The document is a seminar report on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) submitted by Govind Ram Kumawat to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes sections on MEMS technology overview, chemical vapor deposition processes, physical vapor deposition, pattern transfer processes, etching processes, MEMS fabrication technology, applications of MEMS, and advantages and disadvantages of MEMS. The report provides information on different fabrication and processing techniques used in MEMS such as CVD, photolithography, etching, and applications such as sensors, accelerometers, and inertial sensors.
The document is a seminar report on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) submitted by Govind Ram Kumawat in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes a title page, candidate's declaration, certificate, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, and the beginning of chapter 1 which provides an overview of MEMS technology. The report was supervised by Mr. Trivendra Sharma and examines MEMS, which integrate electrical and mechanical components on a micrometer scale for applications such as sensors and actuators.
A novel and innovative method for designing of rf mems deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
The design complexity of the RF MEMS devices is increasing with fast rate, which require more accurate designing and simulation techniques. With upcoming technologies accurate simulation capability is a necessity for designing smaller chips. When devices are designed at nano scale, it presents a number of unique challenges. As the scale of the individual device decreases and the complexity of the physical structure increases, the nature of the device characteristics depart from those obtained from many of the classically held modeling concepts. Furthermore, the difficulty encountered in performing measurements on these devices means we have to put more emphasis on the results obtained from theoretical characteristics. Modeling also allows new device structures to be rigorously investigated prior to fabrication. This paper reports a novel and innovative method of design and simulation of MEMS based inductor by the method of co-simulation.
Keywords: Micro Electro Mechanical System, Radio Frequency, Co-Simulation, COMSOL Multiphysics, SOLIDWORKS, Computer Aided Design, Integrated Circuit
A. Mohammed Ovaiz is seeking a career in the power industry where he can learn about emerging technologies and take on challenging roles. He has 6 years of teaching experience and 3 years of experience in power sector operations and maintenance. He holds an M.E. in Power Electronics and Drives with high marks and a B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering also with high marks. He has expertise in various power-related fields and has published papers in international journals and conferences.
Recent Application and Future Development Scope in MEMSIRJET Journal
This document discusses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) including recent developments and future applications. MEMS integrate mechanical and electrical components using microfabrication techniques and can range in size from micrometers to millimeters. Recent applications discussed include lab-on-chip devices for medical diagnostics, micro-optical electromechanical systems (MOEMS) for optical communications, and radio frequency MEMS (RF MEMS) for wireless devices. Future areas of development may include further miniaturization and integration of MEMS into biomedical, communication, and sensor applications.
This curriculum vitae outlines the professional experience and qualifications of Sayed Ahmed Nagy. He has over 20 years of experience in higher education and as an MEP consulting engineer. He currently works as an Associate Professor teaching various electrical engineering courses. He has extensive experience teaching short training courses and supervising master's and PhD students. He is highly skilled in electrical power systems, measurements, and control systems.
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Prot...Kashif Mehmood
This paper includes the design and implementation of Numerical Relay that can protect the equipment against over-voltage, over-current and under voltage. Although, every power system is subjected to faults and these faults can severe damage to the power system. Therefore, it is necessary
to observe and resolve in time to avoid a large damage such as blackouts. For this purpose, there
should be some sensing devices, which give signals to the circuit breakers for preventing of power
system damages. The multipurpose relays have much importance role in power system for sensing
and measuring the amplitude of faults. Numerical relay provides settings of over-current, overvoltage and under voltage values. Simulations have been carried out using Proteus software along
with tested on hardware with Arduino Uno Microcontroller that proves the working and operation of
numerical relay.
First Steps Toward Scientific Cyber-Security Experimentation in Wide-Area Cyb...DETER-Project
Abstract: Steps towards an environment for repeatable and scalable experiments on wide-area cyber-physical systems. The cyber-physical systems that underlie the world's critical infrastructure are increasingly vulnerable to attack and failure. Our work has focused on secure and resilient communication technology for the electric power grid, a subset of the general cyber-physical problem. We have demonstrated tools and methodology for experimentation with GridStat, a middleware system designed to provide enhanced communication service for the grid, within the DeterLab cyber-security testbed. Experiment design tools for DeterLab and for GridStat will ease the creation and execution of relatively large experiments, and they should make this environment accessible to users inexperienced with cluster testbeds. This abstract presents brief overviews of DeterLab and of GridStat and describes their integration. It also describes a large scale GridStat/DeterLab experiment.
For more information, visit: http://www.deter-project.org
A Survey- Energy Efficient Techniques in WBANIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on energy efficient techniques in wireless body area networks (WBANs). It discusses how WBANs use sensor nodes connected to or implanted in the human body to remotely monitor health. However, the sensor nodes have limited battery life so energy efficiency is important. The document reviews several medium access control (MAC) protocols designed to minimize energy consumption, including SMAC, WISEMAC, an adaptive energy efficient MAC protocol, and a dynamic duty cycle algorithm. It finds the latter two protocols are more energy efficient than SMAC and WISEMAC based on simulations. The document also outlines sources of energy waste in WBANs and applications of WBAN technology in both medical and non-medical fields.
The document is a seminar report on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) submitted by Govind Ram Kumawat in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes a title page, candidate's declaration, certificate, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, and the beginning of chapter 1 which provides an overview of MEMS technology. The report was supervised by Mr. Trivendra Sharma and examines MEMS, which integrate electrical and mechanical components on a micrometer scale for applications such as sensors and actuators.
A novel and innovative method for designing of rf mems deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
The design complexity of the RF MEMS devices is increasing with fast rate, which require more accurate designing and simulation techniques. With upcoming technologies accurate simulation capability is a necessity for designing smaller chips. When devices are designed at nano scale, it presents a number of unique challenges. As the scale of the individual device decreases and the complexity of the physical structure increases, the nature of the device characteristics depart from those obtained from many of the classically held modeling concepts. Furthermore, the difficulty encountered in performing measurements on these devices means we have to put more emphasis on the results obtained from theoretical characteristics. Modeling also allows new device structures to be rigorously investigated prior to fabrication. This paper reports a novel and innovative method of design and simulation of MEMS based inductor by the method of co-simulation.
Keywords: Micro Electro Mechanical System, Radio Frequency, Co-Simulation, COMSOL Multiphysics, SOLIDWORKS, Computer Aided Design, Integrated Circuit
A. Mohammed Ovaiz is seeking a career in the power industry where he can learn about emerging technologies and take on challenging roles. He has 6 years of teaching experience and 3 years of experience in power sector operations and maintenance. He holds an M.E. in Power Electronics and Drives with high marks and a B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering also with high marks. He has expertise in various power-related fields and has published papers in international journals and conferences.
Recent Application and Future Development Scope in MEMSIRJET Journal
This document discusses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) including recent developments and future applications. MEMS integrate mechanical and electrical components using microfabrication techniques and can range in size from micrometers to millimeters. Recent applications discussed include lab-on-chip devices for medical diagnostics, micro-optical electromechanical systems (MOEMS) for optical communications, and radio frequency MEMS (RF MEMS) for wireless devices. Future areas of development may include further miniaturization and integration of MEMS into biomedical, communication, and sensor applications.
This curriculum vitae outlines the professional experience and qualifications of Sayed Ahmed Nagy. He has over 20 years of experience in higher education and as an MEP consulting engineer. He currently works as an Associate Professor teaching various electrical engineering courses. He has extensive experience teaching short training courses and supervising master's and PhD students. He is highly skilled in electrical power systems, measurements, and control systems.
Modelling and Implementation of Microprocessor Based Numerical Relay for Prot...Kashif Mehmood
This paper includes the design and implementation of Numerical Relay that can protect the equipment against over-voltage, over-current and under voltage. Although, every power system is subjected to faults and these faults can severe damage to the power system. Therefore, it is necessary
to observe and resolve in time to avoid a large damage such as blackouts. For this purpose, there
should be some sensing devices, which give signals to the circuit breakers for preventing of power
system damages. The multipurpose relays have much importance role in power system for sensing
and measuring the amplitude of faults. Numerical relay provides settings of over-current, overvoltage and under voltage values. Simulations have been carried out using Proteus software along
with tested on hardware with Arduino Uno Microcontroller that proves the working and operation of
numerical relay.
First Steps Toward Scientific Cyber-Security Experimentation in Wide-Area Cyb...DETER-Project
Abstract: Steps towards an environment for repeatable and scalable experiments on wide-area cyber-physical systems. The cyber-physical systems that underlie the world's critical infrastructure are increasingly vulnerable to attack and failure. Our work has focused on secure and resilient communication technology for the electric power grid, a subset of the general cyber-physical problem. We have demonstrated tools and methodology for experimentation with GridStat, a middleware system designed to provide enhanced communication service for the grid, within the DeterLab cyber-security testbed. Experiment design tools for DeterLab and for GridStat will ease the creation and execution of relatively large experiments, and they should make this environment accessible to users inexperienced with cluster testbeds. This abstract presents brief overviews of DeterLab and of GridStat and describes their integration. It also describes a large scale GridStat/DeterLab experiment.
For more information, visit: http://www.deter-project.org
A Survey- Energy Efficient Techniques in WBANIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on energy efficient techniques in wireless body area networks (WBANs). It discusses how WBANs use sensor nodes connected to or implanted in the human body to remotely monitor health. However, the sensor nodes have limited battery life so energy efficiency is important. The document reviews several medium access control (MAC) protocols designed to minimize energy consumption, including SMAC, WISEMAC, an adaptive energy efficient MAC protocol, and a dynamic duty cycle algorithm. It finds the latter two protocols are more energy efficient than SMAC and WISEMAC based on simulations. The document also outlines sources of energy waste in WBANs and applications of WBAN technology in both medical and non-medical fields.
