Mc.transcription translationflipbook

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Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes use the mRNA as a template to assemble amino acids specified by the mRNA into a polypeptide chain through translation.

Transcription happens in the Nucleus. Once RNA
Polymerase goes through one strand of DNA, the mRNA
travels through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.

Coding Region

Start Codon

Thymine
DNA Strand 1

Adenine

Stop Codon

Guanine
DNA Strand 2

Cytosine

Promoter
Region

Termination
Sequence

Coding Region

Thymine
DNA Strand 1

Adenine

Guanine
DNA Strand 2

Cytosine

Promoter
Region

Termination
Sequence

Coding Region

NA
merase

Thymine
DNA Strand 1

Adenine

Guanine
DNA Strand 2

Cytosine

Promoter
Region

Termination
Sequence

Coding Region

RNA
Polymerase

Thymine
DNA Strand 1

Adenine

Guanine
DNA Strand 2

Cytosine

Promoter
Region

Termination
Sequence

Coding Region

RNA
Polymera

Thymine
DNA Strand 1

Adenine

Guanine
DNA Strand 2

Cytosine

Promoter
Region

Termination
Sequence

Coding Region

Po

Thymine
DNA Strand 1

Adenine

Guanine
DNA Strand 2

Cytosine

Nucleus

Nuclear Pore

Cytoplasm

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Nucleus

Nuclear Pore

Cytoplasm

mRNA

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Nucleus

Nuclear Pore

Cytoplasm

mRN

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

DNA Transcription is the process of copying the DNA sequence of a gene and
transporting it to the cytoplasm of the cell. In the beginning, the transcription process
is occurring in the nucleus, as said at the beginning of the power point. After RNA
Polymerase attaches complementary nucleotides to the template, Thymine is replaced
by Uracil. So when RNA nucleotides are bound to DNA nucleotides; Adenine binds with
Uracil and Guanine binds with Cytosine.

Cytoplasm

mRNA
Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

me

mRNA
Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

some

mRNA
Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

ibosome

mRNA
Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

mRNA
Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

 tRNA

Ribosome

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Ribosom

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Riboso

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Ribo

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Ri

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Adenine
Uracil

Guanine

DNA Strand 1

Cytosine
DNA Strand 2

Cytoplasm

Met

Ser

Cys

Glu

Glu

Ser

Cys

Stop

The End Protein
Methionine, Serine, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Serine, Cysteine, Stop

During translation, mRNA enters the cytoplasm. Then, a ribosome reads
the mRNA strand to tell tRNA what amino acid to bring. Next, the tRNA
matches its codons with that of the mRNA and leaves the amino acid
there to be connected to another amino acid by a peptide bond. After
the ribosome reaches the end codon, it stops reading the mRNA and the
protein is completed.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown aberrant expression profiles in neurodegenerative disorders. This slideshow reviews the roles of lncRNAs and their mechanisms of action in the regulation of neurodegeneration. Learn more about novel solutions to isolate RNAs from blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). A new qPCR-based lncRNA platform for lncRNA detection and profiling is also presented.

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This document discusses long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). It begins by describing the discovery of lncRNAs in the 1980s-2000s through cDNA sequencing. It then states that lncRNAs are the largest class of transcripts in mouse and human genomes. The document discusses that lncRNAs were once thought to be useless but are now known to have regulatory functions. It provides details on the characteristics, locations in the genome, functions, mechanisms of action, roles in human disease, and implications in human carcinomas of lncRNAs.

RNAi and microRNA-mediated gene regulation

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The document discusses RNA interference and microRNA, which are types of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through translational inhibition or degradation of target messenger RNAs. Small interfering RNAs and microRNAs are produced from precursor molecules through a biogenesis pathway involving the enzymes Dicer and the Microprocessor complex, and are then loaded onto an Argonaute protein within the RNA-induced silencing complex to target messenger RNAs with either perfect or partial complementarity, leading to repression of gene expression.

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This document discusses a study investigating microRNAs (miRNAs) encoded by Cyprinid Herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3). The researchers identified 6 high probability pre-miRNA candidates through deep sequencing of CyHV-3 infected cells and subsequent validation using DNA microarrays. The miRNAs showed characteristics consistent with viral miRNAs, including discrete enriched loci and miRNA-like alignment signatures. DNA array hybridization confirmed that the candidates identified through deep sequencing were genuinely abundant transcripts and not artifacts of sequencing bias. This study provides evidence that CyHV-3 encodes miRNAs that may play important roles during latent infection.

RNA interference

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This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi), a biological mechanism that leads to post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA molecules. It was discovered in 1998 by Fire and Mello, who received the Nobel Prize for this work. The mechanism involves double-stranded RNA being processed by the enzyme Dicer into small interfering RNAs that integrate into the RNA-induced silencing complex and guide mRNA degradation. RNAi can be induced by synthetic siRNAs or endogenous microRNAs and represents a powerful tool for studying gene function and developing therapies.

