Reset Clears all set outputs
between the paired MCR
instruction
SUS
217Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
218. Hardwired Master Control Relay Circuit
Hardwired master control relays are used in relay circuitry to provide input/output power
shutdown of an entire circuit.
218Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
220. The master control reset (MCR) instruction can be
programmed to control an entire circuit or to control only
selected rungs of a circuit. When the MCR instruction is
false, or de-energized, all nonretentive (nonlatched) rungs
below the the MCR will be de-energized even if the
programmed logic for each rung is true. All retentive rungs
will remain in their last state. The MCR instruction
establishes a zone in the user program in which all
nonretentive outputs can be turned off simultaneously.
Therefore, retentive instructions should not normally be
placed within an MCR zone because the MCR zone
maintains retentive instructions in the last active state
when the instruction goes false.
MCR Instruction MCR
220Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
222. MCR Instruction Programmed To Control A
Fenced Zone
The Master Control Reset (MCR) instruction
is used in pairs to disable or enable a zone
within a ladder program and has no
address. You program the first MCR with
input instructions in the rung and the
ending MCR without any other instructions
in the rung.
Fenced
Zone
222Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
223. MCR Instruction Programmed To Control A
Fenced Zone
MCR Zone False
223Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
224. Programming MCR Instructions
If you start instructions such as timers and counters
in an MCR zone, instruction operation ceases when the
zone is disabled.
The TOF timer will activate when placed inside a false
MCR zone.
When troubleshooting a program that contains an MCR zone you need to be aware of
which rungs are within zones in order to correctly edit the circuit.
MCR controlled areas must contain only two MCR
instructions – one to define the start and one to define the end.
224Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
225. Jump Instruction
As in computer programming, it is sometimes desirable
to be able to jump over certain program instructions.
The jump instruction (JMP) is an output instruction used for this purpose. The advantages
to the jump instruction include:
the ability to reduce the processor scan time by jumping over instructions not pertinent
to the machines operation at that instant
The PLC can hold more than one program and scan only the program appropriate to
operator requirements
Sections of a program can be jumped when a production fault occurs
JMP
225Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
226. Jump Operation
By using the jump instruction, you can branch or skip to different portions of a program
and freeze all affected outputs in their last state.
Jumps are normally allowed
in both the forward and
backward directions.
Jumping over counters and
timers will stop them from
being incremented.
226Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
227. Jump-To-Label
With Allen-Bradley PLCs the jump (JMP) instruction and the label
(LBL) instruction are employed together so the scan can jump over
a portion of the program.
The label is a target for the jump, it is the first instruction in the
rung, and it is always true.
A jump jumps to a label with the same address. The area that the
processor jumps over is defined by the locations of the jump and
label instructions in the program.
If the jump coil is energized, all logic between the jump and label
instructions is bypassed and the processor continues scanning
after the LBL instruction.
227Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
229. Jump - To - Subroutine
Another valuable tool in PLC programming is to be able to escape from the main program and
go to a program subroutine to perform certain functions and then return to the main
program.
229Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
230. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 230
Data Handling
Data-handling instructions are used to convert and move data within a Micro- Logix PLC.
Data-handling instructions are often used to interface with field devices that supply or
require data in BCD (binary coded decimal) form.
231. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 231
Analogs Input / Output
Analog I/O that is distributed around your application or mounted on a
machine for distributed applications
232. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 232
The process of selecting a PLC can be broken into the steps listed below.
1. Understand the process to be controlled
• List the number and types of inputs and outputs.
• Determine how the process is to be controlled.
• Determine special needs such as distance between parts of the process.
2. If not already specified, a single vendor should be selected. Factors that might be
considered are, (Note: Vendor research may be needed here.)
• Manuals and documentation
• Support while developing programs
• The range of products available
• Support while troubleshooting
• Shipping times for emergency replacements
• Training
• The track record for the company
• Business practices (billing, upgrades/obsolete products, etc.)
