This document presents an overview of mass spectrometry. It discusses fragmentation rules, rearrangements like McLafferty rearrangement, the ring rule for calculating unsaturation, and isotopic peaks. It also examines the mass spectrometry of specific functional groups like alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, alkyl halides, and provides references for further reading. The presentation aims to cover basic concepts in mass spectrometry including how different functional groups fragment in the mass spectrometer.

1. Mass Spectrometry
Presented by:
Jacob Thon Bior
M. Pharm 1st year
Dep’t Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi.
1
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

2. Contents:
 Fragmentation and its Rules.
Rearrangements.
Mc Lafferty rearrangement.
Ring rule.
Isotopic peaks.
Interpretation of
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkyl halides
Alcohols
References 2
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

3. Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum 3
Fragmentation rules in Mass Spectrometer
1. Intensity of M.+ is Larger for linear chain than for branched compound.
2. Intensity of M.+ decrease with homologous series.
3. Cleavage is favored at branching.
4. Aromatic Rings, Double bond, Cyclic structures stabilize M.+
5. Double bond favor Allylic Cleavage.
6. Saturated Rings lose a Alkyl Chain (case of branching) .
7. Aromatic Compounds Cleave in b Resonance Stabilized Tropylium.
8. C-C Next to Heteroatom cleave leaving the charge on the Heteroatom.

4. Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum 4

5. Rearrangement
Rearrangement ions are fragments whose origins cannot be described by simple cleavage
but are as result of intramolecular atomic rearrangement during fragmentation. Fragments
are the results of cleavage of multiple bonds and removal of water from alcohol is one
example.
Rearrangement involving migration of H-atoms in molecules.
Example: Mc Lafferty rearrangement.
Rearrangement peaks:
Nitrogen rule help in identifying peak that are produced via a rearrangement.
If a molecular ion has an even molecular weight then generally peaks of even molecular
weight were created from a rearrangement.
If a molecule has an odd molecular weight, then its rearrangements peaks will be also odd.
5
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

6. 6
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

7. 7
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

8. Ring rule
If molecular formula of a compound is known the number of unsaturation can be
calculated by using ring rule.
The number of unsaturation sites R, is equal to the number of rings in the molecule
+ the number of double bond +2 x number of triple bond.
The ring rule for molecule CwHzNyOx may be stated as follows:
R = w+1+(y-z)/2
Example: the ring rule for diethyl ether C2H5OC2H5
R= 4+1+(0-10)/2
= 4+1-5
= 0
8
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

9. Isotopic peaks
Majority of elements have two or more isotopes, the ratio of this isotopes can
be powerful tool in deriving the composition of unknown samples. Prominent
peaks will have a smaller peak one mass unit higher than the prominent peak.
The presence of isotopes readily produces the isotope ions in the spectrum
accompanied by a main molecular ion peak and fragment peaks.
9
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

10. 10
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

11. 11
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

12. 12
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

13. 13
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

14. Alkenes
The molecular ion of alkenes, is usually distinct especially in compounds containing multiple double
bonds. Alkene fragments, like alkane fragments are situated in clusters 14 units apart. In alkenes, the
CnH2n-1 and CnH2n peaks are more intense than the CnH2n+1 peak of alkanes. The presence of double bonds
also allows for the production of resonance-stabilized cations. Allylic cleavage results in an allylic cation.
The molecular ion of alkene containing one double bond tends to undergo allylic cleavage i.e. at the beta
bond without the double bond and gives resonance structure.
The molecular ion peak in the spectra of unsaturated compounds is more intense than the corresponding
saturated analogues. The reason is the better resonance stabilization of the charge on the cation formed by
the removal of one of the π-electrons.
The relative abundance of the molecular ion peak decreases with increase in molecular mass.
The general mode of fragmentation is the allelic cleavage.
The fragments formed by Mc Lafferty rearrangement are more intense.
14
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

15. Cyclic alkenes also undergo a retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation by the following mechanism.
The fragmentation mode involves the cleavage of two bonds of a cyclic system resulting in the
formation of two stable unsaturated fragments in which two new bonds are formed.
15
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

16. Aliphatic chlorine compounds fragment mainly by loss of HCl+ (M-36 & M-38
m/z) and loss of chlorine give rise to low abundance peaks at m/z 35 & 37.
bromine is similar to chlorine but losses Br.
16
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

17. 17
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

18. 18
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

19. 19
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

20. 20
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum

21. References:
Organic spectroscopy William Kemp third edition
page number 286-325.
Mass Spectrometry, Second edition by James Barker.
 Elementary organic spectroscopy by Y.R. Sharma.
21
Department Of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE Belgaum