Tools for lncRNA research in cancer

Ghent University

The human genome is pervasively transcribed, giving rise to an increasing number of long non-coding RNA genes. Most of these genes are novel or poorly characterized, and their relevance in human health and disease remains elusive. In our lab, we have developed various tools to study lncRNAs, amongst others to assess their role in cancer. As such, we are looking for novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. I will describe various tools and ongoing research programs, including a comprehensive annotated catalog of human lncRNAs (LNCipedia), a targeted screen for focal lncRNA copy number alterations, a web tool for antisense oligonucleotide design, Zipper plot to visualize the transcriptional activity of lncRNAs in their genomic context, decodeRNA functional context mapping, and probe based lncRNA capture sequencing in body fluids.

RNA interfernce

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RNA interference

ruchibioinfo

This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) and its mechanisms. It can be summarized as follows: 1. RNAi is a process where double-stranded RNA causes degradation of homologous mRNA sequences. It was discovered in 1998 and is found across many organisms. 2. The RNAi pathway involves conversion of dsRNA to siRNAs by the enzyme Dicer. siRNAs are incorporated into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins. RISC then cleaves and destroys homologous mRNA targets. 3. miRNAs are endogenous single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression at the translation level by preventing ribosome binding. They are processed from hairpin precursors by the enzymes Dro

RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism that inhibits gene expression through degradation of mRNA. It was discovered in 1998 when researchers found that injecting double-stranded RNA into worms caused specific gene silencing. The mechanism involves dicer enzymes cutting double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) which are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and guide it to degrade complementary mRNA targets. siRNAs can be designed to target specific genes and various delivery methods exist to introduce siRNAs into cells and organisms. RNAi has applications in research, therapeutics, and agriculture by allowing targeted gene silencing.

Gene silencing and its application in crop improvement

VINOD BARPA

Gene silencing is describing as epigenetic processes of gene regulation. Gene silencing is a technique used to turn down or switch off the activity of genes by a mechanism other than genetic modification. That is, a gene which would be expressed (turned on) under normal circumstances is switched off by machinery in the cell. Gene silencing (GS) is defined as a molecular process involved in the down regulation of specific genes, the mechanisms of Gene silencing that suppress gene activity in plants has extended that control of gene expression. Currently, there are several routes of GS identified in plants, such as: transcriptional gene silencing and post transcriptional (PTGS or RNAi) gene silencing (Fire et al. 1998), microRNA silencing and virus induced gene silencing. All these pathways play an important role at the cellular level, affecting gene regulation and protection against viruses and transposons. The post-transcriptional gene silencing involves breakdown of the mRNA itself by various techniques like Ribozymes, antisense RNA, DNAzymes and RNA interference (RNAi). Among all these techniques RNA interference has emerged as most potent tool to effect targeted gene silencing and is being used to determine the function of genes which are expressed in a constitutive or cell-fate dependent manner.

RNAi interuption mechanism and application

Sumeena Karki

RNA interference is a natural mechanism that inhibits gene expression. It was first discovered accidentally in 1990 when researchers trying to increase pigmentation in petunias found that introduced homologous RNA led to less pigmentation. Further work found similar mechanisms in plants and fungi termed cosuppression and quelling. Craig Mello and Andrew Fire's 1998 paper demonstrating gene silencing in C. elegans using double stranded RNA led to the coining of the term RNAi. The mechanism involves Dicer and Drosha enzymes processing trigger RNA into siRNAs which are loaded into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins to degrade complementary mRNA, silencing gene expression. RNAi plays roles in gene regulation, genome stability, and provides therapeutic tools for disease

Rn ai @ sid

sidjena70

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process triggered by double-stranded RNA that silences gene expression. It was first discovered in plants but has since been found in many eukaryotes. RNAi plays an important role in defending against viruses and mobile genetic elements. It involves an enzyme called Dicer that cleaves long double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These siRNAs are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that guides mRNA degradation. RNAi can be induced experimentally using synthesized siRNAs or expressed short hairpin RNAs to study gene function or develop applications like crop improvement.

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snehaljikamade

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in suppression of desired genes. RNAi is now known as precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense technology for gene suppression. Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.