3. Plan the ladder logic for the controls.
Selection of a PLC
233. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 233
Cost of hardware, software, Integration Engineering, Design,
Installation, Start-up and Commissioning, Validation documentation
and Execution, Training, Spare parts, Maintenance, System service
contract and system life cycle.
Reliability, Flexibility, Scalability and Validatability.
Ease of Database configuration, Graphics development, Interlocks
and Batch processing.
Integration of High-level Application.
Control Philosophy for Centralized versus Remote Operator
Console or both.
Limit selection to one, or two vendors.
PLC Size
Selection
Criteria
Customer Support
Wide Hardware Selection
Safety Support
Ease of EPICS Interfacing
TEXT import File style
Text Import of Tagnames
and I/O Symbols
Text Import of Program
Logic
TEXT import form
documented and supported
Ability to merge Input files
Cost Comparison, Config.
Company
Evaluation Totals
1. SMALL - it covers units with up to 128 I/O’s and memories up to 2 Kbytes.
- these PLC’s are capable of providing simple to advance levels
or machine controls.
2. MEDIUM- have up to 2048 I/O’s and memories up to 32 Kbytes.
3. LARGE - the most sophisticated units of the PLC family. They have up to
8192 I/O’s and memories up to 750 Kbytes.
- can control individual production processes or entire plant.
234. PLC Comparison Matrix
234Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
PLC Manufacturer Performance
Per 1k Boolean
Instructions
Time Stamping
Capabilities
Fastest ADC and channel
count
Network Capabilities
AB, CompactLogix 0.04ms – 0.08 ms Software supported, ~1 ms
accuracy expected
4 @ .1ms/ch Yes, CIP, Ethernet are
easily supported.
Siemens, S7-300 0.05 ms – 0.10 ms Hardware support, <10 ms
accuracy
4 @ .1 ms/ch Yes, Profibus and Profinet
require special network
components
GE, RS7i 0.02 ms – 0.04 ms Hardware or Software,
h/w 1ms accuracy
64 @ 1 ms/ all ch,
Faster w / special VME
Yes, supports several
standard Ethernet protocols
Yokogawa FA-M3
Linux CPU or
Sequence CPU
0.02 ms – 0.04 ms Software support, EPICS
compatible
Software support ~1 ms
accuracy
4 simultaneous channels @
50 us/4
8 simultaneous channels @
500 us/8
Yes, standard EPICS
channel access,
Yes, but capabilities
unknown.
235. 235
Leading Brands Of PLC
AMERICAN 1. Allen Bradley
2. Gould Modicon
3. Texas Instruments
4. General Electric
5. Westinghouse
6. Cutter Hammer
7. Square D
EUROPEAN 1. Siemens
2. Klockner & Mouller
3. Festo
4. Telemechanique
235Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
236. 236
Leading Brands Of PLC
JAPANESE 1. Toshiba
2. Omron
3. Fanuc
4. Mitsubishi
Areas of Application
Manufacturing / Machining
Food / Beverage
Metals
Power
Mining
Petrochemical / Chemical
236Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
238. UNIT V ACTUATORS AND MECHATRONIC
SYSTEM DESIGN
Types of Stepper and Servo motors
Construction – Working Principle
Advantages and Disadvantages.
Design process-stages of design process
Traditional and Mechatronics design concepts
Case studies of Mechatronics systems
Pick and place Robot
Engine Management system
Automatic car park barrier.
238Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
239. Sequential/Concurrent Product Realization
• Sequential and discipline specific concurrent design processes for
product realization are at best multi-disciplinary calling upon
discipline specialists to “design by discipline.”
– Design mechanical system “plant.”
– Select sensors and actuators and mount on plant.
– Design signal conditioning and power electronics.
– Design and implement control algorithm using electrical, electronics,
microprocessor, microcontroller, or microcomputer based hardware.
239Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
240. Mechatronics-based Product Realization
• Systems engineering allows design, analysis, and synthesis of products and
processes involving components from multiple disciplines.
