MBBS level motor homunculus
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1st proff student level presentation on the topic of neuro. Presented in a Physiology seminar. simple, concise, apt.
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Basal ganglia
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
Anatomy of ulnar Nerve (Ulnar Nerve Anatomy)
Presented BY
Syed Irshad Murtaza
The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pak.
Neurophysiology Dept.
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BROADMANN AREA 1,2,3 Grouped as primary somatosensory cortex. Location – Post-Central gyrus on lateral surface of brain. Tactile representation is orderly arranged (in an inverted fashion) from the toe (at the top of the cerebral hemisphere) to mouth (at the bottom)
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Cranial nerves
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve the brain and structures of the head and neck. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the others are associated with the brain stem. Each nerve has a unique origin, course, functions and clinical implications. Damage to specific cranial nerves can impact functions like smell, vision, eye and facial muscle movement, hearing, balance, swallowing, speech and others.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Pain
Pain serves an adaptive purpose by alerting us to potential threats and motivating avoidance. It is both a sensory experience mediated by nociceptors and an emotional one. Pain becomes chronic when it persists beyond healing or when sensitization causes pain in the absence of ongoing tissue damage. Animal models are used to study pain mechanisms and test treatments given pain's complexity. Sensitization occurs peripherally by chemicals released during injury and centrally by neurotransmitters amplifying excitatory signaling in the spinal cord. Descending pathways from the brain can modulate pain transmission both up and down.
Degeneration and regeneration of
1. When a nerve is injured, degenerative changes occur in both the injured nerve fiber and the nerve cell body. These changes are collectively known as Wallerian degeneration.
2. Nerve injuries are classified into five degrees of severity based on the extent of damage. First degree injuries involve temporary conduction block while fifth degree injuries involve complete nerve transaction.
3. When a nerve is injured, degenerative changes occur in the distal and proximal parts of the injured nerve fiber as well as the corresponding nerve cell body. This involves breakdown of the axon and myelin sheath as well as changes in the nerve cell body.
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Basal ganglia
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
Anatomy of ulnar Nerve (Ulnar Nerve Anatomy)
Presented BY
Syed Irshad Murtaza
The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pak.
Neurophysiology Dept.
Brodmann’s areas 3, 1, 2
BROADMANN AREA 1,2,3 Grouped as primary somatosensory cortex. Location – Post-Central gyrus on lateral surface of brain. Tactile representation is orderly arranged (in an inverted fashion) from the toe (at the top of the cerebral hemisphere) to mouth (at the bottom)
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Cranial nerves
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve the brain and structures of the head and neck. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the others are associated with the brain stem. Each nerve has a unique origin, course, functions and clinical implications. Damage to specific cranial nerves can impact functions like smell, vision, eye and facial muscle movement, hearing, balance, swallowing, speech and others.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Pain
Pain serves an adaptive purpose by alerting us to potential threats and motivating avoidance. It is both a sensory experience mediated by nociceptors and an emotional one. Pain becomes chronic when it persists beyond healing or when sensitization causes pain in the absence of ongoing tissue damage. Animal models are used to study pain mechanisms and test treatments given pain's complexity. Sensitization occurs peripherally by chemicals released during injury and centrally by neurotransmitters amplifying excitatory signaling in the spinal cord. Descending pathways from the brain can modulate pain transmission both up and down.
Degeneration and regeneration of
1. When a nerve is injured, degenerative changes occur in both the injured nerve fiber and the nerve cell body. These changes are collectively known as Wallerian degeneration.
2. Nerve injuries are classified into five degrees of severity based on the extent of damage. First degree injuries involve temporary conduction block while fifth degree injuries involve complete nerve transaction.
3. When a nerve is injured, degenerative changes occur in the distal and proximal parts of the injured nerve fiber as well as the corresponding nerve cell body. This involves breakdown of the axon and myelin sheath as well as changes in the nerve cell body.