Rna interference

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Micro rna

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- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through base pairing with messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. They are encoded in the genome and are abundant in many human cell types. - miRNAs play a vital role in genetic regulation and are involved in most biological processes. Aberrant miRNA expression has been implicated in many diseases. - miRNAs are initially transcribed as long primary transcripts that are processed in the nucleus by the Drosha enzyme into hairpin-shaped precursor miRNAs. These are then exported into the cytoplasm and further processed by the Dicer enzyme into mature miRNAs that can regulate gene expression through pairing with mRNAs.

transgene silencing

Kanchan Rawat

Transgene silencing refers to the downregulation or suppression of transgene expression in genetically modified organisms. There are several mechanisms by which this can occur, including RNA interference pathways, epigenetic effects, and position effects from chromosomal integration site. Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) are two major types. PTGS affects mRNA levels after transcription, while TGS involves DNA/chromatin methylation and inhibits transcription. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) uses recombinant viruses to trigger RNAi against plant genes, and is useful for functional analysis.

miRNA & siRNA

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This document provides an overview of the origins and mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). It discusses how double-stranded RNAs are cut by the enzyme Dicer into short RNA fragments that then base pair with mRNAs to induce degradation or transcriptional silencing. Key players in this RNA interference (RNAi) pathway include Dicer, Argonaute proteins, and the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The document contrasts siRNAs, which originate from long double-stranded RNA, and miRNAs, which are encoded from single-stranded RNA precursors that form hairpin structures. It examines the processing steps and roles of various proteins in mediating the effects of si

Gene silencing

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This document provides an overview of gene silencing, including its history, mechanisms, types, and applications. Gene silencing aims to reduce or eliminate protein production from a gene. There are two main types - transcriptional gene silencing modifies the gene, while post-transcriptional gene silencing uses double-stranded RNA to suppress gene expression. Key mechanisms include antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, and RNA interference. Gene silencing has advantages like being cost-effective and specific, and applications in treating diseases, developing resistant crops, and analyzing unknown genes.

RNA interference

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This document provides an overview of RNA interference (RNAi) including its mechanism, applications, and methods for delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA). It discusses how dsRNA is processed by the enzyme Dicer into siRNAs which are incorporated into the RISC complex to degrade complementary mRNA. Viral vectors, liposomes, nanoparticles, and chemical modifications are described as methods used to deliver exogenous siRNAs. The document outlines both the therapeutic potential of RNAi and challenges associated with effective siRNA delivery.

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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on antisense RNA technology. The presentation covered: 1. The introduction defined antisense RNA and its potential for crop improvement to meet rising global food demand. 2. The mechanisms of antisense RNA technology were explained, including how antisense RNA binds to mRNA to inhibit translation and activate RNase H degradation. 3. The history of antisense technology was discussed, including its first observation in nature's HOK/SOK system and early experiments in the 1990s that helped define gene silencing.

Sequencing cannabis sativa and cannabis indica, Courtagen Life Sciences, Inc,...

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1. Medicinal Genomics Corporation sequenced the genomes of several cannabis cultivars including Chemdawg and LA Confidential. 2. Analysis of the genome sequences revealed high levels of polymorphisms and identified several copies of THCA synthase genes with single nucleotide variants. 3. RNA sequencing of different tissues showed tissue-specific expression of potential cannabinoid synthase genes, including a novel root-expressed synthase with a different N-terminal domain. 4. A family tree analysis grouped the potential synthase genes into families across the different cultivars.

Rna silencing in plants

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This document provides an overview of RNA silencing in plants. It discusses that RNA silencing refers to gene silencing by non-coding RNAs like microRNAs. The mechanism involves double-stranded RNA being processed by an enzyme into small RNAs that guide silencing. There are multiple pathways of RNA silencing in plants, including the microRNA, trans-acting small interfering RNA, RNA-directed DNA methylation, and exogenic RNA pathways. The document also discusses applications of RNA silencing technologies in plants for resistance to stresses and altering traits, as well as advantages and disadvantages.

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This document summarizes gene silencing mechanisms including transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). TGS involves modifications of histones or DNA that alter accessibility of genes to transcriptional machinery. PTGS results from mRNA of a gene being destroyed or blocked, such as via RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi was discovered in C. elegans and involves long dsRNA being processed by the Dicer enzyme into siRNAs that guide an RISC complex to degrade complementary mRNAs. MicroRNAs also guide RISC complexes but typically block translation rather than degradation.

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Integrative transcriptomics to study non-coding RNA functions by dr. ir. Pieter Mestdagh - Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Over the last years, non-coding RNAs (e.g. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) have emerged as an important layer of the transcriptome. In order to elucidate their function in disease biology, multiple tools have been developed, ranging from miRNA target prediction algorithms to the more advanced integrative genomics approaches. Through the combination of multiple layers of information, integrative genomics allows a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of non-coding RNA functions in human disease. In this presentation, I will discuss different approaches on how to combine multi-level transcriptome data in order to functionally characterize non-coding RNA networks.

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Mc.transcription translationflipbook

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