1. The document discusses a study on treating greywater from residential areas using a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) system.
2. Samples of greywater were collected from different housing types in a society and tested before and after treatment.
3. The proposed MBBR system uses plastic media in the aeration tank to increase the surface area for microorganisms to grow and break down organic matter in the wastewater.
4. The performance of the greywater treatment plant was evaluated over spring, winter and summer to determine the system's effectiveness across different seasons.
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed WetlandIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on low-cost filtration of greywater using constructed wetlands. Greywater refers to wastewater from bathrooms, laundry, and kitchens excluding toilet waste. Constructed wetlands provide natural wastewater treatment through physical, chemical, and biological processes between water, soil, plants, microorganisms and the environment. The study aims to find an affordable solution for greywater treatment. A survey found washing machines contributed the most (76%) greywater, followed by bathrooms (21%) and kitchens (3%). Parameters like pH, turbidity, BOD, COD were tested to analyze greywater quality before and after treatment in constructed wetlands. The wetlands provide filtration through soil and
IRJET- Reuse of Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Module for a Household ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses reuse of wastewater and solid waste management for a household unit. It begins with an abstract that outlines India's water scarcity problems and the importance of recycling domestic greywater and solid waste at the household level. The introduction then defines greywater and blackwater wastewater types and discusses source separation strategies. It also examines the composition of solid waste generated in houses. The objectives are to improve wastewater quality for reuse and utilize solid waste. A literature review covers past studies on greywater reuse techniques and treatment.
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES A REVIEWJoe Andelija
This document summarizes various technologies for treating greywater, which is wastewater from household sources like sinks and laundry that does not contain sewage. It finds that simple technologies like bioremediation and sand filters have limited effectiveness, while activated carbon is very effective for removing dyes, colors and contaminants. The best approaches combine different treatment methods to thoroughly treat greywater for non-potable reuse like irrigation. Guidelines require treated greywater to have low levels of contaminants before it can be reused. The document reviews several studies on greywater treatment technologies including bioremediation with microorganisms and sand filters, use of activated carbon, and systems combining septic tanks, constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters.
IRJET- Research Paper on Treatment of Grey Water using Low Cost Technology fo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on treating greywater using low-cost technologies for Kushvarta Kund water in Trimbakeshwar village, India. It discusses several low-cost treatment methods including stabilization tanks, root zone treatment, filtration, and biological treatments like membrane bioreactors and rotating biological contactors. A case study is proposed to implement and validate a stabilization tank system to treat greywater from the village and replenish the water levels at Kushvarta Kund, a historic stone-lined water tank visited by many pilgrims. Design plans and diagrams for the proposed stabilization tank treatment system are presented.
This document summarizes a mini project seminar on wastewater treatment presented by three students. It includes an abstract describing wastewater treatment technologies used nowadays to remove various pollutants. It then provides details about the company conducting the study, an introduction to wastewater and treatment, a literature review on previous studies, the objectives and methodology. The results and discussion section analyzes BOD, COD, turbidity and total suspended solids testing. It concludes that treating waste can improve agriculture by providing nutrients but must reduce pathogens, and encourages microbial decomposition for efficient treatment.
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using root zone technology (RZT) for low-cost sewage treatment of residential buildings in Herle District, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. RZT uses plant species to treat sewage in pilot-scale reactors. It aims to analyze characteristics of sewage from the study area, investigate the feasibility of using constructed wetlands to treat sewage wastewater, compare treatment efficiency to conventional plants, and determine optimal costs based on occupant numbers. The literature review discusses using constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment and introduces RZT as a planted mat system employing plant strategies to effectively treat domestic and commercial wastewater with low installation and maintenance costs.
Comparative analysis of Rootzone Treatment (Phytorid Technology) in Domestic ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of rootzone treatment (Phytorid technology) for domestic sewage treatment. The study aims to compare the characteristics of a Phytorid bed by building a prototype at Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. Phytorid technology is a type of constructed wetland system developed by NEERI that uses vertical and horizontal flow beds planted with wetland plants to naturally treat sewage. The prototype was used to process 40 liters of sewage and evaluate treatment effectiveness through quality testing. The methodology section outlines the materials and process used to construct the prototype Phytorid bed and analyze its sewage treatment performance.