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibres
3.2.1 Classify nerve fibres
3.2.2 Classify nerve fibres based on the diameter & conduction velocity
3.2.3 Describe the salient features of Erlanger & Gasser
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3.2.4 State the functions of type A, B & C nerve fibres
3.2.5 Compare & contrast the numerical classification with the
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Tracts of spinal cord
This document summarizes several tracts of the spinal cord involved in sensory and motor functions. It describes the pathways for touch, pain, and proprioception including the lateral spinothalamic, anterior spinothalamic, and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts. It also outlines descending motor tracts such as the corticospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts. Additionally, it briefly discusses the Brown-Sequard syndrome resulting from hemisection of the spinal cord.
Neuromuscular transmission and its pharmacology
Neuromuscular transmission occurs at the neuromuscular junction, where motor neuron axon terminals synapse with skeletal muscle fibers. Acetylcholine is released from motor neuron terminals and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, causing depolarization and muscle fiber excitation. Acetylcholine is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase to terminate the signal. Diseases like myasthenia gravis can disrupt neuromuscular transmission.
Stretch reflex Muscle tone.pptx
The document discusses the stretch reflex and muscle tone. It defines the stretch reflex as an involuntary response to stretching a muscle, which stimulates sensory receptors and causes contraction of the muscle. The key components of the reflex arc are: receptor, afferent nerve, spinal cord or brain center, efferent nerve, and effector organ (muscle). Muscle tone refers to the partial contraction of muscles at rest, which is regulated by spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. The stretch reflex plays an important role in maintaining proper muscle tone and protecting muscles from overstretching.
Homunculus
The document discusses motor and sensory homunculi, which are pictorial representations of the divisions of the primary motor and somatosensory cortex. The homunculi depict body parts disproportionately large or small based on the density of motor or sensory nerves in that body part. Areas with more complex movements or finer sensation, like the hands and face, are depicted larger than less dense areas. The document includes images of motor and sensory homunculi and explains what they represent in brain mapping.
Radial nerve
The radial nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and supplies motor innervation to the posterior compartment muscles of the arm and forearm. It has both motor and sensory branches. In the arm, it gives off branches that innervate the triceps and passes through the spiral groove between the humerus and triceps. In the forearm, it divides into a deep motor branch and superficial sensory branch. Damage to the radial nerve can occur at different locations like the axilla, spiral groove, or radial tunnel at the elbow, resulting in characteristic motor and sensory deficits depending on the site of injury.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that are involved in motor control and cognition. They consist of input nuclei that receive projections from the cortex, output nuclei that project to thalamic and brainstem regions, and intrinsic nuclei with restricted basal ganglia connections. The striatum acts as the main input nucleus, receiving glutamatergic inputs from the cortex. There are two main pathways through the basal ganglia - the direct pathway that disinhibits the thalamus to increase motor activity, and the indirect pathway that inhibits the thalamus to decrease motor activity. Dopamine modulation differentially affects these pathways, exciting the direct pathway via D1 receptors while inhibiting the indirect pathway via D2 receptors. D
Classification of nerve fibres
Nerve fibers can be classified in six different ways: by structure, distribution, origin, function, neurotransmitter secretion, and diameter/impulse conduction. By structure, they are myelinated or non-myelinated. By distribution, they are somatic or autonomic. By origin, they are cranial or spinal. By function, they are sensory or motor. By neurotransmitter, they are adrenergic or cholinergic. By diameter/impulse conduction, Erlanger and Gasser classified them as type A, B, or C fibers with different speeds and functions.
The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
1) The medial lemniscus system carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration from receptors through the dorsal roots and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts in the spinal cord.
2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
Cranial Nerve Examination
This document outlines the assessment of the 12 cranial nerves. It describes the function of each nerve, the specific tests used to assess each nerve's function, and examples of abnormal findings and what lesions they may indicate. The objectives are to be able to enumerate the cranial nerves, describe the function of each, and assess each nerve through physical exams and tests while noting any abnormalities. Sensory functions like smell, vision, and hearing are assessed alongside motor functions of the eyes, face, throat, and tongue. Tests include checking visual acuity, peripheral vision, eye movements, facial expressions, swallowing, and tongue movement.
