The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses post-natal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla grows through primary and secondary translation at sutures, through surface bone remodeling, and through palatal remodeling which follows the 'V' principle. The mandible grows most during the post-natal period through growth at the condylar cartilage which pushes the mandible downward and forward. Both bones exhibit growth changes with age and can be affected by various developmental anomalies. Understanding their normal and abnormal growth is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The document discusses the prenatal development of the maxilla and palate. It describes how during the 4th week of development, the maxillary processes arise from the first pharyngeal arches and grow medially to form the primary palate. Between the 6th-8th week, the secondary palate develops as the palatal shelves reorient horizontally and fuse in the midline. By the 12th week, fusion of the palatal processes is complete, separating the oral and nasal cavities.
The document provides information on the growth and development of the maxilla. It begins with definitions of growth and development. It then discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the maxilla, including formation from the first pharyngeal arch and development of related structures like the palate. The document outlines the anatomy of the maxilla including its surfaces, processes, sinuses and articulations. It notes age-related changes and clinical and prosthodontic considerations for treating developmental anomalies and edentulous patients.
Indian Dental Academy is a leader in continuing dental education, providing both online and offline courses. The document discusses ameloblastoma, a type of odontogenic tumor. It defines ameloblastoma, provides its history and classifications including clinical, radiological, and histopathological. Treatment options discussed include medical therapy, radiotherapy, and various surgical treatments such as enucleation, marsupialization, and curettage. Radiographs, biopsy, CT, and MRI are investigated for ameloblastoma.
This document discusses cysts of the jaws. It defines cysts and provides classifications including the WHO and Robinson systems. It describes the pathogenesis of cyst formation in 3 stages: initiation, cyst formation, and enlargement. Signs include bone expansion and percussion sound. Radiographs can reveal size and extent. Diagnosis is based on aspirate characteristics. Treatment involves enucleation or marsupialization. Enucleation removes all tissue but has risks, while marsupialization has recurrence risks but preserves structures.
The document discusses controversies surrounding odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs). It covers the history and terminology of OKCs, their etiology and pathogenesis, clinical and radiographic features, histopathology, treatment and recurrence rates. There is ongoing debate around whether OKCs should be considered cysts or tumors due to their locally aggressive behavior and high recurrence rates. The document also explores theories on malignant transformation of OKCs and biomarkers that may help predict their biological potential.
The maxillary sinus is an air-filled pyramidal cavity within the body of the maxilla. It develops from evaginations of the nasal cavity epithelium beginning around 12 weeks of gestation. The sinus is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and contains seromucous glands. Mucociliary flow helps clear secretions from the sinus into the nasal cavity. Clinical considerations involving the maxillary sinus include developmental anomalies, infections, orofacial fistulas involving tooth extraction, and malignant lesions such as various carcinomas.
This document discusses post-natal growth of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla grows through primary and secondary translation at sutures, through surface bone remodeling, and through palatal remodeling which follows the 'V' principle. The mandible grows most during the post-natal period through growth at the condylar cartilage which pushes the mandible downward and forward. Both bones exhibit growth changes with age and can be affected by various developmental anomalies. Understanding their normal and abnormal growth is important for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The document discusses the prenatal development of the maxilla and palate. It describes how during the 4th week of development, the maxillary processes arise from the first pharyngeal arches and grow medially to form the primary palate. Between the 6th-8th week, the secondary palate develops as the palatal shelves reorient horizontally and fuse in the midline. By the 12th week, fusion of the palatal processes is complete, separating the oral and nasal cavities.
The document provides information on the growth and development of the maxilla. It begins with definitions of growth and development. It then discusses prenatal and postnatal growth of the maxilla, including formation from the first pharyngeal arch and development of related structures like the palate. The document outlines the anatomy of the maxilla including its surfaces, processes, sinuses and articulations. It notes age-related changes and clinical and prosthodontic considerations for treating developmental anomalies and edentulous patients.
Indian Dental Academy is a leader in continuing dental education, providing both online and offline courses. The document discusses ameloblastoma, a type of odontogenic tumor. It defines ameloblastoma, provides its history and classifications including clinical, radiological, and histopathological. Treatment options discussed include medical therapy, radiotherapy, and various surgical treatments such as enucleation, marsupialization, and curettage. Radiographs, biopsy, CT, and MRI are investigated for ameloblastoma.
This document discusses cysts of the jaws. It defines cysts and provides classifications including the WHO and Robinson systems. It describes the pathogenesis of cyst formation in 3 stages: initiation, cyst formation, and enlargement. Signs include bone expansion and percussion sound. Radiographs can reveal size and extent. Diagnosis is based on aspirate characteristics. Treatment involves enucleation or marsupialization. Enucleation removes all tissue but has risks, while marsupialization has recurrence risks but preserves structures.
The document discusses controversies surrounding odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs). It covers the history and terminology of OKCs, their etiology and pathogenesis, clinical and radiographic features, histopathology, treatment and recurrence rates. There is ongoing debate around whether OKCs should be considered cysts or tumors due to their locally aggressive behavior and high recurrence rates. The document also explores theories on malignant transformation of OKCs and biomarkers that may help predict their biological potential.
The maxillary sinus is an air-filled pyramidal cavity within the body of the maxilla. It develops from evaginations of the nasal cavity epithelium beginning around 12 weeks of gestation. The sinus is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and contains seromucous glands. Mucociliary flow helps clear secretions from the sinus into the nasal cavity. Clinical considerations involving the maxillary sinus include developmental anomalies, infections, orofacial fistulas involving tooth extraction, and malignant lesions such as various carcinomas.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandiblePiyush Verma
The document summarizes the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It discusses the prenatal growth of the maxilla, including how the maxillary process develops from the first branchial arch and fuses with other structures to form the primitive palate. It also describes the development of the primary and secondary palate, with the palatal shelves growing horizontally to fuse and form the completed palate. The prenatal growth of the mandible is also discussed briefly.