The document discusses electromagnetic (EM) simulation software used for modeling antennas and other electromagnetic devices. It describes the importance of EM simulation for designing complex antennas. Several EM simulation methods are covered, including the method of moments (MoM), finite element method (FEM), and finite difference time domain (FDTD). Popular commercial EM simulators are also listed that use these various techniques, such as HFSS, CST, and FEKO. The document provides guidance on selecting the appropriate EM simulation tool based on factors like the geometry of the device being modeled and the frequency domain or time domain nature of the simulation.
SE2R2: Secure Energy Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol in Presence of P...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new routing protocol called SE2R2 for wireless sensor networks. SE2R2 aims to improve energy efficiency and reliability of data delivery to the base station in the presence of phishing attacks. It is a hierarchical and cluster-based routing protocol where sensor nodes are organized into clusters, with each cluster having a cluster head and two deputy cluster heads to improve reliability. The cluster heads aggregate and forward data to the base station via the deputy cluster heads. Simulation results show that SE2R2 has better performance than the existing M-LEACH protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet drop, average energy consumption, and throughput.
IRJET - Transmission Line Fault Classification using DWTIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to classify faults on transmission lines based on voltage and current signals.
2) A simulation is conducted using PSCAD software to test DWT fault classification on different fault types (A-G, B-G, A-B, etc.).
3) The results show that DWT can effectively detect and classify faults by analyzing the energy of approximation coefficients from current signals and comparing them to an adaptive threshold.
GSM Mobile Phone Based LCD Message Display SystemManish Kumar
This document is a project report submitted by students to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electronics instrumentation and control engineering. It describes the development of a GSM mobile phone based LCD scrolling message display system. The system allows text messages to be sent via GSM and displayed on an LCD screen. The report includes chapters on introduction, literature survey, problem definition, system requirements, system modeling and design, implementation, testing, and conclusion. It provides details on the components used, software requirements, system design, and testing results.
Copper Bulk General (Cu) was chosen for the pivot material on its merits of possessing good
electrical conductivity and optimised flexibility and stiffness for elastic recovery.
The simulation, using Intellisuite, attained a working switch design, with an ‘Air-Gap’ of
1µm between the contacts, thus providing isolation when the switch is open-circuited.
IRJET - Fire Fighting Robot using Ultrasonic Camera Via Bluetooth And SmartphoneIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a firefighting robot that is controlled using an Android smartphone via Bluetooth. It uses a PIC microcontroller, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and a water pump to extinguish fires remotely.
2) The robot is designed to reduce risks to firefighters by allowing them to control the robot from a safe distance. The cameras provide video feedback to locate the source of the fire.
3) The system uses Bluetooth to connect the smartphone to the microcontroller on the robot. Users can then control the robot's movement and water pump using a GUI app on their phone. The robot is aimed at improving safety during firefighting.
Adaptive photovoltaic solar module based on internet of things and web-based ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an intelligent of single axis automatic adaptive photovoltaic solar module. A static solar panel has an issue of efficiency on shading effects, irradiance of sunlight absorbed, and less power generates. This aims to design an effective algorithm tracking system and a prototype automatic adaptive solar photovoltaic (PV) module connected through internet of things (IoT). The system has successfully designated on solving efficiency optimization. A tracking system by using active method orientation and allows more power and energy are captured. The solar rotation angle facing aligned to the light-dependent resistor (LDR) voltage captured and high solar panel voltage measured by using Arduino microcontroller. Real-time data is collected from the dynamic solar panel, published on Node-Red webpage, and running interactive via android device. The system has significantly reduced time. Data captured by the solar panel then analyzed based on irradiance, voltage, current, power generated and efficiency. Successful results present a live data analytic platform with active tracking system that achieved larger power generated and efficiency of solar panel compared to a fixed mounted array. This research is significant that can help the user to monitor parameters collected by the solar panel thus able to increase 51.82% efficiency of the PV module.
The development of supervisory system for electricity control in smgg, guntur...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main intention of the paper is to build a prototype model, for to supervise the electricity control and monitoring for the purpose of ease of operation, power saving, man power reduction. The paper may also aimed for to help society, how to build application oriented designs for the purpose of human need to simplify the lifes using open source hardware and software tools. The worlds knows the scarcity of power. So many techniques available to monitor and control. But how the paper is new? The reason is this, the paper is developed completely using open source hardware and software which follows laws of lumped matter approaches and fundamental physics rules. The SCADA software price in multiples of thousands in Indian rupees. The authors developed SCADA software using open source tools. The SCADA software interact with the hardware in real time. The authors proposed method of approach is much simpler and economical. The authors developed prototype model to apply in St.Marrys Group of Institutions, Guntur, Ap, India. The paper is developed in following manner, 1) Problem identification in organization, 2) Practical concept development and mathematical supplementary work 3) Flow chart of working mechanism and architectural development 4) Hardware & Software development according to Architecture.5) And finally results and discussion. The word SCADA in long form Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. The paper combined so many fields of engineering and physical sciences by name Sensor technology , System On chip, Microcontrollers, Electromagnetism, software application development. The entire electrification routing in the organization is connected to SCADA Software in serial connection with centralized Personal Computer. The sensors are interfaced in server rooms which are monitoring room critical temperature. If temperature sensors feeds the data to SCADA, if the readings are out of range, the AC will ON by observer. In the same manner power control will be takes place. Keywords: SCADA, Open source, Hardware, Software, Mathematics, Electricity, Monitoring. Etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE) Volume (2) Issue (1)CSCJournals
The document summarizes an intelligent GIS-based road accident analysis and real-time monitoring system that uses WiMAX/GPRS. It discusses the motivation and need for such a system to better analyze accidents and identify accident-prone locations. It then describes the system architecture, which utilizes telegeoinformatics to enable interoperability across different components. It also discusses strategies for adapting the system to different client devices. Finally, it outlines the use of terminal-centric and network-centric positioning methods like A-GPS and CGI-TA for location services and monitoring within an open, IP-based telecommunications network.
Weeds detection efficiency through different convolutional neural networks te...IJECEIAES
The preservation of the environment has become a priority and a subject that is receiving more and more attention. This is particularly important in the field of precision agriculture, where pesticide and herbicide use has become more controlled. In this study, we propose to evaluate the ability of the deep learning (DL) and convolutional neural network (CNNs) technology to detect weeds in several types of crops using a perspective and proximity images to enable localized and ultra-localized herbicide spraying in the region of Beni Mellal in Morocco. We studied the detection of weeds through six recent CNN known for their speed and precision, namely, VGGNet (16 and 19), GoogLeNet (Inception V3 and V4) and MobileNet (V1 and V2). The first experiment was performed with the CNNs architectures from scratch and the second experiment with their pre-trained versions. The results showed that Inception V4 achieved the highest precision with a rate of 99.41% and 99.51% on the mixed image sets and for its version from scratch and its pre-trained version respectively, and that MobileNet V2 was the fastest and lightest with its size of 14 MB.
In this paper prepared a systems to that amount the units of the fitness about structural elements within Reinforced Concrete (RC), at total times, partially atop the perfect coverage concerning sensors is provided. As a result, the records about the distances within the sensor’s near nodes and its sensing areas are the only want because concerning every sensor into the recent algorithms. Furthermore, based totally completely regarding the simulations, great improvement performs stay seen along the lifespan regarding a variety concerning existing lifespan maximization algorithms, anybody is a cease end result related to the newly proposed algorithm. The promoted sensor mark hard-ware trigger the PZT sensor and collect the responses acquires beyond the structural element. It moreover send collected information to an information middle because of similarly science yet analysis within an energy efficient manner using low power wireless verbal exchange technology. The brought ingress in conformity with and the evaluation atop the accrued information operate lie remotely executed by means of using a net interface. Performance effects showcase therefore a good deal the fractures great enough within consequence including purpose structural problems be able continue to be efficiently detected together with the promoter rule
Survey on deep learning applied to predictive maintenance IJECEIAES
Prognosis health monitoring (PHM) plays an increasingly important role in the management of machines and manufactured products in today’s industry, and deep learning plays an important part by establishing the optimal predictive maintenance policy. However, traditional learning methods such as unsupervised and supervised learning with standard architectures face numerous problems when exploiting existing data. Therefore, in this essay, we review the significant improvements in deep learning made by researchers over the last 3 years in solving these difficulties. We note that researchers are striving to achieve optimal performance in estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of machine health by optimizing each step from data to predictive diagnostics. Specifically, we outline the challenges at each level with the type of improvement that has been made, and we feel that this is an opportunity to try to select a state-of-the-art architecture that incorporates these changes so each researcher can compare with his or her model. In addition, post-RUL reasoning and the use of distributed computing with cloud technology is presented, which will potentially improve the classification accuracy in maintenance activities. Deep learning will undoubtedly prove to have a major impact in upgrading companies at the lowest cost in the new industrial revolution, Industry 4.0.
WSN nodes power consumption using multihop routing protocol for illegal cutti...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The need for an automation system from a remote area cannot be separated from the role of the wireless sensor network. However, the battery consumption is still a problem that influences the lifetime of the system. This research focused on studying how to characterize the power consumption on each sensor node using multihop routing protocol in the illegal logging field, to get the prediction lifetime of the network. The system is designed by using six sensor nodes in a master-slave connection and implemented in a tree topology. Each sensor node is consisting of a sound sensor, vibration sensor, Xbee communication, current and voltage sensor, and Arduino nano. The system is tested using battery 10050 mAH with several scenarios to have calculated how long the battery lifetime can be predicted. The results stated that the master node on the network depleted the power of the battery faster than the slave node since the more slaves connected to the master, the more energy the battery consumes.