This document discusses greywater recycling and reuse in high-rise buildings in Kuwait. It estimates that greywater (water from sinks, showers, etc. but not toilets) could provide 35-39% of total domestic water demand. Light greywater can often be reused for gardening after minimal treatment, while dark greywater from laundry/dishwashers requires simple treatment before uses like toilet flushing or gardening. Proper disinfection is important if human contact is possible. The document reviews greywater reuse systems and practices in other countries and regions facing water scarcity.
Low Cost Filtration For Grey water With Constructed WetlandIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on low-cost filtration of greywater using constructed wetlands. Greywater refers to wastewater from bathrooms, laundry, and kitchens excluding toilet waste. Constructed wetlands provide natural wastewater treatment through physical, chemical, and biological processes between water, soil, plants, microorganisms and the environment. The study aims to find an affordable solution for greywater treatment. A survey found washing machines contributed the most (76%) greywater, followed by bathrooms (21%) and kitchens (3%). Parameters like pH, turbidity, BOD, COD were tested to analyze greywater quality before and after treatment in constructed wetlands. The wetlands provide filtration through soil and
IRJET- Reuse of Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Module for a Household ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses reuse of wastewater and solid waste management for a household unit. It begins with an abstract that outlines India's water scarcity problems and the importance of recycling domestic greywater and solid waste at the household level. The introduction then defines greywater and blackwater wastewater types and discusses source separation strategies. It also examines the composition of solid waste generated in houses. The objectives are to improve wastewater quality for reuse and utilize solid waste. A literature review covers past studies on greywater reuse techniques and treatment.
A STUDY ON GREY WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES A REVIEWJoe Andelija
This document summarizes various technologies for treating greywater, which is wastewater from household sources like sinks and laundry that does not contain sewage. It finds that simple technologies like bioremediation and sand filters have limited effectiveness, while activated carbon is very effective for removing dyes, colors and contaminants. The best approaches combine different treatment methods to thoroughly treat greywater for non-potable reuse like irrigation. Guidelines require treated greywater to have low levels of contaminants before it can be reused. The document reviews several studies on greywater treatment technologies including bioremediation with microorganisms and sand filters, use of activated carbon, and systems combining septic tanks, constructed wetlands and intermittent sand filters.
IRJET- Research Paper on Treatment of Grey Water using Low Cost Technology fo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on treating greywater using low-cost technologies for Kushvarta Kund water in Trimbakeshwar village, India. It discusses several low-cost treatment methods including stabilization tanks, root zone treatment, filtration, and biological treatments like membrane bioreactors and rotating biological contactors. A case study is proposed to implement and validate a stabilization tank system to treat greywater from the village and replenish the water levels at Kushvarta Kund, a historic stone-lined water tank visited by many pilgrims. Design plans and diagrams for the proposed stabilization tank treatment system are presented.
This document summarizes a mini project seminar on wastewater treatment presented by three students. It includes an abstract describing wastewater treatment technologies used nowadays to remove various pollutants. It then provides details about the company conducting the study, an introduction to wastewater and treatment, a literature review on previous studies, the objectives and methodology. The results and discussion section analyzes BOD, COD, turbidity and total suspended solids testing. It concludes that treating waste can improve agriculture by providing nutrients but must reduce pathogens, and encourages microbial decomposition for efficient treatment.
LOW-COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AT ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using root zone technology (RZT) for low-cost sewage treatment of residential buildings in Herle District, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. RZT uses plant species to treat sewage in pilot-scale reactors. It aims to analyze characteristics of sewage from the study area, investigate the feasibility of using constructed wetlands to treat sewage wastewater, compare treatment efficiency to conventional plants, and determine optimal costs based on occupant numbers. The literature review discusses using constructed wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment and introduces RZT as a planted mat system employing plant strategies to effectively treat domestic and commercial wastewater with low installation and maintenance costs.