This document discusses occlusal development from birth through adulthood. It begins by describing the gum pads present at birth, noting their segmentation and relationships. It then outlines the four periods of occlusal development: neonatal, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. For each period, it details the typical eruption sequence and characteristics. The mixed dentition period is subdivided into three phases focusing on molar relationships and shifts. Factors that facilitate the transition between primary and permanent incisors are also explained.
The document discusses the development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla develops from the maxillary processes and fuses in the midline. It also discusses palate development including primary and secondary palate formation. The mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch. The document outlines the anatomy and blood supply of the maxilla and mandible. It also discusses clinical implications such as maxillary sinus augmentation and inferior alveolar nerve blocks.
This document discusses radicular cysts, which are the most common inflammatory cysts in the oral cavity. Radicular cysts arise from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following pulp necrosis. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause swelling and bone resorption as they expand. The cyst forms from the proliferation of epithelial cell rests in the granulation tissue surrounding the apex of an infected tooth. Histologically, they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue that may contain cholesterol crystals. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction with curettage of the cyst lining.
This document provides information about maxillary sinus anatomy, oroantral communications, and their management. It begins with definitions of key terms like maxillary sinus and oroantral fistula. It then discusses the causes, signs, diagnosis, and various treatment approaches for oroantral communications depending on factors like size and chronicity. Surgical procedures like buccal flap advancement are described for repairing communications. Post-operative care instructions are also provided. The document provides a thorough overview of maxillary sinus anatomy and management of oroantral fistulae and communications.
This document discusses the development of the face and oral cavity from early embryogenesis through postnatal growth. It describes how the fertilized ovum undergoes cell division and differentiation to form the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) which give rise to the tissues of the body. It also discusses the formation of structures like the branchial arches and pouches which contribute to development of the face and neck. Prenatal growth involves formation of the oral cavity and differentiation of tissues, while postnatal growth occurs through growth spurts in a cephalocaudal direction with variability between individuals.
This document provides information about benign neoplasms, including odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumors. It defines key terms like neoplasm and benign tumor. It then describes several specific benign odontogenic tumors in detail, including their definitions, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and management. These include ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. The document also provides classifications of benign neoplasms and images to illustrate radiographic findings.
The document discusses the development of the mandible and maxilla. It begins by explaining that the mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage in the first branchial arch, with intramembranous ossification forming the body and endochondral ossification contributing to growth. Secondary cartilages, like the condylar cartilage, aid further growth. The maxilla develops via intramembranous ossification from the maxillary process, with the premaxilla developing separately and fusing later. Both bones form alveolar processes to surround developing tooth buds. Their shapes and positions change with age as growth and remodeling occur.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandibleRajesh Bariker
The document discusses the pre-natal and post-natal growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla forms from embryonic development and ossification centers. It grows through displacement, remodeling at sutures, and increases in height, width and length. The mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage and also grows through remodeling at sites of growth. The palate develops from primary and secondary palatal shelves fusing in the midline. Post-natally, the maxilla grows through apposition at sutures and displacement downward and forward from cranial base growth. The mandible grows through remodeling at sites like the ramus and condyle.
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
This document discusses the chronology of human dentition development. It begins by defining chronology as the study of the timing of tooth development stages from initiation to emergence. Key points made include that primary dentition typically emerges around 6-8 months, with the mandibular central incisor first, and takes about 3 years to fully develop. Nolla's stages and the typical sequence of primary tooth eruption are also outlined. The document provides information on understanding tooth development timing for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It is a diarthrodial joint that allows hinge-like and gliding motions. The TMJ has three main ligaments - the collateral, capsular and temporomandibular ligaments - which restrict movements and support the joint. An articular disc sits between the mandibular condyle and fossa, dividing the joint into upper and lower compartments. The TMJ develops embryonically from the first branchial arch and is innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an overview of tooth eruption and movement. It discusses the different phases of tooth eruption including pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive movement. It also examines various theories of tooth eruption including root formation, bone remodeling, dental follicle, and periodontal ligament theories. The document concludes with sections on shedding of deciduous teeth, patterns of shedding, and tooth resorption and repair.
The document discusses the dental pulp, including its development, structure, cells, and features. It notes that the dental pulp develops from the dental papilla during tooth formation. The pulp contains coronial and radicular regions, with the radicular pulp terminating at the apical foramen. The pulp has histological zones including the odontoblastic layer and cell-rich and cell-poor zones. Key cells include odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defense cells. Odontoblasts are responsible for dentin formation and are arranged in palisades along the pulp periphery.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
This document provides information about the maxillary air sinus (antrum). It discusses the embryology, anatomy, functions, clinical importance and diseases of the maxillary sinus. The maxillary sinus begins developing in the fourth month of gestation and reaches adult size by age 18. It is pyramidal in shape with thin walls. Diseases discussed include acute and chronic sinusitis, polyps, cysts and tumors. Surgical procedures for treating maxillary sinus diseases like antral lavage and Caldwell-Luc operation are also summarized.
This document discusses the radiographic appearance of the maxillary sinus. It describes the maxillary sinus as the largest of the paranasal sinuses. Periapical radiographs may show projections of maxillary tooth roots into the sinus floor. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide cross-sectional views of the sinus. Common radiographic views for examining the maxillary sinus include panoramic, Caldwell, Waters, submentovertex and lateral views. Diseases that can affect the sinus include sinusitis, which appears radiographically as thickening of the mucosa and reduced air space, and antroliths, which are radiopaque structures of varying size in the sinus base.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandiblePiyush Verma
The document summarizes the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It discusses the prenatal growth of the maxilla, including how the maxillary process develops from the first branchial arch and fuses with other structures to form the primitive palate. It also describes the development of the primary and secondary palate, with the palatal shelves growing horizontally to fuse and form the completed palate. The prenatal growth of the mandible is also discussed briefly.