The document provides information about various departments and research areas within the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Bombay that may be relevant for collaboration with ISRO. It discusses expertise in areas such as communications and signal processing, control and computing, microelectronics, power electronics, and VLSI design. Specific projects proposed for collaboration include work on antennas and microwaves, information networks, guidance and control systems, electronics, and power systems. Laboratories and facilities with relevant equipment for potential joint projects are also described.
A Comparative Review on Reliability and Fault Tolerance Enhancement Protocols...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative review of reliability and fault tolerance enhancement protocols in wireless sensor networks. It first discusses key challenges for wireless sensor networks related to node failures in harsh environments. It then summarizes several existing fault detection and recovery techniques. The document compares protocols like E2SRT, GARUDA, RCRT, and ZARB that aim to improve reliability. It highlights issues around achieving fault tolerance and concludes that no single approach can provide a fully reliable solution, requiring a hybrid method using the best features of different protocols.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Internet of Things(IoT) and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) including its definition, architecture, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. The key points are:
1. IoT allows both things and people to be connected anytime, anywhere through any network or service. It enables communication between machines (M2M).
2. The IoT architecture has two main components - the edge (sensors, devices, gateways) and cloud. Field protocols like Bluetooth, Zigbee, and WiFi enable communication at the edge, while cloud protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP connect to cloud services.
3. Important applications of IoT discussed are smart homes, farming, healthcare, cities
A novel and innovative method for designing of rf mems deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
The design complexity of the RF MEMS devices is increasing with fast rate, which require more accurate designing and simulation techniques. With upcoming technologies accurate simulation capability is a necessity for designing smaller chips. When devices are designed at nano scale, it presents a number of unique challenges. As the scale of the individual device decreases and the complexity of the physical structure increases, the nature of the device characteristics depart from those obtained from many of the classically held modeling concepts. Furthermore, the difficulty encountered in performing measurements on these devices means we have to put more emphasis on the results obtained from theoretical characteristics. Modeling also allows new device structures to be rigorously investigated prior to fabrication. This paper reports a novel and innovative method of design and simulation of MEMS based inductor by the method of co-simulation.
Keywords: Micro Electro Mechanical System, Radio Frequency, Co-Simulation, COMSOL Multiphysics, SOLIDWORKS, Computer Aided Design, Integrated Circuit
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a course on mechatronics. It includes 5 units: (1) an introduction to mechatronics, sensors, and transducers; (2) microprocessors and microcontrollers; (3) programmable peripheral interfaces; (4) programmable logic controllers; and (5) actuators and mechatronic system design. The document provides details on the topics that will be covered in each unit, such as sensor characteristics, microcontroller architecture, and types of actuators. It also lists the intended learning outcomes and references for the course.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a mechatronics course. It includes 5 units that cover topics such as mechatronics systems, sensors and transducers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, programmable peripheral interfaces, programmable logic controllers, and actuators and mechatronic system design. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in mechatronic systems to understand the emerging field of automation.
The document discusses electromagnetic (EM) simulation software used for modeling antennas and other electromagnetic devices. It describes the importance of EM simulation for designing complex antennas. Several EM simulation methods are covered, including the method of moments (MoM), finite element method (FEM), and finite difference time domain (FDTD). Popular commercial EM simulators are also listed that use these various techniques, such as HFSS, CST, and FEKO. The document provides guidance on selecting the appropriate EM simulation tool based on factors like the geometry of the device being modeled and the frequency domain or time domain nature of the simulation.
SE2R2: Secure Energy Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol in Presence of P...IRJET Journal
This document presents a new routing protocol called SE2R2 for wireless sensor networks. SE2R2 aims to improve energy efficiency and reliability of data delivery to the base station in the presence of phishing attacks. It is a hierarchical and cluster-based routing protocol where sensor nodes are organized into clusters, with each cluster having a cluster head and two deputy cluster heads to improve reliability. The cluster heads aggregate and forward data to the base station via the deputy cluster heads. Simulation results show that SE2R2 has better performance than the existing M-LEACH protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, packet drop, average energy consumption, and throughput.
IRJET - Transmission Line Fault Classification using DWTIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to classify faults on transmission lines based on voltage and current signals.
2) A simulation is conducted using PSCAD software to test DWT fault classification on different fault types (A-G, B-G, A-B, etc.).
3) The results show that DWT can effectively detect and classify faults by analyzing the energy of approximation coefficients from current signals and comparing them to an adaptive threshold.
GSM Mobile Phone Based LCD Message Display SystemManish Kumar
This document is a project report submitted by students to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electronics instrumentation and control engineering. It describes the development of a GSM mobile phone based LCD scrolling message display system. The system allows text messages to be sent via GSM and displayed on an LCD screen. The report includes chapters on introduction, literature survey, problem definition, system requirements, system modeling and design, implementation, testing, and conclusion. It provides details on the components used, software requirements, system design, and testing results.
Copper Bulk General (Cu) was chosen for the pivot material on its merits of possessing good
electrical conductivity and optimised flexibility and stiffness for elastic recovery.
The simulation, using Intellisuite, attained a working switch design, with an ‘Air-Gap’ of
1µm between the contacts, thus providing isolation when the switch is open-circuited.
IRJET - Fire Fighting Robot using Ultrasonic Camera Via Bluetooth And SmartphoneIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a firefighting robot that is controlled using an Android smartphone via Bluetooth. It uses a PIC microcontroller, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and a water pump to extinguish fires remotely.
2) The robot is designed to reduce risks to firefighters by allowing them to control the robot from a safe distance. The cameras provide video feedback to locate the source of the fire.
3) The system uses Bluetooth to connect the smartphone to the microcontroller on the robot. Users can then control the robot's movement and water pump using a GUI app on their phone. The robot is aimed at improving safety during firefighting.
Adaptive photovoltaic solar module based on internet of things and web-based ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an intelligent of single axis automatic adaptive photovoltaic solar module. A static solar panel has an issue of efficiency on shading effects, irradiance of sunlight absorbed, and less power generates. This aims to design an effective algorithm tracking system and a prototype automatic adaptive solar photovoltaic (PV) module connected through internet of things (IoT). The system has successfully designated on solving efficiency optimization. A tracking system by using active method orientation and allows more power and energy are captured. The solar rotation angle facing aligned to the light-dependent resistor (LDR) voltage captured and high solar panel voltage measured by using Arduino microcontroller. Real-time data is collected from the dynamic solar panel, published on Node-Red webpage, and running interactive via android device. The system has significantly reduced time. Data captured by the solar panel then analyzed based on irradiance, voltage, current, power generated and efficiency. Successful results present a live data analytic platform with active tracking system that achieved larger power generated and efficiency of solar panel compared to a fixed mounted array. This research is significant that can help the user to monitor parameters collected by the solar panel thus able to increase 51.82% efficiency of the PV module.
The development of supervisory system for electricity control in smgg, guntur...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main intention of the paper is to build a prototype model, for to supervise the electricity control and monitoring for the purpose of ease of operation, power saving, man power reduction. The paper may also aimed for to help society, how to build application oriented designs for the purpose of human need to simplify the lifes using open source hardware and software tools. The worlds knows the scarcity of power. So many techniques available to monitor and control. But how the paper is new? The reason is this, the paper is developed completely using open source hardware and software which follows laws of lumped matter approaches and fundamental physics rules. The SCADA software price in multiples of thousands in Indian rupees. The authors developed SCADA software using open source tools. The SCADA software interact with the hardware in real time. The authors proposed method of approach is much simpler and economical. The authors developed prototype model to apply in St.Marrys Group of Institutions, Guntur, Ap, India. The paper is developed in following manner, 1) Problem identification in organization, 2) Practical concept development and mathematical supplementary work 3) Flow chart of working mechanism and architectural development 4) Hardware & Software development according to Architecture.5) And finally results and discussion. The word SCADA in long form Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. The paper combined so many fields of engineering and physical sciences by name Sensor technology , System On chip, Microcontrollers, Electromagnetism, software application development. The entire electrification routing in the organization is connected to SCADA Software in serial connection with centralized Personal Computer. The sensors are interfaced in server rooms which are monitoring room critical temperature. If temperature sensors feeds the data to SCADA, if the readings are out of range, the AC will ON by observer. In the same manner power control will be takes place. Keywords: SCADA, Open source, Hardware, Software, Mathematics, Electricity, Monitoring. Etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE) Volume (2) Issue (1)CSCJournals
The document summarizes an intelligent GIS-based road accident analysis and real-time monitoring system that uses WiMAX/GPRS. It discusses the motivation and need for such a system to better analyze accidents and identify accident-prone locations. It then describes the system architecture, which utilizes telegeoinformatics to enable interoperability across different components. It also discusses strategies for adapting the system to different client devices. Finally, it outlines the use of terminal-centric and network-centric positioning methods like A-GPS and CGI-TA for location services and monitoring within an open, IP-based telecommunications network.
Weeds detection efficiency through different convolutional neural networks te...IJECEIAES
The preservation of the environment has become a priority and a subject that is receiving more and more attention. This is particularly important in the field of precision agriculture, where pesticide and herbicide use has become more controlled. In this study, we propose to evaluate the ability of the deep learning (DL) and convolutional neural network (CNNs) technology to detect weeds in several types of crops using a perspective and proximity images to enable localized and ultra-localized herbicide spraying in the region of Beni Mellal in Morocco. We studied the detection of weeds through six recent CNN known for their speed and precision, namely, VGGNet (16 and 19), GoogLeNet (Inception V3 and V4) and MobileNet (V1 and V2). The first experiment was performed with the CNNs architectures from scratch and the second experiment with their pre-trained versions. The results showed that Inception V4 achieved the highest precision with a rate of 99.41% and 99.51% on the mixed image sets and for its version from scratch and its pre-trained version respectively, and that MobileNet V2 was the fastest and lightest with its size of 14 MB.
