The document discusses the different states of matter and changes between states. It includes:
1) Descriptions of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle arrangement, volume, shape, and interactions.
2) Explanations of changes in state like melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation that occur when energy is added or removed from a substance.
3) A diagram of a heating curve showing how temperature changes as energy is added for different substances and states. Sections with no temperature change represent changes in state.
PAST YEAR IGCSE (P2-MCQ) | THERMAL PHYSICS Nurul Fadhilah
Past year questions related to Thermal Physics. Thermal equilibrium, heat transfer, molecules of solid liquids and gases, heat capacity, specific heat capacity, latent heat, specific latent heat, relationship between pressure and volume, relationship between pressure and temperature, relationship between volume and temperature.
Different objects have different heat capacity. Sand has a low heat capacity and gets hot quickly while sea water has a high heat capacity and gets hot slowly. Heat capacity of an object increases when the mass of the object increases. For example, the water in a full kettle takes a longer time to boil compared to the water in a half-fi lled kettle. This shows that water of bigger mass has a higher heat capacity compared to water of smaller mass.
Several daily situations involving heat capacity also discussed.
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
4.2.2 Define specific heat capacity of a material, c
4.2.3 Experiment to determine:
(i) the specific heat capacity of water
(ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminium
4.2.4 Communicate to explain the applications of specific heat capacity in daily life, material engineering and natural phenomena.
4.2.5 Solve problems involving specific heat capacity
2.2.3 Thermal capacity (heat capacity)
Core
Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy
Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body
Supplement
• Give a simple molecular account of an increase in internal energy
• Recall and use the equation thermal capacity = mc
• Define specific heat capacity
• Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance
• Recall and use the equation change in energy = mcΔT
PAST YEAR IGCSE (P2-MCQ) | THERMAL PHYSICS Nurul Fadhilah
Past year questions related to Thermal Physics. Thermal equilibrium, heat transfer, molecules of solid liquids and gases, heat capacity, specific heat capacity, latent heat, specific latent heat, relationship between pressure and volume, relationship between pressure and temperature, relationship between volume and temperature.
Different objects have different heat capacity. Sand has a low heat capacity and gets hot quickly while sea water has a high heat capacity and gets hot slowly. Heat capacity of an object increases when the mass of the object increases. For example, the water in a full kettle takes a longer time to boil compared to the water in a half-fi lled kettle. This shows that water of bigger mass has a higher heat capacity compared to water of smaller mass.
Several daily situations involving heat capacity also discussed.
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
4.2.1 Explain heat capacity, C.
4.2.2 Define specific heat capacity of a material, c
4.2.3 Experiment to determine:
(i) the specific heat capacity of water
(ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminium
4.2.4 Communicate to explain the applications of specific heat capacity in daily life, material engineering and natural phenomena.
4.2.5 Solve problems involving specific heat capacity
2.2.3 Thermal capacity (heat capacity)
Core
Relate a rise in the temperature of a body to an increase in its internal energy
Show an understanding of what is meant by the thermal capacity of a body
Supplement
• Give a simple molecular account of an increase in internal energy
• Recall and use the equation thermal capacity = mc
• Define specific heat capacity
• Describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance
• Recall and use the equation change in energy = mcΔT
An introductory outline of the Physics of Heat. I created this presentation at Curtin Sarawak Malaysia as a basis for Foundation Physics students and others to edit and expand. A Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.
Discusses macroscopic and microscopic properties of solids and liquids.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
An introductory outline of the Physics of Heat. I created this presentation at Curtin Sarawak Malaysia as a basis for Foundation Physics students and others to edit and expand. A Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.
Discusses macroscopic and microscopic properties of solids and liquids.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
Matter Part C
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS States of Matter 2 – 10 Changes in state 11 – 12 Heating Curve & Heat equations 13 – 18 Practice Problems 17 Review questions 19 - 20
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3. 4th state: Plasma - formed at high temperatures; ionized phase of matter as found in the sun (gases stripped of electrons).
4. SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/states.htm Click on the link and watch the animations below The Three States of Matter2.rm Note the change in how the particles are arranged in each state.
8. Some Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Property Solid Liquid Gas Shape Has definite shape Takes the shape of Takes the shape the container of its container Volume Has a definite volume Has a definite volume Fills the volume of the container Arrangement of Fixed, very close Random, close Random, far apart Particles Interactions between Very strong Strong Essentially none particles
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10. YOU NEED TO KNOW UNDERSTAND THE INFORMATION IN THIS CHART!!! WEAK STRONG VERY STRONG Particle Attraction FREE TO MOVE ABOUT NO NO Gas CLOSE, SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER YES NO Liquid CLOSE, VIBRATE IN PLACE YES YES Solid Particle Arrangement Volume Def volume (Y/N) Shape Def Shape? (Y/N) State of matter
11. CHANGES OF STATE Adding or taking away energy causes substances to change state. Most of these changes in state are familiar. http://eanes.tx.schoolwebpages.com/education/components/docmgr/default.php?sectiondetailid=6107&fileitem=8730&catfilter=1594 Solid Liquid Gas Melt Evaporate Condense Freeze
12. Click on the link below to watch how the particles of ice change as heat is added. You are not responsible for any questions on this animation. http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/changing_matter/index.htm CHANGES OF STATE Some changes in state are not so familiar. An important change in state is sublimation. Sublimation is the change of a substance as it goes from a solid directly to a gas. The most common example being dry ice. Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide gas.
15. A NOTE ON SPECIFIC HEAT Description: One paper cup is filled with water; the other is empty. When the cups are placed above a lit Bunsen burner, the empty cup burns, whereas the water-filled one doesn't. This is because the water absorbs most of the heat of the flame due to its high specific heat. Specific Heat Capacity - The ability of materials to "hold" a certain amount of thermal energy at a given temperature. Consider a day at your favorite Carolina beach. On a typical summer day the sand is so hot it will burn your feet, yet the water feels much cooler and quite comfortable. The same holds true if you consider the parking lot. Each material experiences the same summer sun, but each heats up differently. Later that night the sand and parking lot would feel quite cool to the feet, and the water temperature will not have changed. Each material “holds” a certain amount of specific heat, and each will gain and lose that heat at different rates. The sand loses its heat really fast (low specific heat) the water loses heat slowly (high specific heat). The reverse is true, water must gain a lot of heat to change temperature, sand needs only a little to warm up quickly. Not as bad as it looks…read on 140 °C 70 °C Foosium 140 °C 40 °C Unobtainium 100 °C 20 °C Bolognium Boiling point Melting point Substance
16. Q = m x C x Δ T Determine the energy needed (in Joules) when 55.6 grams of water at 43.2 °C is heated to 78.1 °C. Q = ? m = 55.6 g Δ T = T f – T i (final temp – initial temp) 78.1 o – 43.2 o = 34.9 o C C = specific heat of water 4.18J (found on your reference table) Q = 55.6g x 4.18J x 34.9 o C = 8111 J of energy needed
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Editor's Notes
The three common phases (or states) of matter are gas, liquid, and solid 1. Gases a. Have the lowest density of the three states of matter b. Are highly compressible c. Completely fill any container in which they are placed d. Their intermolecular forces are weak e. Molecules are constantly moving independently of the other molecules present 2. Solids a. Dense b. Rigid c. Incompressible d. Intermolecular forces are strong e. Molecules locked in place 3. Liquids a. Dense b. Incompressible c. Flow readily to adapt to the shape of the container d. Sum of the intermolecular forces are between those of gases and solids • The state of a given substance depends strongly on conditions