This document discusses occlusal development from birth through adulthood. It begins by describing the gum pads present at birth, noting their segmentation and relationships. It then outlines the four periods of occlusal development: neonatal, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. For each period, it details the typical eruption sequence and characteristics. The mixed dentition period is subdivided into three phases focusing on molar relationships and shifts. Factors that facilitate the transition between primary and permanent incisors are also explained.
The document discusses the development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla develops from the maxillary processes and fuses in the midline. It also discusses palate development including primary and secondary palate formation. The mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch. The document outlines the anatomy and blood supply of the maxilla and mandible. It also discusses clinical implications such as maxillary sinus augmentation and inferior alveolar nerve blocks.
This document discusses radicular cysts, which are the most common inflammatory cysts in the oral cavity. Radicular cysts arise from epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following pulp necrosis. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause swelling and bone resorption as they expand. The cyst forms from the proliferation of epithelial cell rests in the granulation tissue surrounding the apex of an infected tooth. Histologically, they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue that may contain cholesterol crystals. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction with curettage of the cyst lining.
This document provides information about maxillary sinus anatomy, oroantral communications, and their management. It begins with definitions of key terms like maxillary sinus and oroantral fistula. It then discusses the causes, signs, diagnosis, and various treatment approaches for oroantral communications depending on factors like size and chronicity. Surgical procedures like buccal flap advancement are described for repairing communications. Post-operative care instructions are also provided. The document provides a thorough overview of maxillary sinus anatomy and management of oroantral fistulae and communications.
This document discusses the development of the face and oral cavity from early embryogenesis through postnatal growth. It describes how the fertilized ovum undergoes cell division and differentiation to form the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) which give rise to the tissues of the body. It also discusses the formation of structures like the branchial arches and pouches which contribute to development of the face and neck. Prenatal growth involves formation of the oral cavity and differentiation of tissues, while postnatal growth occurs through growth spurts in a cephalocaudal direction with variability between individuals.
This document provides information about benign neoplasms, including odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumors. It defines key terms like neoplasm and benign tumor. It then describes several specific benign odontogenic tumors in detail, including their definitions, clinical features, radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and management. These include ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, and calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. The document also provides classifications of benign neoplasms and images to illustrate radiographic findings.
The document discusses the development of the mandible and maxilla. It begins by explaining that the mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage in the first branchial arch, with intramembranous ossification forming the body and endochondral ossification contributing to growth. Secondary cartilages, like the condylar cartilage, aid further growth. The maxilla develops via intramembranous ossification from the maxillary process, with the premaxilla developing separately and fusing later. Both bones form alveolar processes to surround developing tooth buds. Their shapes and positions change with age as growth and remodeling occur.
Growth & development of maxilla and mandibleRajesh Bariker
The document discusses the pre-natal and post-natal growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It describes how the maxilla forms from embryonic development and ossification centers. It grows through displacement, remodeling at sutures, and increases in height, width and length. The mandible develops from Meckel's cartilage and also grows through remodeling at sites of growth. The palate develops from primary and secondary palatal shelves fusing in the midline. Post-natally, the maxilla grows through apposition at sutures and displacement downward and forward from cranial base growth. The mandible grows through remodeling at sites like the ramus and condyle.
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
This document discusses the chronology of human dentition development. It begins by defining chronology as the study of the timing of tooth development stages from initiation to emergence. Key points made include that primary dentition typically emerges around 6-8 months, with the mandibular central incisor first, and takes about 3 years to fully develop. Nolla's stages and the typical sequence of primary tooth eruption are also outlined. The document provides information on understanding tooth development timing for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It is a diarthrodial joint that allows hinge-like and gliding motions. The TMJ has three main ligaments - the collateral, capsular and temporomandibular ligaments - which restrict movements and support the joint. An articular disc sits between the mandibular condyle and fossa, dividing the joint into upper and lower compartments. The TMJ develops embryonically from the first branchial arch and is innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an overview of tooth eruption and movement. It discusses the different phases of tooth eruption including pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive movement. It also examines various theories of tooth eruption including root formation, bone remodeling, dental follicle, and periodontal ligament theories. The document concludes with sections on shedding of deciduous teeth, patterns of shedding, and tooth resorption and repair.
The document discusses the dental pulp, including its development, structure, cells, and features. It notes that the dental pulp develops from the dental papilla during tooth formation. The pulp contains coronial and radicular regions, with the radicular pulp terminating at the apical foramen. The pulp has histological zones including the odontoblastic layer and cell-rich and cell-poor zones. Key cells include odontoblasts, fibroblasts, and defense cells. Odontoblasts are responsible for dentin formation and are arranged in palisades along the pulp periphery.
This document summarizes the process of tooth eruption. It discusses the pre-eruptive, eruptive, and post-eruptive phases of tooth movement. During the pre-eruptive phase, tooth germs move within the jaw before eruption. The eruptive phase involves tooth movement from within the bone to the oral cavity. Post-eruptive movements maintain tooth position as the jaws grow. Theories on the mechanisms controlling eruption and resorption are also presented, along with cellular and molecular factors such as the dental follicle that regulate eruption.
This document provides information about the maxillary air sinus (antrum). It discusses the embryology, anatomy, functions, clinical importance and diseases of the maxillary sinus. The maxillary sinus begins developing in the fourth month of gestation and reaches adult size by age 18. It is pyramidal in shape with thin walls. Diseases discussed include acute and chronic sinusitis, polyps, cysts and tumors. Surgical procedures for treating maxillary sinus diseases like antral lavage and Caldwell-Luc operation are also summarized.