In this paper prepared a systems to that amount the units of the fitness about structural elements within Reinforced Concrete (RC), at total times, partially atop the perfect coverage concerning sensors is provided. As a result, the records about the distances within the sensor’s near nodes and its sensing areas are the only want because concerning every sensor into the recent algorithms. Furthermore, based totally completely regarding the simulations, great improvement performs stay seen along the lifespan regarding a variety concerning existing lifespan maximization algorithms, anybody is a cease end result related to the newly proposed algorithm. The promoted sensor mark hard-ware trigger the PZT sensor and collect the responses acquires beyond the structural element. It moreover send collected information to an information middle because of similarly science yet analysis within an energy efficient manner using low power wireless verbal exchange technology. The brought ingress in conformity with and the evaluation atop the accrued information operate lie remotely executed by means of using a net interface. Performance effects showcase therefore a good deal the fractures great enough within consequence including purpose structural problems be able continue to be efficiently detected together with the promoter rule
Survey on deep learning applied to predictive maintenance IJECEIAES
Prognosis health monitoring (PHM) plays an increasingly important role in the management of machines and manufactured products in today’s industry, and deep learning plays an important part by establishing the optimal predictive maintenance policy. However, traditional learning methods such as unsupervised and supervised learning with standard architectures face numerous problems when exploiting existing data. Therefore, in this essay, we review the significant improvements in deep learning made by researchers over the last 3 years in solving these difficulties. We note that researchers are striving to achieve optimal performance in estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of machine health by optimizing each step from data to predictive diagnostics. Specifically, we outline the challenges at each level with the type of improvement that has been made, and we feel that this is an opportunity to try to select a state-of-the-art architecture that incorporates these changes so each researcher can compare with his or her model. In addition, post-RUL reasoning and the use of distributed computing with cloud technology is presented, which will potentially improve the classification accuracy in maintenance activities. Deep learning will undoubtedly prove to have a major impact in upgrading companies at the lowest cost in the new industrial revolution, Industry 4.0.
WSN nodes power consumption using multihop routing protocol for illegal cutti...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The need for an automation system from a remote area cannot be separated from the role of the wireless sensor network. However, the battery consumption is still a problem that influences the lifetime of the system. This research focused on studying how to characterize the power consumption on each sensor node using multihop routing protocol in the illegal logging field, to get the prediction lifetime of the network. The system is designed by using six sensor nodes in a master-slave connection and implemented in a tree topology. Each sensor node is consisting of a sound sensor, vibration sensor, Xbee communication, current and voltage sensor, and Arduino nano. The system is tested using battery 10050 mAH with several scenarios to have calculated how long the battery lifetime can be predicted. The results stated that the master node on the network depleted the power of the battery faster than the slave node since the more slaves connected to the master, the more energy the battery consumes.
The document provides information about various departments and research areas within the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Bombay that may be relevant for collaboration with ISRO. It discusses expertise in areas such as communications and signal processing, control and computing, microelectronics, power electronics, and VLSI design. Specific projects proposed for collaboration include work on antennas and microwaves, information networks, guidance and control systems, electronics, and power systems. Laboratories and facilities with relevant equipment for potential joint projects are also described.
A Comparative Review on Reliability and Fault Tolerance Enhancement Protocols...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative review of reliability and fault tolerance enhancement protocols in wireless sensor networks. It first discusses key challenges for wireless sensor networks related to node failures in harsh environments. It then summarizes several existing fault detection and recovery techniques. The document compares protocols like E2SRT, GARUDA, RCRT, and ZARB that aim to improve reliability. It highlights issues around achieving fault tolerance and concludes that no single approach can provide a fully reliable solution, requiring a hybrid method using the best features of different protocols.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Internet of Things(IoT) and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) including its definition, architecture, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. The key points are:
1. IoT allows both things and people to be connected anytime, anywhere through any network or service. It enables communication between machines (M2M).
2. The IoT architecture has two main components - the edge (sensors, devices, gateways) and cloud. Field protocols like Bluetooth, Zigbee, and WiFi enable communication at the edge, while cloud protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP connect to cloud services.
3. Important applications of IoT discussed are smart homes, farming, healthcare, cities
A novel and innovative method for designing of rf mems deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
The design complexity of the RF MEMS devices is increasing with fast rate, which require more accurate designing and simulation techniques. With upcoming technologies accurate simulation capability is a necessity for designing smaller chips. When devices are designed at nano scale, it presents a number of unique challenges. As the scale of the individual device decreases and the complexity of the physical structure increases, the nature of the device characteristics depart from those obtained from many of the classically held modeling concepts. Furthermore, the difficulty encountered in performing measurements on these devices means we have to put more emphasis on the results obtained from theoretical characteristics. Modeling also allows new device structures to be rigorously investigated prior to fabrication. This paper reports a novel and innovative method of design and simulation of MEMS based inductor by the method of co-simulation.
Keywords: Micro Electro Mechanical System, Radio Frequency, Co-Simulation, COMSOL Multiphysics, SOLIDWORKS, Computer Aided Design, Integrated Circuit
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a course on mechatronics. It includes 5 units: (1) an introduction to mechatronics, sensors, and transducers; (2) microprocessors and microcontrollers; (3) programmable peripheral interfaces; (4) programmable logic controllers; and (5) actuators and mechatronic system design. The document provides details on the topics that will be covered in each unit, such as sensor characteristics, microcontroller architecture, and types of actuators. It also lists the intended learning outcomes and references for the course.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a mechatronics course. It includes 5 units that cover topics such as mechatronics systems, sensors and transducers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, programmable peripheral interfaces, programmable logic controllers, and actuators and mechatronic system design. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in mechatronic systems to understand the emerging field of automation.
This document is a mini project report on developing an air bag crash sensor using MEMS. It discusses the hardware and software requirements for the system. The hardware includes a power supply, microcontroller, MEMS sensor, and LCD display. The power supply steps down AC voltage using a transformer. The microcontroller monitors the MEMS sensor for vibrations and controls the LCD display. The software requirements involve programming the microcontroller to detect crashes and trigger the air bag.
This document describes an automatic wire cutting machine that was designed to reduce human effort and waste in cutting electrical wires. The system takes input for the desired wire length from a keypad, displays it on an LCD screen, and uses motors controlled by a microcontroller to accurately measure and cut the wire. One motor pulls the wire from a bundle at a controlled speed while a second motor activates a cutting mechanism. This allows wires to be cut precisely and automatically to user-specified lengths, improving efficiency in electrical manufacturing and assembly.
IRJET- Electric Discharge Machine: Review on Increase an Efficiency of Me...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on improving the efficiency of electric discharge machining (EDM). EDM is a non-traditional machining process that uses electric sparks to machine hard conductive materials. Researchers have studied coating copper on tools to improve heat transfer and thus increase material removal rate and tool life. The document also summarizes several past studies that used techniques like Taguchi methods and fuzzy logic to optimize EDM process parameters like pulse on/off times and increase surface finish quality and reduce electrode wear. Overall, the review finds that modeling process parameters and using coatings on tools can improve the efficiency of EDM for precision machining of difficult materials.
The document outlines the syllabus for the MET402 Mechatronics course. It includes 5 modules that cover topics such as introduction to mechatronics, sensors and actuators, mechatronics in computer numerical control machines, programmable logic controllers, and mechatronics in robotics. Recommended textbooks and the course instructor's contact information are also provided.
The document provides information about the ME8791 Mechatronics course offered at SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology. It includes 5 units that will be covered: Mechatronics, sensors and transducers; microprocessors and microcontrollers; programmable peripheral interfaces; programmable logic controllers; and actuators and mechatronic system design. Upon completing the course, students will be able to discuss key concepts of mechatronics including applications of different engineering disciplines for system control, architectures of microprocessors and interfaces, and design of various mechatronic systems and case studies. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in mechatronic systems.
Design and Testing Ways for Mechatronic Systems IJCI JOURNAL
The elements of a mechatronic system, which are mechanical, electrical and electronic, are interconnected and the connection between the different parts must act as a unit. The
exchange of information between two components of the system is possible if there is a communication in common parameters. The interface refers to all the ways to handle the processes in a system. The number and design of interfaces within an architecture and system boundary significantly influence the simplicity, adaptability, and testability of a system. Interfaces, which are hardware and software, define the functionality of the system by inserting functions from one component to another. The article describes the method of selecting the components
and the way of testing the system during production. Finally, the system must meet the requirements of the customer. The mechatronic system discussed is an industrial product, created in a digital factory.
DESIGN AND TESTING WAYS FOR MECHATRONIC SYSTEMSIJCI JOURNAL
The elements of a mechatronic system, which are mechanical, electrical and electronic, are interconnected
and the connection between the different parts must act as a unit. The exchange of information between two
components of the system is possible if there is a communication in common parameters. The interface
refers to all the ways to handle the processes in a system. The number and design of interfaces within an
architecture and system boundary significantly influence the simplicity, adaptability, and testability of a
system. Interfaces, which are hardware and software, define the functionality of the system by inserting
functions from one component to another. The article describes the method of selecting the components
and the way of testing the system during production. Finally, the system must meet the requirements of the
customer.