Tracts
This document summarizes the major ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord and brainstem that transmit sensory and motor information. It describes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and anterolateral system, which are the main conscious sensory tracts transmitting touch, proprioception, vibration, pain and temperature. It also discusses the spinocerebellar tracts that transmit unconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum. On the motor side, it outlines the pyramidal tracts including the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, as well as the extrapyramidal tracts that control posture, balance and locomotion.
The blood supply of the brain and spinal cord
The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain and spinal cord. It describes that the brain receives blood from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form the circle of Willis. It then discusses the specific branches and territories supplied by the internal carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries. It also summarizes the veins that drain the brain and the arteries that supply blood to the spinal cord. Finally, it briefly describes clinical syndromes that can result from occlusions of the main cerebral arteries.
Cerebrum
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Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.
This document discusses the degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers following injury. It describes the various types of nerve injuries classified based on severity from first to fifth degree. When an axon is injured, degenerative changes occur in the distal segment, proximal segment, and nerve cell body. The distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration where the axon breaks down. Regeneration is possible if the nerve cell body and nucleus remain intact and the cut ends are within 3mm and aligned. Peripheral nerves can regenerate guided by Schwann cells, while regeneration is more limited in the central nervous system.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
Median nerve
The median nerve is a mixed nerve that arises from the brachial plexus and innervates parts of the arm, forearm, and hand. It is susceptible to compression injuries at the carpal tunnel in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome) and between the heads of the pronator teres muscle in the elbow (pronator syndrome). Carpal tunnel syndrome commonly causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and can lead to muscle atrophy if not treated. Non-surgical treatments include splinting and injections while surgical decompression of the carpal tunnel is also an option.
Basal ganglia
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Cerebellum ppt
The document provides an overview of the cerebellum including its:
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olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerves receive smell signals from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and transmit them to the olfactory bulb and other brain regions. The first order neurons are in the olfactory epithelium and project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Second order neurons in the bulb project as the olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex like the piriform cortex. Higher order processing occurs in other limbic regions. The olfactory system is unique in directly connecting to the brain without relay in the thalamus. Diseases and injuries can cause loss or distortions of smell.
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The document provides information about the anatomy and structures of the human brain. It discusses the main parts and lobes of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem. It describes the ventricles and basal ganglia. Key structures mentioned include the cerebral cortex, motor and sensory areas, Broca's area, thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, lateral ventricles, caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, amygdala, and claustrum. The relationships between these structures and their functions are summarized.
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Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibres
3.2.1 Classify nerve fibres
3.2.2 Classify nerve fibres based on the diameter & conduction velocity
3.2.3 Describe the salient features of Erlanger & Gasser
classification of nerve fibres
3.2.4 State the functions of type A, B & C nerve fibres
3.2.5 Compare & contrast the numerical classification with the
Erlanger & Gasser classification in the sensory nerve fibres
Tracts of spinal cord
This document summarizes several tracts of the spinal cord involved in sensory and motor functions. It describes the pathways for touch, pain, and proprioception including the lateral spinothalamic, anterior spinothalamic, and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts. It also outlines descending motor tracts such as the corticospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts. Additionally, it briefly discusses the Brown-Sequard syndrome resulting from hemisection of the spinal cord.
Neuromuscular transmission and its pharmacology
Neuromuscular transmission occurs at the neuromuscular junction, where motor neuron axon terminals synapse with skeletal muscle fibers. Acetylcholine is released from motor neuron terminals and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber membrane, causing depolarization and muscle fiber excitation. Acetylcholine is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase to terminate the signal. Diseases like myasthenia gravis can disrupt neuromuscular transmission.