This document discusses the radiographic appearance of the maxillary sinus. It describes the maxillary sinus as the largest of the paranasal sinuses. Periapical radiographs may show projections of maxillary tooth roots into the sinus floor. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide cross-sectional views of the sinus. Common radiographic views for examining the maxillary sinus include panoramic, Caldwell, Waters, submentovertex and lateral views. Diseases that can affect the sinus include sinusitis, which appears radiographically as thickening of the mucosa and reduced air space, and antroliths, which are radiopaque structures of varying size in the sinus base.
Sinus lift surgery is used to augment the posterior maxilla when there is insufficient bone height for dental implants. There are direct and indirect sinus lift procedures, with the direct approach involving raising the sinus membrane through a lateral window created in the maxillary sinus wall. Grafting material such as autologous bone is placed to increase bone volume, allowing implant placement after 6 months. Indirect sinus lift is less invasive and has a shorter healing time, using osteotomes to lift the sinus membrane from the alveolar crest when 4-7mm of bone is present. Contraindications include sinus infections or tumors, allergies, steroid use, radiation, smoking, and mental impairment.
The document provides information about the maxillary sinus:
1. The maxillary sinus is an air-filled space located within the body of the maxilla bone that communicates with the nasal cavity.
2. It develops beginning at 12 weeks of gestation as an outpocketing of the nasal epithelium. The maxillary sinus is the first paranasal sinus to develop.
3. In adults, it has a pyramidal shape with its base forming the lateral nasal wall and its apex near the zygomatic bone. It is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and contains seromucous glands.
Maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. It develops from a shallow groove in the maxilla and reaches its maximum size by age 18. It has multiple walls and communicates with the nasal cavity via the osteum. Maxillary sinusitis can result from dental issues like periapical abscesses, cysts, foreign bodies or trauma. Odontogenic tumors and cysts can also involve the maxillary sinus. Care must be taken during dental procedures near the maxillary sinus to prevent oroantral communications.
object Localization in intraoral radiographieszohre rafi
This document discusses techniques for localizing objects in intraoral radiography. It describes the right-angle technique using two films projected at right angles to determine an object's position. It also explains the tube shift technique, also known as Clark's rule, where comparing how an object's position changes relative to a reference object when the tube is shifted can determine if the object is lingual or buccal. The document provides examples of applying these techniques to locate impacted teeth, foreign objects, and abnormalities.
The document provides an overview of the maxillary sinus, including its:
1) Definition as the largest air-containing cavity in the maxilla that opens into the nasal cavity.
2) Anatomy as a four-sided pyramid with walls related to surrounding structures like the facial surface of the maxilla.
3) Functions such as warming inhaled air and enhancing facial growth.
It discusses the sinus's histology, blood supply, drainage through the ostium into the nasal cavity, relationships to nearby teeth, and clinical considerations regarding infections.
This document discusses techniques for localizing objects using radiography. It describes common reasons for needing to localize foreign bodies or other objects like unerupted teeth, fractures, or tumors. Two main techniques are described: Miller's technique which uses two radiographs at right angles, and Clark's tube-shift technique which analyzes how an object's image shifts when the projection angle is changed. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
This document appears to be an email from Muhammad Akhtar Khan containing his email address. It includes blank lines and the word "Return" repeated multiple times, possibly as part of testing or debugging an email sending program or script. The document provides no other substantive information in 3 sentences or less.
1. The oral cavity acts as a mirror that can provide indications of systemic health issues. Systemic diseases often have oral manifestations and oral diseases can impact treatment for systemic conditions.
2. Endocrine diseases like diabetes, thyroid disorders, Cushing's disease, and Addison's disease can produce oral symptoms such as fungal/bacterial infections, gingivitis, periodontitis, and xerostomia.
3. Nutritional deficiencies in vitamins and minerals can also manifest in the oral cavity, for example vitamin C deficiency resulting in bleeding gums, and zinc deficiency causing taste changes.
PATHOLOGIES OF MAXILLARY SINUS- Part III / oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Digital cameras capture images digitally using an electronic image sensor rather than film. They store photos as numeric data rather than as patterns of light and dark. This allows for instant viewing and easy sharing of photos. When taking a photo, light enters through the lens and hits the camera's charge-coupled device (CCD), which converts the light information into numeric pixel data representing the image. The aperture, shutter speed, and focus settings all impact the amount of light captured and the clarity of the image on the CCD sensor.
This document provides information about oral health and proper dental care. It discusses why teeth are important for eating, talking and smiling. It explains that humans have two sets of teeth in their lifetime - 20 milk teeth and 32 permanent teeth. The structure of a tooth includes the crown and root. Common oral health problems include tooth decay, gum disease, and malocclusion. Tooth decay occurs when bacteria in plaque produces acid that destroys tooth enamel. Preventing oral health issues requires regular brushing, flossing, healthy eating, and dental checkups.
Diseases of maxillary sinus /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document is from the Indian Dental Academy and lists numerous orofacial conditions, dental defects, diseases, and lesions. It provides descriptions and information on conditions affecting infants, children, teeth, gums, tongue, lips and other areas of the mouth. The conditions listed include cleft lip, dental caries, periodontal disease, leukoplakia, lichen planus, and various cancers. The academy serves as a leader in continuing dental education.
Halitosis, or bad breath, can be caused by various factors including poor oral hygiene, dry mouth, dental problems, and certain medical conditions or medications. The main cause is volatile sulfur compounds produced by bacteria in the mouth. Diagnosing the underlying cause requires taking a medical history and examining the mouth, tongue, and throat. Treatment depends on the cause but may include improving oral hygiene, treating gum disease, addressing dry mouth, and in some cases using mouthwashes or medications to reduce odors. Some people suffer from halitophobia, an exaggerated concern about having bad breath despite not actually having it.