IRJET- Fabrication, Sensing and Applications of NEMS/MEMS TechnologyIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses various fabrication methods for MEMS/NEMS devices, including surface micromachining, silicon on insulator (SOI) technology, and LIGA.
2. Surface micromachining provides a CMOS-compatible technique using sacrificial layers to create free-standing structures. SOI technology simplifies the fabrication process and improves device isolation using a buried oxide layer.
3. LIGA is an alternative non-silicon process that uses X-ray lithography to define thick resist patterns for high aspect ratio metal or ceramic microstructures.
4. Potential applications of MEMS/NEMS devices discussed include sensors for automotive, consumer products, RF systems, displays, bi
The document is a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report investigates optimizing the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process parameters using Taguchi methods and grey relational analysis. It includes sections on the introduction of WEDM, literature review, work undertaken including the experimental setup and design, results and discussion of optimizing material removal rate, surface roughness and electrode consumption, and conclusions. The goal is to determine the optimal process parameters to achieve higher machining rates with the desired accuracy and minimal surface damage using statistical analysis techniques.
Demonstration of Electromagnetic Phenomenon for Point Object LaunchingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a demonstration of electromagnetic phenomenon for point object launching using a small-scale electromagnetic rail gun (EMRG) system. Key aspects of the designed EMRG system are described, including the use of parallel copper rails, an iron projectile, four wound coils powered by batteries, and control via a microcontroller interfaced with a wireless module. The EMRG was able to successfully launch the 50g projectile up to 60 feet. Interfacing the EMRG with a microcontroller and wireless modules allows for remote controlled operation and potential integration into automated or networked systems. In conclusion, the prototype demonstrates the electromagnetic principles enabling projectile launching in a small-scale, low-powered system.
This document describes a project to develop a detection and warning system for fireworks warehouses using wireless sensor networks. The system will detect fires using sensors and send alerts via GSM. It will be implemented using a microcontroller, fire sensor, GSM module, LCD display, relay switch and other hardware. The microcontroller will monitor the sensor for fire detection and control the relay switch to activate a water sprinkler. It will also send alerts to registered mobile numbers via the GSM module. The project aims to provide fire safety and security in industrial warehouses.
Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have been identified as one of the most promising technologies and will continue to revolutionize the industry as well as the industrial and consumer products by combining silicon-based microelectronics with micro-machining technology. All the spheres of industrial application including robots conception and development will be impacted by this new technology. If semiconductor microfabrication was contemplated to be the first micro-manufacturing revolution, MEMS is the second revolution. The paper reflects the results of a study about the state of the art of this technology and its future influence in the development of the construction industry. The interdisciplinary nature of MEMS utilizes design, engineering and manufacturing expertise from a wide and diverse range of technical areas including integrated circuit fabrication technology, mechanical engineering, materials science, electrical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, as well as fluid engineering, optics, instrumentation and packaging.
The document summarizes research on the micro-EDM process parameters for machining nickel-titanium shape memory alloys. It discusses how the micro-EDM process works based on electrical discharges that vaporize material in a small gap between the electrode and workpiece. The research investigated the effects of capacitance, discharge voltage, and electrode material on the material removal rate and tool wear rate during micro-EDM of nickel-titanium alloys. It found that material removal rate increased with higher capacitance and discharge voltage, and was better with a brass electrode than tungsten. Tool wear rate also increased with higher capacitance and voltage but was lower at lower energy levels and with a tungsten electrode.
The document provides an overview of the ME8791 Mechatronics course offered at SSMIET. It outlines 5 units that will be covered: Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducers; Microprocessors and Microcontrollers; Programmable Peripheral Interfaces; Programmable Logic Controllers; and Actuators and Mechatronic System Design. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in Mechatronic systems, including sensors, microprocessors, actuators, and the design of Mechatronic systems. Upon completing the course, students will be able to discuss various topics related to Mechatronics applications and system design.
The document discusses the Diesel Locomotive Shed in Phulera, India, which was established in 1965 and maintains diesel locomotives. It provides details on the types of locomotives maintained at the shed, classified by gauge and load, and describes the key components and systems of diesel locomotives, including the diesel engine, bogies, braking systems, fuel and cooling systems. The shed is currently headed by an officer and supports maintenance of locomotives and coaches.
training report of locomotive diesel shed Govind kumawat
This document provides a report on a 60-day practical training completed by Govind Ram Kumawat at the Locomotive Diesel Shed in Phulera from May 14 to July 12, 2018 to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report includes an introduction to Indian Railways, diesel sheds, and the Phulera diesel shed specifically. It then covers various topics learned during the training such as classifications of locomotives, components and systems of diesel locomotives, diesel engines, braking and other systems, and infrastructure and regulations of the Phulera diesel shed. In total, the report consists of 30 pages with 11 chapters and references providing details of the 2-month practical training experience.
Seminar report Of Alternative Strategy for a Safe Rechargeable BatteryGovind kumawat
The document is a seminar report submitted by Anop Mundel to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It examines alternative strategies for developing safe rechargeable batteries. The report includes sections on the history of batteries, both non-rechargeable and rechargeable, a review of popular rechargeable battery types, problems with lithium-ion batteries, and alternative strategies being researched for improved battery safety and performance.
Seminar report Of Alternative Strategy for a Safe Rechargeable BatteryGovind kumawat
The document is a seminar report submitted by Anop Mundel to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It examines alternative strategies for developing safe rechargeable batteries. The report includes sections on the history of batteries, both non-rechargeable and rechargeable types. It also provides a general review of popular rechargeable batteries such as lead-acid, lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, nickel-cadmium, and nickel metal hydride. The report aims to explore battery technology developments focused on safety, high capacity, long cycle life, high power density and non-toxicity.
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF MULTI CONDITIONAL COOLERGovind kumawat
This document describes the design, development and testing of a multi-conditional cooler by a team of 4 students. The device aims to provide both cooling and heating in a single unit to save space and cost. It works on the principles of evaporation, refrigeration and heating. The team designed, modeled and fabricated the device which includes a compressor, condenser, capillary tube, cooler coils and a heating coil. Testing showed the device effectively provides temperature control in different seasons from a single unit.
This document summarizes the process of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It discusses that MEMS involve integrating mechanical and electrical components on a chip using microfabrication techniques. The fabrication process involves deposition, patterning through lithography, and etching. Common materials used include metals, polymers, ceramics and semiconductors. MEMS have applications in medical devices, automobiles, sensors, and more. They provide benefits of small size, low power consumption and cost advantages, but complex design and high initial costs.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
1. A
Seminar Report
on
“Micro Electro Mechanical System”
submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in Department of Mechanical Engineering
Supervisor:- Submitted By:-
Mr. Trivendra Sharma Govind Ram Kumawat
Assistant Professor 15ESKME062
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
2018-2019
2. i
Candidate’s Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Seminar, titled “Micro
Electro Mechanical System”in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree of “Bachelor of
Technology” in Department of Mechanical Engineering, and submitted to the Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management &
Gramothan, Jaipur is a record of my own investigations carried under the Guidance of Mr.
Trivendra Sharma, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute
of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur .
I have not submitted the matter presented in this report anywhere for the award of any other
Degree.
Govind Ram Kumawat
15ESKME062
Mechanical Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology,
Management & Gramothan, Jaipur (Raj.)
Counter Signed by
Mr. Trivendra Sharma
Assistant Professor
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology,
Management & Gramothan, Jaipur (Raj.)
3. ii
Swami Keshvanand Institute
of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Govind Ram Kumawat, 15ESKME062 of VIII Semester, B.Tech
(Mechanical Engineering) 2018-19, has presented a seminar titled “Micro Electro
Mechanical System” in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology under Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
Date:
Seminar Faculty Supervisor
Mr. Dinesh Kumar Sharma Mr. Trivendra Sharma
(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)
Mr. Ankit Agarwal
(Associate Professor)
4. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENET
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Trivendra Sharma who has
given guidance and light to me during this Seminar. His versatile knowledge about “Micro
Electro Mechanical System” has eased me in the critical times during the span of this
Seminar.
I am very grateful to our course faculties Mr. Trivendra Sharma and Designation of
Faculty Assistant Professor, who analyzed my presentation and suggest me to improve in
the grey areas of my presentation.
I extend my sincere thanks towards Prof. N. C. Bhandari (Head, Mechanical
Engineering Department) for his kind support throughout my span of degree. I am also
thankful to Prof. S. L. Surana (Director - Academics) and Shri Jaipal Meel (Director) for
their kind support.
I acknowledge here out debt to those who contributed significantly to one or more
steps. I take full responsibility for any remaining sins of omission and commission.
Govind Ram Kumawat
15ESKME062
B.Tech IV Year
(Mechanical Engineering)
5. iv
ABSTRACT
Micro electromechanical systems can be combined with microelectronics, photonics or
wireless capabilities new generation of Microsystems can be developed which will
offer far- reaching efficiency regarding space, accuracy, precision and so forth. Micro
electro mechanical systems (MEMS) technology can be used fabricate both application
specific device. The associated micro packaging systems that will allow for the integration
of devices or circuits, made with non-compatible technologies, with a System-on-Chip
environment. The MEMS technology can be used for permanent, semi-permanent
or temporary inter connection of sub modules in a System-on-Chip implementation.
The interconnection of devices using MEMS technology is described with the help
of a hearing instrument application and related.