Stretch reflex Muscle tone.pptx
The document discusses the stretch reflex and muscle tone. It defines the stretch reflex as an involuntary response to stretching a muscle, which stimulates sensory receptors and causes contraction of the muscle. The key components of the reflex arc are: receptor, afferent nerve, spinal cord or brain center, efferent nerve, and effector organ (muscle). Muscle tone refers to the partial contraction of muscles at rest, which is regulated by spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. The stretch reflex plays an important role in maintaining proper muscle tone and protecting muscles from overstretching.
Homunculus
The document discusses motor and sensory homunculi, which are pictorial representations of the divisions of the primary motor and somatosensory cortex. The homunculi depict body parts disproportionately large or small based on the density of motor or sensory nerves in that body part. Areas with more complex movements or finer sensation, like the hands and face, are depicted larger than less dense areas. The document includes images of motor and sensory homunculi and explains what they represent in brain mapping.
Radial nerve
The radial nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and supplies motor innervation to the posterior compartment muscles of the arm and forearm. It has both motor and sensory branches. In the arm, it gives off branches that innervate the triceps and passes through the spiral groove between the humerus and triceps. In the forearm, it divides into a deep motor branch and superficial sensory branch. Damage to the radial nerve can occur at different locations like the axilla, spiral groove, or radial tunnel at the elbow, resulting in characteristic motor and sensory deficits depending on the site of injury.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that are involved in motor control and cognition. They consist of input nuclei that receive projections from the cortex, output nuclei that project to thalamic and brainstem regions, and intrinsic nuclei with restricted basal ganglia connections. The striatum acts as the main input nucleus, receiving glutamatergic inputs from the cortex. There are two main pathways through the basal ganglia - the direct pathway that disinhibits the thalamus to increase motor activity, and the indirect pathway that inhibits the thalamus to decrease motor activity. Dopamine modulation differentially affects these pathways, exciting the direct pathway via D1 receptors while inhibiting the indirect pathway via D2 receptors. D
Classification of nerve fibres
Nerve fibers can be classified in six different ways: by structure, distribution, origin, function, neurotransmitter secretion, and diameter/impulse conduction. By structure, they are myelinated or non-myelinated. By distribution, they are somatic or autonomic. By origin, they are cranial or spinal. By function, they are sensory or motor. By neurotransmitter, they are adrenergic or cholinergic. By diameter/impulse conduction, Erlanger and Gasser classified them as type A, B, or C fibers with different speeds and functions.
The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
1) The medial lemniscus system carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration from receptors through the dorsal roots and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts in the spinal cord.
2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
Cranial Nerve Examination
This document outlines the assessment of the 12 cranial nerves. It describes the function of each nerve, the specific tests used to assess each nerve's function, and examples of abnormal findings and what lesions they may indicate. The objectives are to be able to enumerate the cranial nerves, describe the function of each, and assess each nerve through physical exams and tests while noting any abnormalities. Sensory functions like smell, vision, and hearing are assessed alongside motor functions of the eyes, face, throat, and tongue. Tests include checking visual acuity, peripheral vision, eye movements, facial expressions, swallowing, and tongue movement.
Tracts
This document summarizes the major ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord and brainstem that transmit sensory and motor information. It describes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and anterolateral system, which are the main conscious sensory tracts transmitting touch, proprioception, vibration, pain and temperature. It also discusses the spinocerebellar tracts that transmit unconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum. On the motor side, it outlines the pyramidal tracts including the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, as well as the extrapyramidal tracts that control posture, balance and locomotion.
The blood supply of the brain and spinal cord
The document summarizes the blood supply of the brain and spinal cord. It describes that the brain receives blood from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form the circle of Willis. It then discusses the specific branches and territories supplied by the internal carotid, vertebral, and basilar arteries. It also summarizes the veins that drain the brain and the arteries that supply blood to the spinal cord. Finally, it briefly describes clinical syndromes that can result from occlusions of the main cerebral arteries.
Cerebrum
cerebrum, sulci and gyri of cerebrum, lobes of cerebrum, frontal lobe , parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, sulci and gyri presnet in each lobes, and the functional areas , of cerebrum, brodmann areas of cerebrum, borders and surfaces of cerebrum, insula,
Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.