Maxillary sinus disorders can be inflammatory, cystic, traumatic, or tumorous in nature. Common inflammatory disorders include sinusitis, mucositis, antral polyps, and antroliths. Sinusitis can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on duration. Chronic sinusitis may develop from acute sinusitis that fails to resolve. Fungal sinusitis can occur in immunocompromised individuals. Traumatic disorders include oroantral fistulas resulting from tooth extractions or facial trauma. Precise diagnosis involves medical history, clinical examination, and radiographic imaging such as panoramic x-rays or CT scans. Treatment depends on the specific disorder but may include antibiotics, surgery, or antral irrigation
Microwave cavities are metallic enclosures that confine electromagnetic energy and act as resonant circuits. Three common cavity types are rectangular, circular, and reentrant cavities. Cavities support multiple resonant modes with distinct frequencies. The lowest frequency mode is dominant. Cavities can achieve very high quality factors up to 106 due to low losses. Cavity resonators are equivalent to LC circuits and can be modeled as such. The quality factor Q is a measure of frequency selectivity and depends on energy stored versus dissipated in a cycle. Cavities are coupled to external circuits which affects their loaded Q factor and coupling coefficient.
The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. It is located within the body of the maxilla bone and communicates with the nasal cavity via an opening called the osteum. The maxillary sinus develops during fetal development and reaches its maximum size around 18 years of age. It has thin walls that are in close proximity to important structures like the orbit and teeth. Conditions like sinusitis or cysts can develop within the maxillary sinus and spread to surrounding areas due to its anatomical relationships. Precise knowledge of the maxillary sinus anatomy is important for dental surgeons to avoid complications during procedures involving nearby teeth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, including their locations, structures, and functions. It describes the four main sinuses: maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid. The maxillary sinus is the largest, pyramid-shaped, and located in the cheek area. It has thin walls that can allow infections to spread. The ethmoid sinus is a complex structure located near the skull base. The frontal sinus has variable shapes and develops later in life. The sphenoid sinus is located in the skull base near important structures like the pituitary gland and optic nerve.
Maxillary sinus & its dental implicationFiras Kassab
The document discusses the maxillary sinus, including its development, anatomy, functions, diagnostic evaluation, and common pathologies. Key points include:
- The maxillary sinus develops from an invagination of the nasal epithelium and expands significantly throughout childhood and adolescence.
- As an adult, it is pyramid-shaped and located within the body of the maxilla, bounded by the orbital surface, lateral nasal wall, alveolar process and zygomatic process.
- It functions to lighten facial weight, aid resonance, and warm/moisten inhaled air via mucociliary clearance.
- Diagnosis involves medical history, clinical exam including transillumination, and radiographs like pan
The maxillary sinus develops beginning in the third month of fetal life and reaches adult size by age 18. It has a pyramidal shape within the maxilla bone. The maxillary sinus walls include anterior, posterior, floor and roof boundaries. It is supplied by arteries and innervated by nerves. The maxillary sinus functions include air filtration and resonance. Common disorders include sinusitis, cysts, tumors and complications from dental infections or trauma. Surgical approaches are used to treat disorders or for sinus lift procedures before dental implants. Certain craniofacial disorders can affect the development of the maxillary sinus.
The document provides information about salivary glands and saliva. It discusses the anatomy, histology, physiology and functions of saliva. There are three pairs of major salivary glands - the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. Saliva is composed of water, electrolytes, enzymes and other proteins. It is produced for lubrication, digestion and protection of teeth and oral cavity. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland located below and in front of the ear. The submandibular gland is the second largest, located under the jaw bone. The sublingual gland is the smallest, located under the tongue.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of maxilla anatomy and development. It discusses:
- The development of the maxilla from the first branchial arch during weeks 4-8 of gestation, including how the maxillary process, palatal shelves, and tongue form.
- Features of the adult maxilla, including its four surfaces and processes. It houses the maxillary sinus and articulates with several cranial bones.
- Age-related changes like a more vertical diameter in adults and absorption in older individuals.
- Considerations for periodontal and implant procedures related to anatomical structures like nerves, vessels and muscle attachments in the maxilla.
The document discusses the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses. There are four main paired sinuses - frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoid. The maxillary sinus is the largest sinus, located in the cheek area below the orbit. It has thin walls that can allow spread of infection. The ethmoidal sinuses are located near the skull base and consist of many thin-walled air cells. The sphenoid sinus is located in the skull base and pneumatizes later in development. Infections of the paranasal sinuses can spread due to their thin bony walls and proximity to adjacent structures like the orbit and skull base.
1. The maxillary sinus is an air-filled space within the body of the maxilla bone that communicates with the nasal cavity.
2. It develops from the 4th month of gestation and reaches its maximum size by 18 years of age.
3. Common pathologies of the maxillary sinus include acute or chronic sinusitis, odontogenic cysts such as dentigerous or radicular cysts, and benign or malignant tumors.
4. Diagnostic evaluation of sinus disease involves medical history, clinical examination including transillumination, and radiographic imaging like panoramic radiograph, CT scan, or MRI.
nose and paranasal sinuses EXCELLENT SLIDES TO CULL FROM NOSE SINUSES [Autosa...TariqJamilFaridi
This document discusses the nose and paranasal sinuses. It begins with the development of the nose and sinuses from the 4th week of gestation. It then covers the anatomy including bones, cartilages, walls and meatuses of the nasal cavity. The document discusses the functions, blood supply, nerve supply and applied aspects such as sinusitis. In summary, it provides a comprehensive overview of the nose and paranasal sinuses from early development through applied clinical considerations.
The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses. It develops within the body of the maxilla and communicates with the nasal cavity via the ostium in the middle meatus. The maxillary sinus has important anatomical relationships with surrounding structures like the orbit, teeth roots, and nerves. Diagnostic evaluation of the maxillary sinus involves medical history, clinical examination including transillumination, and imaging modalities like radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and endoscopy.