MEMS technology has enabled us to realize advanced micro devices by using processes
similar to VLSI technology. When MEMS devices are combined with other technologies
new generation of innovative technology will create. This will offer outstanding
Functionality. Such technologies will have wide-scale applications in fields ranging from
automotive, aerodynamics, and hydrodynamics, biomedical and so forth. The main
challenge is to integrate all these potentially non-compatible technologies into a single
working Microsystem that will offer outstanding functionality.
6. v
TABLE OF FIGURE
FIGUR
E
NO.
FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
Chapter -1
1.1 Electromechanical device 3
1.2 Electromechanical system 4
1.3 Surface mount 5
Chapter -2
2.1 Hot wall LPCVD reactor 7
2.2 Setup of electrodeposition 9
2.3 Cold wall vapor phase epitaxial reactor 10
Chapter -3
3.1 System for e-beam evaporation material 12
3.2 RF sputtering system 13
3.3 Spin casting process used for photoresist 13
Chapter-4
4.1 Transfer of a pattern 14
4.2 Pattern definition of positive & -ve resist 15
4.3 Pattern transfer under layering by etching 16
Chapter-5
5.1 Difference b/w anisotropic & Isotropic 18
Chapter-7
7.1 iPodTouch 21
7.2 Inertial sensor 22
7. vi
Table of Contents
Candidate’s Declaration Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Certificate Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Acknowledgements Error!
Bookmark not defined.
Abstract iv
List of figure v
Introduction 1
Literature survey 2
Chapter 1: MEMS techanology overview 3
1.1 What is MEMS technology 3
1.2 What are microsystem 4
1.3 Slicon 6
1.4 Polymers 6
1.5 Metals 6
Chapter 2: Chemical vapour deposition 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Use of CVD 8
2.3 Electro deposition 8
2.4 Use of electro deposition 8
2.5 Epitaxy 9
2.6 Thermal oxidation 10
Chapter 3: Physical vapour deposition 11
3.1 Use of CVD 11
3.2 Evaporation 11
3.3 Sputtering 12
3.4 Use of casting 13
Chapter 4: Pattern transfer 14
4.1 Introduction 14
Chapter 5: Etching processes 17
5.1 Wet etching 17
5.2 Use of wet etching 18
Chapter 6: Fabrication technology 19
6.1 Introduction 19
6.2 IC fabrication 20
Chapter 7: Applications 21
7.1 Pressure sensors 21
7.2 Accelerometers 21
7.3 Inertial sensors 22
Chapter 8: Advantages and Disavvantages of MEMS 23
8.1 Advantages of MEMS 23
8.2 Disadvantages of MEMS 23
Conclusion and Future 24
9. 1
INTRODUCTION
Micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) are small integrated devices or systems that combine
electrical and mechanical components. They range in size from the sub-micro meter level to the
millimeter level and there can be any number, from a few to millions, in a particular system.
MEMS extend the fabrication techniques developed for the integrated circuit industry to add
mechanical elements such as beams, gears, diaphragms, and springs to devices.
Examples of MEMS device applications include inkjet-printer cartridges, accelerometer, miniature
robots, micro engines, locks inertial sensors micro transmissions, micromirrors, microactuator
(Mechanisms for activating process control equipment by use of pneumatic, hydraulic, or
electronic signals) optical scanners, fluid pumps, transducer, pressure and flow sensors. New
applications are emerging as the existing technology is applied to the miniaturization and
integration of conventional devices.
These systems can sense, control, and activate mechanical processes on the micro scale, and
function individually or in arrays to generate effects on the macro scale. The microfabrication
technology enables fabrication of large arrays of devices, which individually perform simple tasks,
but in combination can accomplish complicated functions. MEMS are not about any one
application or device, nor are they defined by a single fabrication process or limited to a few
materials. They are a fabrication approach that conveys the advantages of miniaturization, multiple
components, and microelectronics to the design and construction of integrated electromechanical
systems. MEMS are not only about miniaturization of mechanical systems; they are also a new
paradigm for designing mechanical devices and systems. The MEMS industry has an estimated
$10billion market, and with a projected 10-20% annual growth rate, it is estimated to have a $34
billion market in 2002. Because of the significant impact that MEMS can have on the commercial.
10. 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Wereferred the following paper for writing this seminar report,
1. “Implementation of AHB Interface as SDR-SDRAM Controller’s CPU Interface”,
Proceedings of the 2nd national conference, Sapna Gupta, Arti Noor, Shruti Sabharwal.
INDIACom-2008, BVICAM-2008, Delhi held on 8-9 Feb 2008.
2. Sharma, R., Chakravarty, T., and Bhattacharyya, A. B., “Analytical model for optimum
signal integrity in PCB interconnects using ground tracks”, IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 51 (1), pp. 67-77,
2009. [[Impact Factor: 1.083, Indexed in SCOPUS]
3. Sharma, R. Chakravarty, T., and Bhattacharyya, A. B., “Transient Analysis of Microstrip-
Like Interconnections Guarded by Ground Tracks,” Progress in Electromagnetic
Research, vol. PIER 82, pp.189-202, 2008.
Wereferred the following book writing this seminar report.
1. Chauhan, T. & Bhagabati, C.D. & Kumar, V., 2011. The era of Energy
Harvesting: µ -Energy Scavengers using Microsystems (MEMS) Technology.
2. Shikha Sharma, Nidhi Gupta and Sudha Srivastava “Modulating Electron Transfer
Properties of Gold Nanoparticles for Efficient Biosensing” Current Nanoscience
(communicated).
3. Role of vibrational modes in structural relaxation in a supercooled liquid”,
Shankar P. Das and Sudha Srivastava in “Slow Dynamics in Complex System” –Edited
by Michio Tokuyama and Irwin Oppenheim, 1999 American Institute of Physics (AIP).
Wereferred the following content from the Internet
1. Application of MEMS technology
2. Future scope of MEMS technology
3. Advantage and Disadvantage of MEMS/MICRO system
11. 3
CHAPTER-1
“MEMS TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW”
1.1 WHATIS MEMSTECHNOLOGY
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is the integration of mechanical elements, sensors,
actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology.
While the electronics are fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) process sequences, the
micromechanical components are fabricated using compatible "micromachining" processes that
selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural layers to form the mechanical
and electromechanical devices.
Microelectronic integrated circuits can be thought of as the "brains" of a system and MEMS
augments this decision-making capability with "eyes" and "arms", to allow microsystems to sense
and control the environment. Sensors gather information from the environment through measuring
mechanical, thermal, biological, chemical, optical, and magnetic phenomena. The electronics then
process the information derived from the sensors and through some decision making capability
direct the actuators to respond by moving, positioning, regulating, pumping, and filtering, thereby
controlling the environment for some desired outcome or purpose.
Fig.1.1: electromechanical devicesre [1]
12. 4
1.2 MICROSYSTEMS
MEMS is an abbreviation for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems. This is a rapidly emerging
technology combining electrical, electronic, mechanical, optical, material, chemical, and fluids
engineering disciplines. As the smallest commercially produced "machines", MEMS devices are
similar to traditional sensors and actuators although much, much smaller. E.g. Complete systems
are typically a few millimeters across, with individual features devices of the order of 1-100
micrometers across the process.
Fig.1.2: Electro Mechanical Systems[2]
Due to the limitations of this "traditional IC" manufacturing process MEMS devices are required
to interact with the MEMS device. Due to the small size and mass of the devices, MEMS
components can be actuated electrostatically (piezoelectric and bimetallic effects can also be used).
The position of MEMS components can also be sensed capacitive. Hence the MEMS electronics
include electrostatic drive power supplies, capacitance charge comparators, and signal
conditioning circuitry. Connection with the macroscopic world is via wire bonding and
encapsulation into familiar BGA, MCM, surface mount, or leaded IC packages.
13. 5
Fig.1.3: Surface mount[2]
A common MEMS actuator is the "linear comb drive" (shown above) which consists of rows of
interlocking teeth; half of the teeth are attached to a fixed "beam", the other half attached to amovable
beam assembly. Both assemblies are electrically insulated. By applying the same polarity voltage
to both parts the resultant electrostatic force repels the movable beam away from the fixed.
Conversely, by applying opposite polarity the parts are attracted. In this manner the comb drive
can be moved "in" or "out" and either DC or AC voltages can be applied. The small size of the
parts (low inertial mass) means that the drive has a very fast response time compared to its
macroscopic counterpart. The magnitude of the electrostatic force is multiplied by the voltage or
more commonly the surface area and a number of teeth. Commercial comb drives have several
thousand teeth, each tooth approximately 10 micrometers long. Drive voltages are CMOS levels.
1.3SILICON
The economies of scale, t h e ready availability of cheap high-quality materials and ability
to incorporate electronic functionality make silicon attractive for a wide variety of MEMS
applications. Silicon also has significant advantages engendered through its material properties. In
single crystal form, silicon is an almost perfect Hookean material, meaning that when it is flexed
there is virtually no hysteresis and hence almost no energy dissipation. The basic techniques for
producing all silicon-based MEMS devices are deposition of material layers, patterning of these
layers by photolithography and then etching to produce the required shapes.
1.4 POLYMERS
Even though the electronics industry provides an economy of scale for the silicon industry,
crystalline silicon is still a complex and relatively expensive material to produce. Polymers, on the
other hand, can be produced in huge volumes, with a great variety of material characteristics.
MEMS devices can be made from polymers by processes such as injection molding, embossing or
stereolithography and are especially well suited to microfluidic applications such as disposable
blood testing cartridges.
14. 6
1.5 METALS
Metals can also be used to create MEMS elements. While metals do not have some of the
advantages displayed by silicon in terms of mechanical properties, when used within their
limitations, metals can exhibit very high degrees of reliability. Metals can be deposited by
electroplating, evaporation, and sputtering processes. Commonly used metals include gold, nickel,
aluminum, chromium, titanium, tungsten, platinum, and silver.