Comparative analysis of Rootzone Treatment (Phytorid Technology) in Domestic ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of rootzone treatment (Phytorid technology) for domestic sewage treatment. The study aims to compare the characteristics of a Phytorid bed by building a prototype at Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. Phytorid technology is a type of constructed wetland system developed by NEERI that uses vertical and horizontal flow beds planted with wetland plants to naturally treat sewage. The prototype was used to process 40 liters of sewage and evaluate treatment effectiveness through quality testing. The methodology section outlines the materials and process used to construct the prototype Phytorid bed and analyze its sewage treatment performance.
This document discusses greywater recycling and reuse in high-rise buildings in Kuwait. It estimates that greywater (water from sinks, showers, etc. but not toilets) could provide 35-39% of total domestic water demand. Light greywater can often be reused for gardening after minimal treatment, while dark greywater from laundry/dishwashers requires simple treatment before uses like toilet flushing or gardening. Proper disinfection is important if human contact is possible. The document reviews greywater reuse systems and practices in other countries and regions facing water scarcity.
RECYCLING OF GREY WATER INTO USABLE WATER BY USING NATURAL MATERIALSvivatechijri
Recycling of Grey water generated from different industries by using the natural filter materials
and making the water reusable for sanitary and irrigation purposes. The aim is to reduce the costly recyclable
process of grey water to its minimum cost, hence making it suitable for village and low-income areaswhen such
water can be treated at place with less cost and by achieving almost same quality of water. In view of rising
concern about pollution of water bodies due to discharge of waste in them, itis necessary to initiate alternative
thinking as conventional methodsthrough Sewage treatment Plants have had limited success. In Rural areas we
have some natural materials which can purify the water if used properly. In recent years many techniques by
using such natural filters for purifying Grey water had came up. It treats the wastewater in natural manner
without the use of chemicals. In short, the method used for this project is the improved method of using natural
materials for recycling Grey water and obtaining best quality of recycled Grey water. The main objective of
present research work is to provide and popularize a simple, feasible, practically sound, ecofriendly and costeffective technology for wastewatertreatment. In this filterthe filtration is done by gravitationalforce. By using
such Techniques, the load on the sewage impact will be reduced and will be converted into useable water for
sanitary, gardening and irrigation purposes
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
This document summarizes a laboratory study on treating and reusing greywater. The study involved collecting greywater from bathroom sinks and washing areas of an apartment building. The greywater was treated using a system with sedimentation, sand filtration, and storage tanks. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, COD, DO were tested on the raw and treated greywater. Results showed the treated greywater met standards for reuse for gardening, toilet flushing and street washing after reductions in turbidity, COD and other parameters. The study concluded greywater treatment and reuse is an effective small-scale method to reduce water usage and demands on municipal supplies.
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an economical water purifier using natural and waste materials. It aims to remove pollutants from wastewater to make it safe for human and environmental health. The proposed purifier uses low-cost materials like charcoal, zeolite, coconut shells, alum, seashells, stones, corncobs, and wood to filter water. Laboratory tests will evaluate the filtered water quality for parameters like pH, turbidity and suitability for human and environmental use. The goal is to develop an inexpensive water purifier that can also enrich drinking water with minerals, while utilizing waste materials.
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the use of root zone technology (RZT) as a low-cost alternative for sewage treatment, especially for small towns. It reviews literature on using constructed wetlands and reed beds to treat sewage. A pilot study was conducted using reactors planted with different species to treat sewage from Herle, India. The results showed that RZT was effective at reducing pollutants like BOD, COD, and nutrients. It was found to be a more cost-effective option than conventional treatment plants, making it suitable for small communities that cannot afford expensive options.