This document discusses the anatomy and development of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It begins with the embryonic development of the nose from 4-7 weeks of gestation. It then describes the development of the paranasal sinuses from 25-28 weeks of gestation onward. Next, it covers the anatomy of the external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and related structures. It concludes with brief sections on the functions, blood supply, innervation and common conditions like sinusitis that can affect the nose and sinuses.
This document provides an overview of the maxillary sinus, including its anatomy, development, functions, clinical examination, common infections, and considerations for dental implants. The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus located within the maxilla. It is pyramidal in shape and has boundaries of the orbital floor, lateral nasal wall, and alveolar process. The sinus develops during gestation and pneumatizes after tooth loss. Examination involves transillumination and radiography to identify infections or anatomical variations. Maxillary sinus augmentation may be needed to place implants when bone quantity is insufficient.
The document discusses the paranasal sinuses and their clinical considerations. It begins by introducing the four pairs of paranasal sinuses - maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses. For each sinus, it describes the anatomy, development, neurovascular supply, and other key details. It then covers the functional importance of the sinuses and common clinical issues like sinusitis, developmental anomalies, dental issues that could impact the sinuses, and more. The document provides an overview of the paranasal sinuses and factors relevant to their examination and treatment.
The document provides an overview of the maxillary sinus, including its anatomy, development, functions, and relationship to maxillary sinusitis. Key points include:
- The maxillary sinus is an air-filled cavity located within the body of the maxilla.
- It is innervated by branches of the maxillary nerve and supplied by branches of the maxillary artery.
- The maxillary sinus develops after 3 months of gestation and increases in size through childhood and adolescence.
- Maxillary sinusitis can be acute or chronic and is usually caused by infection, allergy, or dental issues like an infected tooth root extending into the sinus.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the ear and nose. It describes the three parts of the ear - external, middle, and inner - and details the structures within each part such as the pinna, external auditory meatus, eardrum, ossicles, and cochlea. It also describes the anatomy of the nose, including the nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, and paranasal sinuses. Key functions such as olfaction, filtration, humidification are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the ear, nose, pharynx, and larynx. It describes the external, middle, and inner parts of the ear. It outlines the structures in the nose including the nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, and paranasal sinuses. It details the three parts of the pharynx and lymphoid tissues. It concludes with the cartilage, spaces, folds and cords that make up the larynx.
The document discusses the paranasal sinuses and provides details about their types, anatomy, development, clinical considerations, and functional importance. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses: maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal. The maxillary sinus is the largest and its development begins in the first trimester. Issues like sinusitis, developmental anomalies, dental infections, and trauma can affect the paranasal sinuses clinically. The sinuses have functions like resonance, surface area increase, air filtration and warming.
Similar to MAXILLARY SINUS part I / oral surgery courses (20)
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
3. Introduction
The sinus is also known as the antrum based on the
Greek meaning “cave”.
The maxillary sinus is a part of series of pneumatic
cavities, which are restricted to the skull in human;
called the paranasal sinuses,
The maxillary sinus is defined as “the pneumatic
space that is lodged inside the body of maxilla and
that communicates with the environment by way of
middle nasal meatus”.
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4. They are paired structures located largely in the body of
each maxilla; are mirror images of one another (though
not always symmetrical) and are approximately pyramidal
in shape
It lies primarily in the maxilla but may extend into the
palatine and zygomatic bones.
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5. DEVELOPEMENT
The maxillary sinus is the first paranasal sinus to
develop at approximately the third month of fetal life.
The process begins by slow development of a
mucosal pouching of the ethmoid infudibulum
The sinus cavity continues to develop as a slit like
invagination of the nasal epithelium into the
cartilagenous nasal capsule.
This stage of development is called the primaryprimary
pneumatizationpneumatization process which continues until late in
the fourth fetal month.
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6. The second phase of development of the maxillary
sinus is called secondary pneumatization.secondary pneumatization.
This process starts at approximately the fifth month
of fetal life, when the shallow primordium of the
maxillary sinus begins to grow into the adjacent
growing bone of maxilla.
This process proceeds slowly, and by birth sinus
appears as a small ovoid groove on the side of
maxillary bone close to the orbit and measures on
average 7mm in anteroposterior length, 4mm in
length,with an estimated volume of 6 to 8 ml.
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8. By the fourth or fifth month of age, the sinus can be
seen radiographically on anteroposterior views as a
triangular area medial to the infra orbital foramen
At 7 years of age, the rapid growth of maxillary sinus
resumes and continuous for the next 4 to 5 years,
corresponding to the eruption of the permanent
teeth.
The final growth spurts of the maxillary sinus takes
place between 12 and 14 years of age, when it
extends down to the same level as the nasal floor
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10. With completion of eruption of all the maxillary permanent
teeth, expansion of the maxillary sinus fills the growing
maxillary bone to produce the adult pyramidal shape of
the sinus.
This expansion into alveolar process places the floor
of the sinus approximately 5 to 12.5 mm below the floor
of nose.
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11. However, in some patients, some degree of expansion or
pneumatization of the sinus continue throughout life.
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12. ANATOMY
The maxillary sinus has a horizontal pyramidal shape that
consists of a base , an apex and four sides.
The base comprises the lateral wall of the nasal cavity,
whereas apex is at the junction of the maxillary and
zygomatic bones.
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13. Remaining sides are
Superior wall or roof of the sinus
Anterior wall
Posterior and lateral wall blend together to form
posterolateral wall
Floor of sinus
The sinus in divided into compartments by presence
of septae.