15. 7
CHAPTER-2
‘‘CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION’’
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this process, the substrate is placed inside a reactor to which a number of gases are supplied.
The fundamental principle of the process is that a chemical reaction takes place between the source
gases. The product of that reaction is a solid material with condenses on all surfaces inside the
reactor.
The two most important CVD technologies in MEMS are the Low-Pressure CVD (LPCVD) and
Plasma Enhanced CVD (PECVD). The LPCVD process produces layers with excellent uniformity
of thickness and material characteristics. The main problems with the process are the high
deposition temperature (higher than 600°C) and the relatively slow deposition rate. The PECVD
process can operate at lower temperatures (down to 300°C) thanks to the extra energy supplied to
the gas molecules by the plasma in the reactor. However, the quality of the films tends to be inferior
to processes running at higher temperatures. Secondly, most PECVD deposition systems can only
deposit the material on one side of the wafers on 1 to 4 wafers at a time. LPCVD systems deposit
Fig.2.1: Typical hot-wall LPCVD reactor[3]
16. 8
2.2 USE OF CVD
CVD processes are ideal to use when you want a thin film with good step coverage. A variety of
materials can be deposited with this technology; however, some of them are less popular with fans
because of hazardous by-products formed during processing. The quality of the material varies
from process to process, however a good rule of thumb is that higher process temperature yields a
material with higher quality and fewer defects.
2.3 ELECTRODEPOSITION
This process is also known as "electroplating" and is typically restricted to electrically conductive
materials. There are basically two technologies for plating: Electroplating and Electroless Plating.
In the electroplating process, the substrate is placed in a liquid solution (electrolyte). When an
electrical potential is applied between a conducting area on the substrate and a counter electrode
(usually platinum) in the liquid, a chemical redox process takes place resulting in the formation of
a layer of material on the substrate and usually some gas generation at the counter electrode. In the
electroless plating process, a more complex chemical solution is used, in which deposition happens
spontaneously on any surface which forms a sufficiently high electrochemical potential with the
solution. This process is desirable since it does not require any external electrical potential and
contact to the substrate.
2.4USE OF ELECTRO DEPOSITION
The electrodeposition process is well suited to make films of metals such as copper, gold and
nickel. The films can be made in any thickness from ~1µm to >100µm. The deposition is best
controlled when used with an external electrical potential, however, it requires electrical contact
to the substrate when immersed in the liquid bath. In any process, the surface of the substrate must
have an electrically conducting coating before the deposition can be done.
17. 9
Fig.2.2: Typical setup for electrodeposition[4]
2.5 EPITAXY
This technology is quite similar to what happens in CVD processes, however, if the substrate is an
ordered semiconductor crystal (i.e. silicon, gallium arsenide), it is possible with this process to
continue building on the substrate with the same crystallographic orientation with the substrate
acting as a seed for the deposition. If an amorphous/polycrystalline substrate surface is used, the
film will also be amorphous or polycrystalline.
There are several technologies for creating the conditions inside a reactor needed to support
epitaxial growth, of which the most important is Vapour Phase Epitaxy (VPE). In this process,
a number of gases are introduced in an induction heated reactor where only the substrate is heated.
The temperature of the substrate typically must be at least 50% of the melting point of the material
to be deposited.
An advantage of epitaxy is the high growth rate of material, which allows the formation of films
with considerable thickness (>100µm). Epitaxy is a widely used technology for producing a silicon
on insulator (SOI) substrates. The technology is primarily used for deposition of silicon. A
schematic diagram of a typical vapor phase epitaxial reactor is shown in the figure below.
18. 10
Fig.2.3: Typical cold-wall vapor phase epitaxial reactor[4]
2.6THERMAL OXIDATION
This is one of the most basic deposition technologies. It is simply oxidation of the substrate surface
in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. The temperature is raised to 800°C-1100°Cto speed up the process.
This is also the only deposition technology which actually consumes some of the substrates as it
proceeds. The growth of the film is spurned by the diffusion of oxygen into the substrate, which
means the film growth is actually downwards into the substrate. As the thickness of the oxidized
layer increases, the diffusion of oxygen to the substrate becomes more difficult leading to a
parabolic relationship between film thickness and oxidation time for films thicker than ~100nm.
This process is naturally limited to materials that can be oxidized, and it can only form films that
are oxides of that material.
19. 11
CHAPTER-3
‘‘PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION’’
PVD covers a number of deposition technologies in which material is released from a source and
transferred to the substrate. The two most important technologies are evaporation and sputtering.
3.1WHEN DO WE WANT TO USE PVD
PVD comprises the standard technologies for deposition of metals. It is far more common than
CVD for metals since it can be performed at lower process risk and cheaper in regards to materials
cost. The quality of the films is inferior to CVD, which for metals means higher resistivity and
for insulators more defects and traps. The step coverage is also not as good as CVD. The choice
of deposition method (i.e. evaporation vs. sputtering) may in many cases be arbitrary and may
depend more on what technology is available for the specific material at the time.
3.2 EVAPORATION
In evaporation, the substrate is placed inside a vacuum chamber, in which a block (source) of the
material to be deposited is also located. The source material is then heated to the point where it
starts to boil and evaporate. The vacuum is required to allow the molecules to evaporate freely in
the chamber, and they subsequently condense on all surfaces. This principle is the same for all
evaporation technologies, only the method used to the heat (evaporate) the source material differs.
There are two popular evaporation technologies, which are e-beam evaporation and resistive
evaporation each referring to the heating method. In e-beam evaporation, an electron beam is
aimed at the source material causing local heating and evaporation. In resistive evaporation, a
tungsten boat, containing the source material, is heated electrically with ahigh current to make the
material evaporate. Many materials are restrictive in terms of what evaporation method can be
used (i.e. aluminum is quite difficult to evaporate using resistive heating), which typically relates
to the phase transition properties of that material. A schematic diagram of a typical system for-
beam evaporation is shown in the figure below.
20. 12
Fig.3.1: Typical system for e-beam evaporation of materials[3]
3.3 SPUTTERING
Sputtering is a technology in which the material is released from the source at much lower
temperature than evaporation. The substrate is placed in a vacuum chamber with the source
material, named a target, and an inert gas (such as argon) is introduced at low pressure. Gas plasma
is struck using an RF power source, causing the gas to become ionized. The ions are accelerated
towards the surface of the target, causing atoms of the source material to break off from the target
in vapor form and condense on all surfaces including the substrate. As for evaporation, the basic
principle of sputtering is the same for all sputtering technologies. The differences typically relate
to the manner in which the ion bombardment of the target is realized. A schematic diagram of a
typical RF sputtering system is shown in the figure below.
21. 13
Fig.3.2: Typical RF sputtering system[5]
3.4USE OF CASTING
Casting is a simple technology which can be used for a variety of materials (mostly polymers).
The control on film thickness depends on exact conditions but can be sustained within +/-10% in
a wide range. If you are planning to use photolithography you will be using casting, which is an
integral part of that technology. There are also other interesting materials such as polyimide and
spin-on glass which can be applied by casting.
Fig.3.3: The spin casting process as used for photoresist in photolithography[5]
22. 14
CHAPTER-4
“PATTERNTRANSFER”
4.1.INTRODUCTION
Lithography in the MEMS context is typically the transfer of a pattern to aphotosensitive material
by selective exposure to a radiation source such as light. A photosensitive material is a material
that experiences a change in its physical properties when exposed to a radiation source. If we
selectively expose a photosensitive material to radiation (e.g. by masking some of the radiation)
the pattern of the radiation on the material is transferred to the material exposed, as the properties
ofthe exposed and unexposed regions differs (as shown in figure 4.1).
Fig.4.1: Transfer of apattern to a photosensitive material[1]
23. 15
In lithography for micromachining, the photosensitive material used is typically aphotoresist (also
called resist, other photosensitive polymers are also used). When resist is exposed to a radiation
source of a specific wavelength, the chemical resistance of the resist to developer solution
changes. If the resist is placed in a developer solution after selective exposure to a light source, it
will etch away one of the two regions (exposed or unexposed). If the exposed material is etched
away by the developer and the unexposed region is resilient, the material is considered to be a
positive resist (shown in figure 4.2a). If the exposed material is resilient to the developer and
the unexposed region is etched away, it is considered to be a negative resist (shown in figure 4.2b)
compounds are primarily organic, and do not encompass the spectrum of materials properties of
interest to micro-machinists.
Fig.4.2 :a) Pattern definition in positive resist, b) Pattern definition in negative resist[2]
24. 16
However, as the technique is capable of producing fine features in an economic fashion, a
photosensitive layer is often used as a temporary mask when etching an underlying layer, so
that the pattern may be transferred to the underlying layer (shown in figure 3a).The photoresist
may also be used as a template for patterning material deposited after lithography (shown in figure
3b). The resist is subsequently etched away, and the material deposited on the resist is "lifted
off". The deposition template (lift-off) approach for transferring a pattern from resisting to
another layer is less common than using the resist pattern as an etch mask. The reason for this is
that resist is incompatible with most MEMS deposition processes, usually because it cannot
withstand high temperatures and may act as a source of contamination.
Fig.4.3: a) Pattern transfer from patterned photoresist to the underlying layer by etching, b)
Pattern transfer from patterned photoresist to overlying layer by lift-off[2]
25. 17
CHAPTER-5
“ETCHING PROCESSES”
In order to form a functional MEMS structure on a substrate, it is necessary to etch the thin films
previously deposited and/or the substrate itself. In general, there are two classes of etching
processes:
1. Wet etching where the material is dissolved when immersed in a chemical solution
2. Dry etching where the material is sputtered or dissolved using reactive ions or a vapor
phase etchant.