The document discusses zero effluent discharge systems. It provides an introduction and overview of zero effluent discharge, including the need for such systems, their benefits, drivers and challenges. It then discusses specific applications for zero effluent discharge in industries like textiles. The document focuses on zero effluent discharge treatment of textile wastewater, outlining the key treatment steps and environmental challenges.
IRJET- Assesment of Bio Mechanical Filter using Water Quality IndexIRJET Journal
This document discusses using a bio mechanical filter to treat wastewater and assess water quality index. Key points:
- A bio mechanical filter was used to treat wastewater and reduce harmful pollutants. Water quality parameters like BOD, COD, TSS, heavy metals significantly decreased after treatment.
- The water quality index was calculated to be 3.52, indicating the treated water was moderately harmful and could potentially be used for irrigation or other purposes with some additional treatment.
- The experimental results showed the bio mechanical filter was effective in making the contaminated water safer, though more treatment may still be needed to make it completely harmless. The treated water could be used for gardening or growing some crops
The document discusses bioremediation of industrial wastewater using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It provides background on the increasing volume of industrial wastewater polluting water sources and the need for effective treatment. The study aims to assess water quality parameters like BOD, COD, pH, TSS, TS and alkalinity before and after bioremediation of wastewater using P. aeruginosa over 15 days. The results will show if this microorganism can decrease waste and help treat industrial wastewater.
This document provides an overview of wastewater treatment and the use of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology. It discusses the characteristics of wastewater and the need for treatment. The objectives of the project are to treat 130 million liters per day of domestic wastewater using UASB. Historical developments of UASB technology are also summarized, including early pilot plants in India in the 1980s-1990s that demonstrated it was effective for domestic wastewater treatment with low energy use and costs.
DESIGN AND TREATABILITY STUDIES OF GREYWATERIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design and performance of a laboratory-scale constructed bio-bed filter system for treating greywater. Key findings include:
1) The bio-bed filter system consisted of 4 beds with different filter media (e.g. sand, gravel, activated carbon) and was effective at removing contaminants from greywater.
2) The system achieved high removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (86.2%) and chemical oxygen demand (81.1%).
3) Treated greywater was suitable for reuse applications like irrigation and flushing toilets.
IRJET- Experimental Work by Vacuum Methodology Study on Waste WaterIRJET Journal
The document describes an experimental study on wastewater treatment using vacuum filtration methodology. The study collected wastewater from residential areas and treated it using reverse osmosis (RO) filtration to purify the water by removing contaminants. Testing showed that the RO filter was able to absorb 3-5 liters of water per hour. The treated water was then suitable for reuse applications like gardening. Vacuum filtration was used to rapidly draw the wastewater through a filter. Activated carbon filtration was also utilized to remove gases, smoke particles, bacteria, chemicals and other pollutants from the water. The treated water met purity standards for reuse after processing the wastewater through the RO filtration system.
Greywater is wastewater excluding toilet water that is discharged from households, including water from showers, sinks, washing machines, and dishwashers. It makes up 50-80% of household wastewater. Greywater recycling treats and reuses greywater for applications like irrigation and toilet flushing in order to reduce fresh water consumption and wastewater production. Greywater treatment systems range from simple diversion systems to more advanced systems that filter, treat, and disinfect greywater to a higher quality for more uses.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY USING INNOVATIVE FILTRATION TECHNIQUEIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on wastewater treatment using an innovative filtration technique. Researchers designed a filtration system using various construction waste materials as the filter media. The system consisted of 3 treatment units with different filter media in each. Greywater was treated through the system and significant reductions in contaminants like BOD, COD, TDS, and hardness were observed. Overall, the innovative filtration technique proved effective at treating greywater while also reusing construction waste materials.
IRJET- Review Paper on Revitalisation and Sustainable Development of Villages...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on using sludge biogas plants to promote sustainable development in villages. Key points:
- Villages in India lack access to clean water, sanitation, electricity and suffer health and poverty issues.
- The proposed solution interconnects rainwater harvesting, water treatment, sewage treatment and an anaerobic sludge biogas plant.