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15. It is approximately 15 to 20 ml in volume, with a
dimensions of :
Vertical height opposite 1st Molar -3.5 cm
Transverse breadth - 2.5 cm
Anteroposterior depth – 3.2 cm
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18. HISTOLOGY
The maxillary sinus is lined with a respiratory mucosa
that is similar to and continuous with that of the nose
and the other paranasal sinuses.
Epithelial lining of the maxillary sinus consists of a
single layer of pseudo stratified columnar ciliatedpseudo stratified columnar ciliated
epithelium.
The maxillary sinus mucosa has a high regenerative
capacity after traumatic or surgical removal or once
the cause of infection is removed
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20. BLOOD SUPPLY
Blood supply to sinus is rich but less as compared to
nasal mucosa and oral cavity.
The posterior, middle and anterior superior dental,
greater palatine and sphenopalatine branches.
Facial, infra-orbital and greater palatine also contribute.
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21. VENOUS DRAINAGE
Pterygoid venous plexus and facial vein contribute to
venous drainage of sinus.
Infection from maxillary sinus may spread to involve the
cavernous sinus via draining veins(facial vein and emissary
vein) to cause cavernous sinus thrombosis.
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22. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
Lymphatic drainage is important because infections and
malignant tumors may spread along the lymphatic system.
Drain into deep cervical either directly or via
submandibular nodes.
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23. NERVE SUPPLY
Sensory innervation from maxillary nerve.
Sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion.
Parasympathetic from sphenopalatine ganglion(greater
palatine and lesser palatine branch- general sensory and
secretomotor to seromucous glands of sinus.)
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24. FUNCTIONS OF MAXILLARY SINUS
Reduction of weight of facial skeleton :-
Sinus filled with air rather than
cancellous bone lightens face by approx. the weight of
pair of spectacles.
Phonetic resonance and auditory feedback :-
Sinuses act as a resonating box
and aid in conductance of voice to ones own ear.
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25. Insulation :-
Temperature of the inspired air can vary from
-50o
c to 50o
c, the rich arterial anastomosis warms the
inspired air and absorbs heat from expired air and
insulate orbit from intranasal temperature variations.
Air conditioning :-
Sinus contain some serous glands, whose
watery secretions evaporates to humidify the contained
air and also maintain the tempt. Inside.
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26. Water conservation :-
Heat exchanger role of paranasal sinus
may have important role in water conservation.
Filtration :-
Particulate matter which escaped
filtration by nose may be trapped by mucous blanket of
sinus.
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27. Olfaction :-
Pneumatization may have evolved to
increase the area of olfactory mucosa there by improving
the sense of smell. A scent may persist within sinus for
some time and can be used as reference for new odours.
Dead space :-
Act as a dead space between maxilla
and alveolar process, as they evolved incidentally during
growth of face.
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28. Gas exchange of the maxillary sinus mucosa :- (hampered if)
v
v
Decreased oxygen pressure in sinus
Increased capillary permeability
Increased transudate and glandular metaplasia
Increased goblet cells and mucous secretion
Mucosa becomes edematous and polypoidal
And thus mucosal thickening seen on radiograph.
antronasal duct is blocked
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30. Patency of the antronasal duct :-
Sinus ostium leads into 6mm
long(2.5mm in diameter) curving canal, this being termed
as antronasal duct.
Its patency is imp. for efficient aeration
and clearance of secretions to maintain health of sinus.
causes of blockage :- plug of mucous, polyp,
malignancy, in lying down position size is decreased, nasal
septal defect, etc,. all these condition can lead to sinus
barotrauma.
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31. Mucus production and mucociliary transport :-
Position of ostium is unfavourably for
gravitational drainage when head is erect, therefore sinus
secretion clearance is dependent on mucociliary system.
Presence of mucous secretion on
surface of sinus decreases water loss, provides
mechanical barrier between mucosa and traps particulate
matter.
The mean flow rate of mucociliary transport is 6mm/min.
this is necessary to prevent collection of fluid in sinus and
secondary infection.
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32. Mucociliary action is reduced in inflammation,injury,
adrenalin, corticosteroids, smoking.
Temperature above 45o
c and below 10o
c will stop ciliary
action and thus upper respiratory tract infection may
result.
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33. Flying and diving :-
High and low atmospheric pressure
may result in barotrauma. It is more in case of diving as
pressure is maintained in aeroplanes.
If antronasal duct is blocked and
pressure is decreased, mucosal blood vessels may
rupture and lead to epistaxis, hematoma formation or
hemorrhage.[pressure and volume of given mass of gas are inversely
proportional. So accordingly expansion of air in sinus occurs on ascent and
contraction on descent.]
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34. EXAMINATION AND INVESTIGATIONS OF
THE MAXILLARY SINUS
Clinical examination of maxillary sinus is preceded by
patient’s presenting complaint, its history and medical
history.
The middle third of face should be inspected for the
presence of asymmetry, deformity, swelling,
erythema, ecchymosis or hematoma. Epiphora, nasal
obstruction, epistaxis, other discharge or odour from
nostril should be noted.
Any evidence of tenderness, crepitus and trismus
should also be noted
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35. Investigations
Rhinoscopy :- Nasal speculum and headlight or
mirror are used. Anterior rhinoscopy is done for
visualization of nasal passages. Posterior rhinoscopy is
done for visualization of the posterior aspects of all
conchae.
Nasendoscopy :- Narrow fiber optic endoscope is
used under local anesthesia for examination of
superior, middle and inferior meatus.
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36. Transillumination :-Transillumination of the
maxillary sinuses is performed in a darkened room
by insertion of an electrically safe light into the
mouth (with the lips closed) after removal of any
maxillary prosthesis.
Good transillumination
indicates air in the sinuses, whereas failure of it
indicates the presence of pus, a solid lesion or
mucosal thickening. Transillumination is rarely used
now a days.