• Mechatronics exploits systems engineering to guide the product realization process
from design, model, simulate, analyze, refine, prototype, validate, and deployment
cycle.
• In mechatronics-based product realization: mechanical, electrical, and computer
engineering and information systems are integrated throughout the design process
so that the final products can be better than the sum of its parts.
• Mechatronics system is not
– simply a multi-disciplinary system
– simply an electromechanical system
– just a control system
240Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
242. Evolution of Mechatronics as a Contemporary
Design Paradigm
• Technological advances in design, manufacturing, and operation of
engineered products/devices/processes can be traced through:
– Industrial revolution
– Semiconductor revolution
– Information revolution
242Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
243. Case studies of Mechatronics systems
• Engine management system
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 243
244. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 244
The figure illustrates the basic concept of engine management system using a
microprocessor.
Engine management system is used for managing the ignition and air/fuel
requirement of an IC engine.
In the case of four stroke multi cylinder petrol engine, each cylinder has a
piston performing all the four stroke (suction, compression, working or expansion
and exhaust strokes) and the piston rod of each
Piston connected to common crankshaft, and their power strokes at different
time‟s resulting power for rotation of the crankshaft.
The power and speed of an engine are functions of ignition timing and
air/fuel mixture.
Hence, by controlling the ignition timing and air/fuel mixture it is possible to
control the speed and power of the engine
In modern cars the ignition timing, opening and closing of valves at appropriate
time, quality of air/fuel mixture are controlled by microprocessor with the help of
sensors.
248. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems
• Directional control valves are one of the most fundamental parts in Pneumatic
hydraulic machinery as well and pneumatic machinery. They allow fluid flow into
different paths from one or more sources. They usually consist of a spool inside a
cylinder which is mechanically or electrically controlled. The movement of the
spool restricts or permits the flow, thus it controls the fluid flow.
Directional Control Valves
Directional control valves can be
classified according to :-
•number of ports
two way,three way,four way
valves.
•number of positions
• two position and three
position
•actuating methods
Manually Operated
Mechanically Operated
Hydraulic/Pneumatically
•type of spool
Spool is of two types namely
sliding and rotary. 248
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
249. Rotary Actuators
• A rotary actuator is an actuator that produces a rotary motion
or torque.
• The simplest actuator is purely mechanical, where linear motion in
one direction gives rise to rotation. The most common actuators
though are electrically powered. Other actuators may be powered
by pneumatic or hydraulic power, or may use energy stored
internally through springs.
• The motion produced by an actuator may be either continuous
rotation, as for an electric motor, or movement to a fixed angular
position as forservos and stepper motors. A further form,
the torque motor, does not necessarily produce any rotation but
merely generates a precise torque which then either causes
rotation, or is balanced by some opposing torque.
249Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
250. Types of Rotary Actuators
PNEUMATIC RACK AND PINION ROTARY
ACTUATORS
VANE STYLE ROTARY ACTUATORS
250
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
251. Mechanical Actuation Systems
Cams : –
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical
linkage used especially in transforming rotary motion into
linear motion or vice-versa. It is often a part of a
rotating wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel) or shaft (e.g. a
cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a leverat one or
more points on its circular path. The cam can be a simple
tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of power to a steam
hammer, for example, or an eccentric disc or other shape
that produces a smooth reciprocating (back and forth)
motion in the follower, which is a lever making contact with
the cam
Classifications:
Plate cam
Cylindrical cam
Face cam
Linear cam
An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from
the 3rd century BC.The cam and camshaft appeared in European
mechanisms from the 14th century.
251Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
252. Gear trains
Gear-train-backlash-
and-contact-pattern-
checking
A gear train is formed by mounting gears on a frame so that the teeth of the gears engage. Gear
teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without
slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next.