5.1 WET ETCHING
This is the simplest etching technology. All it requires is a container with a liquid solution that will
dissolve the material in question. Unfortunately, there are complications since usually a mask is
desired to selectively etch the material. One must find a mask that will not dissolve or at least
etches much slower than the material to be patterned. Secondly, some single crystal materials, such
as silicon, exhibit anisotropic etching in certain chemicals. Anisotropic etching in contrast to
isotropic etching means different etches rates in different directions in the material. The classic
example of this is the <111> crystal plane sidewalls that appear when etching a hole in a <100>
silicon wafer in a chemical such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). The result is a pyramid-shaped
hole instead ofahole with rounded sidewalls with an anisotropic etchant. The principle of anisotropic
and isotropic wet etching is illustrated in the figure below.
26. 18
5.2 USE OF WET ETCHING
This is a simple technology, which will give good results if you can find the combination of etchant
and mask material to suit your application. Wet etching works very well for etching thin films on
substrates, and can also be used to etch the substrate itself. The problem with substrate etching is
that isotropic processes will cause undercutting of the mask layer by the same distance as the etch
depth. Anisotropic processes allow the etching to stop on certain crystal planes in the substrate
but still results in a loss of space since these planes cannot be vertical to the surface when etching
holes or cavities. If this is a limitation for you, you should consider dry etching of the substrate
instead. However, keep in mind that the cost per wafer will be 1-2 orders of magnitude higher to
perform the dry etching
If you are making very small features in thin films (comparable to the film thickness), you may
also encounter problems with isotropic wet etching, since the undercutting will be at least equal to
the film thickness. With dry etching, it is possible to etch almost straight down without
undercutting, which provides much higher resolution.
Fig.5.1: Difference between anisotropic and isotropic wet etching[6]
27. 19
CHAPTER-6
“FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES”
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The three characteristic features of MEMS fabrication technologies are miniaturization,
multiplicity, and microelectronics. Miniaturization enables the production of compact, quick-
response devices. Multiplicity refers to the batch fabrication inherent in semiconductor processing,
which allows thousands or millions of components to be easily and concurrently fabricated.
Microelectronics provides the intelligence to MEMS and allows the monolithic merger of sensors,
actuators, and logic to build closed-loop feedback components and systems. The successful
miniaturization and multiplicity of traditional electronics systems would not have been possible
without IC fabrication technology. Therefore, IC fabrication technology, or microfabrication, has
so far been the primary enabling technology for the development of MEMS. Microfabrication
provides a powerful tool for batch processing and miniaturization of mechanical systems into a
dimensional domain not accessible by conventional techniques. Furthermore, microfabrication
provides an opportunity for the integration of mechanical systems with electronics to develop
high- performance closed-loop-controlled MEMS.
Advances in IC technology in the last decade have brought about corresponding progress in
MEMS fabrication processes. Manufacturing processes allow for the monolithic integration of
micro electromechanical structures with driving, controlling, and signal-processing electronics.
This integration promises to improve the performance of micromechanical devices as well as
reduce the cost of manufacturing, packaging and instrumenting these devices.
28. 20
6.2 IC FABRICATION
Any discussion of MEMS requires a basic understanding of IC fabrication technology, or
microfabrication, the primary enabling technology for the development of MEMS. The major
steps in IC fabrication technology are:
Film growth: Usually, a polished Si wafer is used as the substrate, on which a thin film is
grown. The film, which may be epitaxial Si, SiO2, silicon nitride (Si3N4), polycrystalline
Si, or metal, is used to build both active or passive components and interconnections
between circuits.
Doping: To modulate the properties of the device layer, a low and controllable level of an
atomic impurity may be introduced into the layer by thermal diffusion or ion implantation.
Lithography: A pattern on a mask is then transferred to the film by means of a
photosensitive (i.e., light sensitive) chemical known as aphotoresist. The process of pattern
generation and transfer is called photolithography. A typical mask consists of a glass plate
coatedwith a patterned chromium (Cr) film.
Etching: Next is the selective removal of unwanted regions of afilm or substrate for pattern
delineation. Wet chemical etching or dry etching may be used. Etch-mask materials are
used at various stages in the removal process to selectively prevent those portions of the
material from being etched. These materials include SiO2, Si3N4, and hard-baked
photoresist.
Dicing: The finished wafer is sawed or machined into small squares, or dice, from which
electronic components can be made.
Packaging: The individual sections are then packaged, a process that involves physically
locating, connecting, and protecting a device or component. MEMS design is strongly
coupled to the packaging requirements, which in turn are dictated by the application
environment.
29. 21
CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS
7.1 PRESSURE SENSORS
MEMS pressure microsensors typically have a flexible diaphragm that deforms in the presence of
a pressure difference. The deformation is converted to an electrical signal appearing at the sensor
output. A pressure sensor can be used to sense the absolute air pressure within the intake manifold
of an automobile engine so that the amount of fuel required for each engine cylinder can be
computed.
7.2 ACCELEROMETERS
Accelerometers are acceleration sensors. An inertial mass suspended by springs is acted upon by
acceleration forces that cause the mass to be deflected from its initial position. This deflection is
converted to an electrical signal, which appears at the sensor output. The application of MEMS
technology to accelerometers is a relatively new development. Accelerometers in consumer
electronics devices such as game controllers (Nintendo Wii), personal media players/cell phones
(Apple iPhone ) and anumber of Digital Cameras (various Canon Digital IXUS models).
Fig.7.1: iPod Touch[7]
30. 22
The consumer market has been a key driver for MEMS technology success. For example, in a
mobile phone, MP3/MP4 player or PDA, these sensors offer a new intuitive motion-based
approach to navigation within and between pages. In game controllers, MEMS sensors allow the
player to play just moving the controller/pad; the sensor determines the motion.
7.3 INERTIAL SENSORS
Inertial sensors are a type of accelerometer and are one of the principal commercial products that
utilize surface micromachining. They are used as airbag-deployment sensors in
automobiles, and as tilt or shock sensors. The application of these accelerometers to inertial
measurement units is limited by the need to manually align and assemble them into three-axis
systems, and by the resulting alignment tolerances, their lack of in- chip analog-to-digital
conversion circuitry, and their lower limit of sensitivity.
Fig.7.2: Inertial sensors[7]
31. 23
CHAPTER-8
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF MEMS
8.1 ADVANTAGES OF MEMS
Minimize energy and materials used in manufacturing
Cost/performance advantages
Improved reproducibility
Improved accuracy and reliability
Increased selectivity and sensitivity
8.2 DISADVANTAGES OF MEMS
Farm establishment requires huge investments
Micro-components are Costly compared to macro-components
Design includes very much complex procedures
Prior knowledge is needed to integrate MEMS devices.
32. 24
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
The automotive industry, motivated by the need for more efficient safety systems and the desire
for enhanced performance, is the largest consumer of MEMS-based technology. In addition to
accelerometers and gyroscopes, micro-sized tire pressure systems are now standard issues in new
vehicles, putting MEMS pressure sensors in high demand. Such micro-sized pressure sensors can
be used by physicians and surgeons in a telemetry system to measure blood pressure at a stet,
allowing early detection of hypertension and restenosis. Alternatively, the detection of
biomolecules can benefit most from MEMS-based biosensors. Medical applications include
the detection of DNA sequences and metabolites. MEMS biosensors can also monitor
several chemicals simultaneously, making them perfect for detecting toxins in the environment.
Lastly, the dynamic range of MEMS-based silicon ultrasonic sensors has many advantages over
existing piezoelectric sensors in non-destructive evaluation, proximity sensing, and gas flow
measurement. Silicon ultrasonic sensors are also very effective immersion sensors and provide
improved performance in the areas of medical imaging and liquid level detection.
The medical, wireless technology, biotechnology, computer, automotive and aerospace
industries are only a few that will benefit greatly from MEMS.
This enabling technology allowing the development of smart products, augmenting the
computational ability of microelectronics with the perception and control capabilities of
microsensors and microactuators and expanding the space of possible designs and
applications.
MEMS devices are manufactured for unprecedented levels of functionality, reliability, and
sophistication can be placed on a small silicon chip at arelatively low cost.
MEMS promises to revolutionize nearly every product category by bringing together
silicon-based microelectronics with micromachining technology, making possible the
realization of complete systems-on-a-chip.
33. 25
APPENDIX
Each of the three basic microsystems technology processes we have seen, bulk micromachining,
sacrificial surface micromachining, and micro molding/LIGA, employs a different set of capital
and intellectual resources. MEMS manufacturing firms must choose which specific microsystems
manufacturing techniques to invest in.
MEMS technology has the potential to change our daily lives as much as the computer has.
However, the material needs of the MEMS field are at a preliminary stage. A thorough
understanding of the properties of existing MEMS materials is just as important as the
development of new MEMS materials.
Future MEMS applications will be driven by processes enabling greater functionality through
higher levels of electronic-mechanical integration and greater numbers of mechanical components
working alone or together to enable a complex action. Future MEMS products will demand higher
levels of electrical-mechanical integration and more intimate interaction with the physical world.
The high up-front investment costs for large-volume commercialization of MEMS will likely limit
the initial involvement to larger companies in the IC industry. Advancing from their success as
sensors, MEMS products will be embedded in larger non-MEMS systems, such as printers,
automobiles, and biomedical diagnostic equipment, and will enable new and improved systems.
34. 26
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