material for plant construction.pptx
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This document discusses materials used in pharmaceutical plant construction. It introduces ferrous metals like cast iron and stainless steel, with cast iron motors used in peristaltic pumps and stainless steel grades SS302 and SS304 used in manufacturing tanks. Non-ferrous metals discussed are aluminium, used in strip and blister packaging, and lead which is used in collapsible tubes due to its low cost. Glass is also referenced for its protective qualities and use in light-protective amber-colored packaging. The document was prepared by Kashish Wilson on pharmaceutical engineering theory and materials of construction.
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The document discusses the elements, objectives, benefits, and advantages of Quality by Design (QBD). QBD aims to ensure robust manufacturing processes, demonstrate understanding to regulators, and encourage sufficient product understanding. Benefits include reduced validation costs, improved product design, fewer manufacturing problems, enabling continuous improvement, and lower costs. The objectives are to have robust processes, demonstrate enhanced understanding to agencies, and develop sufficient product knowledge.
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Quality by Design (QBD) is a systematic approach to pharmaceutical development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and control based on sound science and quality risk management. It provides benefits like less validation burden, better product design, fewer manufacturing problems, enabling continuous improvement, and lower costs. The key elements of QBD include its definition, benefits, and components like defining objectives, understanding variability, and setting in-process controls.
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The document discusses mixing in the context of pharmaceutical production. It outlines that the main objective of mixing is to produce a bulk mixture that, when divided into doses, ensures each dose contains the correct proportions. It notes mixing is a critical intermediate step for tablets and capsules. The document also lists factors that affect mixing and different mechanisms for solid, liquid, and semisolid mixing. Specifically, it explains solid mixing involves convective, shear, and diffusive mechanisms while liquid mixing uses bulk transport, turbulent flow, laminar flow, and molecular diffusion.
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Freeze drying, or lyophilisation, is a process that converts solutions or suspensions into solids for storage and distribution. It works by sublimating a material, changing it directly from a solid to a gas, below the triple point. Key components of a freeze dryer include a drying chamber, heating elements, a vapor condensing system, and a vacuum pump. Freeze drying has advantages like preserving heat-sensitive materials and proteins without denaturation. However, it is an expensive and slow process limited to specific valuable products.
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FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
The document summarizes a fluidized bed dryer. It works by fluidizing wet solid particles using hot air forced through a perforated bed from the bottom. The dryer is made of stainless steel or plastic with a detachable bowl for charging and discharging materials. Hot air is circulated through the bed to dry particles completely before exiting through bag filters. It allows for continuous, rapid drying at a constant rate with high efficiency and capacity compared to other dryers. Pharmaceutical uses include drying granules for tablet production and granule coating.
SPRAY DRYER
Spray drying is an industrial process that transforms a liquid feed containing dissolved or dispersed solids into a spray of small droplets that are exposed to hot air to be dried. It allows for effective control of product quality and properties during continuous high-tonnage production. While spray dryers are bulky and expensive, they permit thermolabile pharmaceuticals to be dried at low temperature and are used to dry products like penicillin, enzymes, and vaccines.
Drum Dryer
The document describes a drum dryer, which consists of one or two horizontally mounted hollow cylinders or drums that are heated internally by steam and rotated. Liquid or slurry is spread as a film onto the heated, rotating drum surface where it dries rapidly via conduction and steam heating. The dried material is then scraped off and collected while the drum continues rotating. Drum drying allows for rapid drying of thermosensitive materials in a compact system, though it requires careful control of processing parameters and has high maintenance costs.
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Drying.pptx
Drying involves the removal of water or other solvents from solids, semi-solids, or liquids through the application of heat to produce a liquid-free solid product. The main objectives of drying are to preserve foods by reducing water content and activity to increase shelf life without refrigeration, reduce storage and transport costs, and improve stability of pharmaceutical products by removing moisture. Drying techniques include thermal methods using heat as well as non-thermal methods like squeezing, adsorption, or extraction. Water is the solvent most commonly removed through drying of bioproducts like foods and pharmaceuticals like vaccines.
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This document discusses drying and its objectives and applications in pharmaceutical technology. It begins by defining drying as the removal of water or other solvents from a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material through the application of heat. The main objectives of drying are to preserve foods and drugs by reducing water content and avoiding the need for refrigeration during storage and transport. In pharmaceuticals specifically, drying is used to avoid moisture that can degrade drugs, improve material properties, reduce volume for transportation and handling, and serve as the final step in various processes like evaporation and crystallization. The document provides examples of how drying is used in preparing bulk drugs and preserving drug products and materials.
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ใโ็ฝๅโ๐ac44.net๐โใๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจๅจไฝ่ฒๅๅฝฉๆน้ข๏ผไธ้พๅ็ฐ๏ผๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจๅคไธบ่ฑๅผ่ฟๅจๆไพๆๆณจใๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจไธบไธฐๅฏๅคๅฝฉ็ไฝ่ฒ้กน็ฎๆไพๆๆณจ๏ผๅฆ่ถณ็ใ่ต้ฉฌใๆฟ็ๅ้ฃ้๏ผไฝ่ฟไธๆฏๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจ็ๅฏไธไผๅฟใๅจๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจ๏ผๅ
จไธ็็ฉๅฎถ้ฝๅฏไปฅๆพๅฐ่ชๅทฑๆๅ
ด่ถฃ็ๆฏ่ต่ฟ่กๆๆณจใๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจไธบ็ฝ็ๅ็พๅผ่ฟๅจๅฆๆฃ็ใ็พๅผ่ถณ็ใ็ฏฎ็ใๅฐ็ๅผๅบ็ๆๆณจๅๆ ทๅผๅพๅ
ณๆณจใๅจๅคๅญฃๆๅฌๅญฃๅฅฅ่ฟไผๆน้ข๏ผๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจไธบ็ฉๅฎถๅผๅบไบไธฐๅฏๅคๅฝฉ็ๆๅก๏ผๆฏไฝ ็ไธไบไน้ใไฝ ่ฟๅฏไปฅๆๆณจๆฐด็ใ่ช่ก่ฝฆๅ็ญ่ฟช็็ญๅฐไผไฝ่ฒ้กน็ฎ๏ผ็่ณๅฏไปฅไธบๆญฆๆฏใๆณๅปๅ็ปผๅๆ ผๆๆๆณจใๆฌงๆดฒๆฏไธๆณจไธบไผๅคไฝ่ฒ้กน็ฎๅผๅบๆป็ๆๆณจใย
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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material for plant construction.pptx
- 1. SUBJECT: PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING-THEORY MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION PREPARED BY: KASHISH WILSON ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, MM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, MM(DU), MULLANA , AMBALA
- 2. CONTENTS: Material for Plant Construction
- 3. INTRODUCTION
- 4. FERROUS METALS CAST IRON โข Consists :Fe + carbon (1.7+5.0%)+ silicone (Si) + manganese โข Motor made of cast iron used in peristaltic pump in pharma industry STAINLESS STEEL โข S.S-302 Contains โ Fe + Cr (18%) + Ni (8%) + C (0.08%) โข S.S-304 Contains โ Fe + Cr (19%) + Ni (9%) + C (0.08%) โข Large MFG tank made of SS316
- 5. NON-FERROUS METALS ALUMINIUM A number of โAlโ items are use in regular day to day life Use of aluminium in strip and blister packing LEAD โข Lead has the lowest cost and is used as collapsible tube material
- 6. NON-METALS Glass- โข GLASS :- a number of glass article are use in daily life. Glass โข has the advantage of superior protective qualities, attractiveness and low cost. โข Protective action against light can be achieved by amber-colored glass.
- 7. THANK YOU