- Treated water and energy from biogas can improve hygiene, health and provide fuel/electricity while sludge digestate acts as fertilizer.
- This integrated system can help address water, energy and waste management needs in a sustainable way.
This document outlines the design of a sewage treatment plant. It covers topics such as the origin and types of sewage, types of sewerage systems, and objectives of studying domestic wastewater characterization. The treatment of wastewater is discussed in detail, covering pretreatment through to disinfection. Methods for designing various components of a sewage treatment plant are also presented, including sizing calculations for collection pits, bar screens, aeration tanks, and sludge drying beds. Drawings and conclusions are also included.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the impact of the textile industry on water pollution and proposes measures for more sustainable development. It notes that textile production heavily pollutes water sources through discharge of toxic chemicals from dyeing and other wet processes. It then outlines specific chemicals like NPEs that are hazardous and alternatives like natural dyes and bio-processing that can reduce pollution. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for all stakeholders to adopt cleaner production techniques to protect the environment and ensure long term economic viability of the textile industry.
This document provides an overview of a project report on wastewater management. It discusses the various steps involved in wastewater treatment, including wastewater collection, odor control, screening, primary treatment, secondary treatment, bio-solids handling, tertiary treatment, disinfection, and sludge treatment. The document describes each step in detail and explains the processes involved to reduce contaminants in wastewater to acceptable levels before discharging it back into the environment.
IRJET - Algal Bioreactor for the Removal of Pollution Parameter from Sugar Mi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using algae to remove pollutants from sugar mill effluent. Sugar mill wastewater contains various pollutants that are harmful if discharged untreated. The study inoculated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) into secondary treated sugar mill effluent to reduce parameters like chloride, sulfate, and pH over 5 days. The results showed reductions in these parameters, demonstrating the algae system can considerably reduce pollution compared to untreated effluent. This algal bioreactor provides a sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment method.
Introduction to Waste Water Treatment by Root Zone TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document discusses root zone wastewater treatment techniques. It provides an abstract and introduction on using constructed wetlands with root zones to effectively treat domestic and industrial effluents. It then reviews 7 previous literature sources that studied the effectiveness of root zone systems in reducing parameters like BOD, COD, nutrients, and heavy metals from wastewater. The document outlines the objectives, motivations, and methodology of studying root zone treatment on a pilot unit with plants like Canna and Alocasia. It concludes that root zone systems provide a natural, low-cost method for wastewater treatment and can be used for small communities or as polishing for other systems.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
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Recycling of Grey water generated from different industries by using the natural filter materials
and making the water reusable for sanitary and irrigation purposes. The aim is to reduce the costly recyclable
process of grey water to its minimum cost, hence making it suitable for village and low-income areaswhen such
water can be treated at place with less cost and by achieving almost same quality of water. In view of rising
concern about pollution of water bodies due to discharge of waste in them, itis necessary to initiate alternative
thinking as conventional methodsthrough Sewage treatment Plants have had limited success. In Rural areas we
have some natural materials which can purify the water if used properly. In recent years many techniques by
using such natural filters for purifying Grey water had came up. It treats the wastewater in natural manner
without the use of chemicals. In short, the method used for this project is the improved method of using natural
materials for recycling Grey water and obtaining best quality of recycled Grey water. The main objective of
present research work is to provide and popularize a simple, feasible, practically sound, ecofriendly and costeffective technology for wastewatertreatment. In this filterthe filtration is done by gravitationalforce. By using
such Techniques, the load on the sewage impact will be reduced and will be converted into useable water for
sanitary, gardening and irrigation purposes
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
This document summarizes a laboratory study on treating and reusing greywater. The study involved collecting greywater from bathroom sinks and washing areas of an apartment building. The greywater was treated using a system with sedimentation, sand filtration, and storage tanks. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, COD, DO were tested on the raw and treated greywater. Results showed the treated greywater met standards for reuse for gardening, toilet flushing and street washing after reductions in turbidity, COD and other parameters. The study concluded greywater treatment and reuse is an effective small-scale method to reduce water usage and demands on municipal supplies.