The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to
the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and thesouth-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by
the renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The
implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant
speed ratio 252Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
253. Some important features of gears and gear trains are:
The ratio of the pitch circles of mating gears defines the speed
ratio and the mechanical advantage of the gear set.
A planetary gear train provides high gear reduction in a compact
package.
It is possible to design gear teeth for gears that are non-circular, yet
still transmit torque smoothly.
The speed ratios of chain and belt drives are computed in the same
way as gear ratios
253
Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
254. Electrical Actuation Systems
A actuator which can receive electrical energy
for motion is known as electrical actuator.
• Mechanical Switches :
– Relays
• Solid state switches:
– Diodes
– Thyristors (or) SCR [Silicon Controlled Rectifier]
– TRIAC (Triode for Alternating Current)
– Bipolar Transistors
– MOSFETS (Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor)
254Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
256. •Desktop sized Factory
•Build small parts with a small factory
•Greatly reduces space, energy, and
materials
Manufacturing Applications-
Micro Factory
Micro Factory Drilling Unit
256Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
257. CNC Bending
•Fully automated bending: load sheet
metal and the finished bent parts
come out
•Can bend complex shapes
257Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
260. •Train Position and Velocity
constantly monitored from main
command center.
•Error margin in scheduling no
more than 30 seconds
•Fastest trains use magnetic
levitation
High Speed Trains
JR-Maglev
Top Speed: 574 km/h (357 mph)
Country: Japan
Transrapid
Top Speed: 550 km/h (340 mph)
Country: German
Magnetic Levitation
260Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
261. Transportation Applications-
Advantages
•Simple and intuitive
personal transportation
device
Systems Uses
•Tilt and pressure sensors
•Microcontroller
•Motors
•Onboard power source
Segway
261Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
262. “Smart” Doorlock
Switchboard with
CAN Bus Gateway
“Smart” Window Lift-unit
CAM Bus
“Smart” Mirror motor-unit
pin-header
- Door System/Module-
262Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
263. Seat System/Module-
Seat Harness Architecture showing various smart
connector interconnections solutions
263Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
264. Smart Robotics Application
System Can
•Carry 340 lb
•Run 4 mph
•Climb, run, and walk
•Move over rough terrain
BigDog
Advantages
•Robot with rough-terrain mobility that could carry
equipment to remote location.
264Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
265. •Robots can vacuum floors and clean
gutters so you don't have to.
Cleans Gutter
Vacuum Floors
265Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
266. Space Exploration Application-
System Can
•Collect specimens
•Has automated onboard lab
for testing specimens
Advantages
•Robot that can travel to other
planets and take measurements
automatically.
Phoenix Mars Lander's
266Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
268. Medical Applications
•Used by patients with slow or
erratic heart rates. The pacemaker
will set a normal heart rate when it
sees an irregular heart rhythm.
•Monitors the heart. If heart
fibrillates or stops completely it will
shock the heart at high voltage to
restore a normal heart rhythm.
Pace Maker
Implantable Defibrillation
268Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
269. Defense Applications
•Advanced technology is making our
soldiers safer.
•Some planes can now be flown
remotely.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Stealth Bomber
269Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
270. -Sanitation Applications-
System Uses
•Proximity sensors
•Control circuitry
•Electromechanical valves
•Independent power source
Advantages
•Reduces spread of germs by making device
hands free
•Reduces wasted water by automatically
turning off when not in use
Mechatronics Systems
270Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
271. -Sanitation Applications-
Advantages
•Reduces spread of germs by making device
hands free
•Reduces wasted materials by controlling
how much is dispensed
Systems Uses
•Motion sensors
•Control circuitry
•Electromechanical actuators
•Independent power source
Soap Dispenser
Paper Towel Dispenser
Mechatronics Systems
271Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2
275. Dr. V. KANDAVEL, Asp/Mech. SSMIET, DGL-2 275
Exam date
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI - 600 025
B E DEGREE EXAMINATIONS-NOV./DEC. 2020 For
candidates admitted in Anna University, Chennai
xx.11.2020
FN/AN