This document discusses the degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers following injury. It describes the various types of nerve injuries classified based on severity from first to fifth degree. When an axon is injured, degenerative changes occur in the distal segment, proximal segment, and nerve cell body. The distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration where the axon breaks down. Regeneration is possible if the nerve cell body and nucleus remain intact and the cut ends are within 3mm and aligned. Peripheral nerves can regenerate guided by Schwann cells, while regeneration is more limited in the central nervous system.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
Median nerve
The median nerve is a mixed nerve that arises from the brachial plexus and innervates parts of the arm, forearm, and hand. It is susceptible to compression injuries at the carpal tunnel in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome) and between the heads of the pronator teres muscle in the elbow (pronator syndrome). Carpal tunnel syndrome commonly causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and can lead to muscle atrophy if not treated. Non-surgical treatments include splinting and injections while surgical decompression of the carpal tunnel is also an option.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are large masses of gray matter located in the cerebral hemispheres. They are comprised of the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), amygdaloid nuclear complex, and claustrum. The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex and thalamus and output mainly to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They are involved in motor control and planning through direct and indirect pathways that facilitate or inhibit motor activity. Disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's result from disruptions to these circuits.
Cerebellum ppt
The document provides an overview of the cerebellum including its:
- Physiological anatomy, divisions, and histological structure
- Neural circuits and neuronal activity
- Connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord
- Key functions in controlling posture, balance, muscle tone, and voluntary movement
- Effects of cerebellar lesions and clinical tests used to assess cerebellar dysfunction
olfactory nerve
The olfactory nerves receive smell signals from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and transmit them to the olfactory bulb and other brain regions. The first order neurons are in the olfactory epithelium and project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Second order neurons in the bulb project as the olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex like the piriform cortex. Higher order processing occurs in other limbic regions. The olfactory system is unique in directly connecting to the brain without relay in the thalamus. Diseases and injuries can cause loss or distortions of smell.
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MBBS level motor homunculus
- 1. PHYSIOLOGY SEMINAR MOTOR HOMUNCULUS SAMARTH MISRA ROLL NO. 121 1ST PROF MBBS
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. INTRODUCTION 1. THE BRAIN 1. CENTRAL SULCUS 1. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX 1. CLINICAL NOTES
- 3. INTRODUCTION ● The word "homunculus" means little man in Latin. ● But in neuroanatomy, the cortical homunculus represents either the motor or the sensory distribution along the cerebral cortex of the brain. ● This area is histologically known to be Brodmann's Area 4.
- 4. BRAIN ❖ Forebrain. ❖ Cerebrum, Hypothalamus. Thalamus. ❖ Midbrain. ❖ Tectum. Tegmentum. ❖ Hindbrain. ❖ Cerebellum. Medulla. Pons Today we are concerned with the cerebrum.
- 5. GYRUS Gyrus is a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain. They increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex and they form brain divisions. SULCUS Sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.
- 7. CENTRAL SULCUS ● The central sulcus is a very important landmark in both anatomical and functional neuroanatomy. ● Prominent fissure called the central sulcus. ● The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
- 8. PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX ● The gyrus anterior to the central sulcus and part of the frontal lobe is called the precentral gyrus. ● The precentral gyrus is also known as the primary motor cortex. ● This area of the cortex is responsible for the initiation of voluntary movement.
- 10. Distribution ● The homunculus is arranged in such an anatomical fashion that represents the contralateral side. ● This means that the primary cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere represents motor activity on the left side of the body and vice- versa.
- 11. Clinical aspect Neoplasms, cysts, infections, traumas, and hematomas. If the precentral gyrus is affected, this will manifest as a purely motor loss. Apraxias is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements. The motor and sensory homunculus are so close together and have the same blood supply. This knowledge makes it possible to determine the artery that is most likely to be affected in strokes.
- 12. Bibliography ● Guyton and Hall Physiology Review ● Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
- 13. THANK YOU