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an economical water purifier using natural and waste materials. It aims to remove pollutants from wastewater to make it safe for human and environmental health. The proposed purifier uses low-cost materials like charcoal, zeolite, coconut shells, alum, seashells, stones, corncobs, and wood to filter water. Laboratory tests will evaluate the filtered water quality for parameters like pH, turbidity and suitability for human and environmental use. The goal is to develop an inexpensive water purifier that can also enrich drinking water with minerals, while utilizing waste materials.
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...IRJET Journal
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The document discusses zero effluent discharge systems. It provides an introduction and overview of zero effluent discharge, including the need for such systems, their benefits, drivers and challenges. It then discusses specific applications for zero effluent discharge in industries like textiles. The document focuses on zero effluent discharge treatment of textile wastewater, outlining the key treatment steps and environmental challenges.
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- The experimental results showed the bio mechanical filter was effective in making the contaminated water safer, though more treatment may still be needed to make it completely harmless. The treated water could be used for gardening or growing some crops
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This document summarizes a study on the design and performance of a laboratory-scale constructed bio-bed filter system for treating greywater. Key findings include:
1) The bio-bed filter system consisted of 4 beds with different filter media (e.g. sand, gravel, activated carbon) and was effective at removing contaminants from greywater.
2) The system achieved high removal efficiencies for biochemical oxygen demand (86.2%) and chemical oxygen demand (81.1%).
3) Treated greywater was suitable for reuse applications like irrigation and flushing toilets.
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The document describes an experimental study on wastewater treatment using vacuum filtration methodology. The study collected wastewater from residential areas and treated it using reverse osmosis (RO) filtration to purify the water by removing contaminants. Testing showed that the RO filter was able to absorb 3-5 liters of water per hour. The treated water was then suitable for reuse applications like gardening. Vacuum filtration was used to rapidly draw the wastewater through a filter. Activated carbon filtration was also utilized to remove gases, smoke particles, bacteria, chemicals and other pollutants from the water. The treated water met purity standards for reuse after processing the wastewater through the RO filtration system.
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This document summarizes a review paper on using sludge biogas plants to promote sustainable development in villages. Key points:
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- Treated water and energy from biogas can improve hygiene, health and provide fuel/electricity while sludge digestate acts as fertilizer.
- This integrated system can help address water, energy and waste management needs in a sustainable way.
This document outlines the design of a sewage treatment plant. It covers topics such as the origin and types of sewage, types of sewerage systems, and objectives of studying domestic wastewater characterization. The treatment of wastewater is discussed in detail, covering pretreatment through to disinfection. Methods for designing various components of a sewage treatment plant are also presented, including sizing calculations for collection pits, bar screens, aeration tanks, and sludge drying beds. Drawings and conclusions are also included.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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IRJET - Algal Bioreactor for the Removal of Pollution Parameter from Sugar Mi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using algae to remove pollutants from sugar mill effluent. Sugar mill wastewater contains various pollutants that are harmful if discharged untreated. The study inoculated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) into secondary treated sugar mill effluent to reduce parameters like chloride, sulfate, and pH over 5 days. The results showed reductions in these parameters, demonstrating the algae system can considerably reduce pollution compared to untreated effluent. This algal bioreactor provides a sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment method.
Introduction to Waste Water Treatment by Root Zone TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document discusses root zone wastewater treatment techniques. It provides an abstract and introduction on using constructed wetlands with root zones to effectively treat domestic and industrial effluents. It then reviews 7 previous literature sources that studied the effectiveness of root zone systems in reducing parameters like BOD, COD, nutrients, and heavy metals from wastewater. The document outlines the objectives, motivations, and methodology of studying root zone treatment on a pilot unit with plants like Canna and Alocasia. It concludes that root zone systems provide a natural, low-cost method for wastewater treatment and can be used for small communities or as polishing for other systems.
Similar to MBBR Treatment For Purification Of Grey Water in Venkateswara Greens Society (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.