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37. Fibrooptic Antroscopy / Sinus endoscopy-
It is the use of short fiberglass
endoscopes for inspection of nasal cavities and maxillary
sinuses.
Sinuses unresponsive to treatment
or any suspicious areas not seen radiologically can be
examined by direct vision through endoscope. Antroscopy is
the only definitive way to investigate the contents and lining of
maxillary sinus.
The endoscope is inserted through
an inferior meatal puncture, a previously created antral
window ,or the anterior maxillary wall via the buccal sulcus.
It is useful in the diagnosis of
orbital floor fractures. Therapeutic sinus edoscopy is
performed for removal of diseased tissue, lavage and obtaining
specimen for culture .
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38. Bacteriology & Cytology :-
Puncture of antrum is
performed following topical vasoconstriction with 1:1000
adrenaline and analgesia with 10% cocaine spray through
the inferior meatus with trocar and canula and aspirate is
withdrawn into an empty syringe and bacteriological and
cytological examination is done.
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39. Nasal mucociliary clearance test :-
It is used to measure mucociliary
function. Particle of saccharine is placed in the anterior
part of the middle meatus and subject is asked to swallow
every 30 seconds and the time between placement and
report of a sweet taste is measured.
It measures the fastest rate of nasal
mucus transport (mean flow rate is 6mm/min).
{The test does not provide specific information
regarding mucociliary transport within antrum but it maybe assumed that
defective nasal transport is likely to be reflected in reduced sinus mucosal
function.}
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40. Nasal ciliary beat frequency :-
Stripes of ciliated epithelium are
brushed off the lateral aspect of the inferior turbinate and
examined under phase-contrast microscope.
The number of effector strokes of the
cilia per second is counted, the normal range is 12-15Hz,
which is decreased in infections.
This also determines the percentage of
immotile cilia.
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41. Rhinomanometry :-
It measures the nasal air flow and
pressure at the nostrils during respiration.
The main clinical application is to
determine nasal obstruction.
Biopsy :-
Any persistent lesion with or without
cause should be biopsied with endoscope for proper
diagnosis and treatment plan.
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42. Radiography
Periapical Radiographs
Occlusal radiographs
Waters view
Caldwell P-A projection (occipitofrontal view)
The Lateral skull views
The submentovertex projection
Panoramic radiographs
C T and MRI and
Other imaging techniques
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43. Periapical and Occlusal Radiographs :-
Shows floor and relation with upper
posterior teeth.
Waters view :-
Allows comparison of both maxillary
sinus. If mouth kept open then sphenoid sinus can also
be seen. Usually shows roof, medial and lateral wall.
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44. Caldwell P-A projection (occipitofrontal view) :-
We get good visualization of frontal sinus,
ethmoidal sinus, nasal cavity and superior portion of
maxillary antrum and posterior aspect of antral floor
which is not seen in waters view.
The Lateral skull views :-
Examination of sphenoid and maxillary sinus
and specially anterior and posterior walls.
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45. Submentovertex projection :-
shows posterior wall of maxillary sinus and
sphenoid sinus.
Panoramic radiographs :-
It is excellent screening radiograph. And
better than waters view for antral floor.
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46. C T and MRI :-
CT will differentiate well between soft
tissue(mucosal pathologies) and hard tissues.
MRI will not demonstrate bony walls
pathologies but because of surrounding fat the
displacement and destruction of facial muscle is well
demonstrated. Advantage is no ionising radiation used.
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47. Other imaging techniques includes
Scintigraphy
USG
Angiography.
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48. PATHOLOGIES OF THE
MAXILLARY SINUS
Developmental anomalies
Inflammatory diseases
Cysts of the maxillary sinus
Traumatic diseases
Tumors of the maxillary sinus
Other diseases involving the maxillary sinus
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49. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE
MAXILLARY SINUS
Agenesis / Aplasia
Hypoplasia - Radiographic images may appear more
radiopaque than normal due to surrounding maxillary
bone.
Hyperplasia
Supernumerary maxillary sinus
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50. Agenesis :- Complete absence of maxillary sinus.
Aplasia :- It is altered development of maxillary sinus.
Hypoplasia :- Underdevelopment (9% cases)
unilateral (1.7%)
bilateral (7.2%)
Hyperplasia :- Excess development of maxillary sinus
e.g. acromegaly
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51. Supernumerary maxillary sinus :-
Occurrence of two completely
separated sinuses on the same side.
Initiated by out pocketing of nasal
mucosa into the primordium of maxillary body from
two points either in middle nasal meatus or in the
middle and superior or middle and inferior nasal
meatus respectively and thus result in two ostia of
the sinus.
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52. Syndromes affecting maxillary sinus
Crouzon syndrome :- (Craniofacial dyostosis)
There is early synostosis of the
sutures produce hypoplasia of the maxilla and
therefore maxillary sinus together with high arch
palate resulting in crowding of teeth.
Also shows brachycephaly, hypertelorism and orbital
proptosis.
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54. Treacher collins syndrome :- (mandibulofacial
dysostosis)
Features may include
underdeveloped or absence of zygomatic bone,
downward inclination of palpebral fissure
underdeveloped maxillary sinus and mandible,
malformed external ears, high arched or cleft palate
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56. Binder syndrome :- (Maxillonasal dysplasia)
Features include hypoplasia of
middle third of face. There is maxillary sinus
hypoplasia, retrognathic maxilla
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58. Silent sinus syndrome :-
Spontaneous, asymptomatic collapse
of the maxillary sinus and orbital floor associated with
negative sinus pressures. It can cause painless facial
asymmetry , diplopia and enophthalmos. Usually the
diagnosis is suspected clinically, and it can be confirmed
radiologically by characteristic imaging features that
include maxillary sinus outlet obstruction, sinus
opacification, and sinus volume loss caused by inward
retraction of the sinus walls.
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