Concept of Shodhana in Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana by Dr. Maitry S..pptx

CONCEPT OF SHODHANA IN RASASHASTRA
EVAM BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
By-
Dr. Maitry Sachinwala
BAMS, MD (Ayu)
Assistant Professor
Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana
Parul institute of Ayurveda, Parul University
Image: Tamra shodhana

September 5, 2024
CONTENTS
Introduction
Paribhasha
Purpose of shodhana
Importance/Need of shodhana
Classification of shodhana
Media used in shodhana
 Different shodhana methods, purpose
with examples
 Discussion
Conclusion
References
Concept of Shodhana by Dr. Maitry S.
Image: Parada samanya shodhana

September 5, 2024
INTRODUCTION
[SHODHANA IN AYURVEDA]
• In Ayurveda, the practice of Shodhana has been documented since
the era of the Charaka Saṃhita. However, its application has
significantly expanded with the advancement of Rasashastra since
the 8th century AD.
• In the Charaka Saṃhita, specifically in the 1st
chapter of the Vimana
Sthana, Shodhana is briefly described within the context of
Samskara, particularly in the section on Ashtaaharavidhi Vishesha
Ayatana.
• The term "Shodhana" encompasses various meanings depending
on the context.
1. It generally refers to a pharmaceutical process involving
detoxification, purification, and refinement, aimed at imparting
beneficial properties to the materials.
2. Shodhanaṃ- Cleansing (of the wound or shareera by eliminating
dushit doshas.
Image: Parada Pooja
before its shodhana

September 5, 2024
In RASASHASTRA :
 Shodhana is defined as the process by which toxic substances
are transformed into beneficial and non-toxic forms.
 This procedure encompasses both purification and the
reduction of toxic elements, often leading to an increased
therapeutic efficacy of the raw materials, whether they are of
herbal, mineral, metal, or animal origin.
 The substance undergoing purification is referred to as
Shudhi dravya or Shodhya Dravya, while the substance used
for the purification process is known as Shodhana Dravya.
Image: Parada Samanya Shodhana

PARIBHASHA
NIRUKTI
Shodhana = Shudh + lyut (shabdakalpadhrum)
Shudh = Shaucha (clean)
“उद्दिष्टैरौषधैः सार्द्धं क्रियते पेषणादिकम् ।
”
मलविच्छित्तये यत्तु शोधनं तदिहोच्यते ।। (रसतरंगिणी 2:52 )
When a substance is subjected to trituration and other processes
using specific plant or animal products to eliminate unwanted
properties, this procedure is referred to as Shodhana.
“निर्दिष्टैरौषधैः सार्द्धं पेषणं स्वेदनादिकम् ।
”
दुष्टं दोषविनाशाय शोधनं परिकीर्तितम् ।। (रसमित्र, प्रथम रश्मि पृ.11 )
The process of treating a substance with prescribed materials
through methods such as rubbing or steaming etc to remove
undesirable properties is known as Shodhana.
“ ”
शोधनं दोषहरणं संस्कारश्च बलतेजसोऽभिवर्धनम् ।।
(Dhanvantari Sarnhita)

PURPOSE OF SHODHANA
 Most raw materials used in Rasashastra are sourced from
the earth, which often results in the presence of impurities,
toxicity, and undesirable qualities.
 The primary purpose of Shodhana is to eliminate or reduce
these unwanted or toxic effects, thereby enhancing the
properties of the substance and making it suitable for its
intended therapeutic action.
 Shodhana is performed to:
- Optimize the pharmacological activity of the substance.
- Enhance its therapeutic qualities.
Image: Parada Samanya Shodhana

Concept of Shodhana by Dr. Maitry S. September 5, 2024
- Remove unwanted components.
- Facilitate subsequent processes such as Marana, Satwapatana,
Lohitikarana, and others.
- Eliminate harmful chemical and physical impurities.
- Decrease the hardness and rigidity of the substance.
- Render metals and minerals suitable for administration.
- Improve and amplify the curative characteristics of the material.
(cont.)

IMPORTANCE/ NEED OF SHODHANA
⩥ Rasashastra encompasses a range of substances, including Parada
and other Rasaadi dravyas, which are categorized under
Maharasa, Uparasa, Dhatu, Ratna, Uparatna, and other
classifications, as well as visha and upavisha dravyas.
⩥ All these substances require Shodhana to convert them into
appropriate dosage forms for therapeutic use or to prepare them
for further processes such as Marana and Satwapatana.
⩥ Shodhana is thus a crucial initial step in Ayurvedic drug
formulation due to its unique significance.
⩥ Without Shodhana, the active principles of these substances may
remain unmodified, potentially leading to adverse effects on the
body.
Image: Kajjali Nirmana

September 5, 2024
(cont.)
⩥ Various sort of Shodhanas does sanghatabheda of a drug & influences the extraction of
chemical components through Particle size reduction, which facilitates the drug’s absorption and
utilization by body tissues and organs.
⩥ Additionally, Shodhana involves the extraction of soluble principles into liquid media and their
interaction with Shodhya Dravyas. (Ex. Haratala Shodhana- Swedana in Kushdmanda Swarasa)
⩥ Shodhana process makes material more Marana upayogi- useful for further processes.
⩥ It also involves procedures that lead to the homogenization and modification of the material’s
properties (Gunantaradhana), thereby optimizing the characteristics of the final product.

September 5, 2024
SHODHANA
Samanya Shodhana Vishesha Shodhana
The common impurities which found in all the
elements of one varga and removal of them
through same procedure is called as Samanya
Sodhana.
Uncommon impurities which varies from substance to substance.
Such uncommon impurities are peculiar to the substance, therefore
special procedure and techniques are used for the removal of these
impurities.
This is known as Vishesha Sodhana.
CLASSIFICATION - 1
Ex: dhatu samanya shodhana [RRS 5/13] Ex: abhraka shodhana [RRS 2/16]
“ तैले तक्र
े गवां मूत्रे ह्यारनाले क
ु लत्थजे ।
क्रमान्निषेचयेत्तप्तं द्रावे द्रावे तु सप्तधा ।
”
स्वर्णादिलोहपत्राणां शुद्धिरेषा प्रशस्यते ।।
“ प्रतप्तं सप्तवराणि निक्षिप्तं काञ्जिक
े ऽभ्रकम् ।
निर्दोषं जायते नूनं प्रक्षिप्तं वाऽपि गोजले ।
त्रिफलाक्वाथिते चापि गवां दुग्धे विशेषतः ”
।।
SHODHANA BHEDA:

CLASSIFICATION - 2
SHODHANA
Saagni
(With fire)
Niragni
(Without fire)
Examples:
1. Nirvapa
2. Dhalana
3. Bharjana
4. Puta
5. Swedana
6. Patana
Examples:
1. Bhavana
2. Prakshalana
3. Shoshana
4. Sinchana
5. Nimajjana
6. Gharshana
NI
R
VA
PA
HARJANA
BHAVANA
NIMAJJA
Image: Manashila Shodhana
Image: Kupilu Shodhana
Image: Gairika Shodhana
Image: Abhraka Shodhana

September 5, 2024
MEDIA USED IN SHODHANA
MEDIA EXAMPLES
Taila, Go-ghrita, Go-dugdha Visha dravya shodhana, Dhatu samanya shodhana
Takra, Kanji, Nimbu, Amalaki Hingula shodhana, Kasisa shodhana, Sasyaka
shodhana, Sudha varga dravya shodhana
Sarja kshara jala Pravala shodhana
Nirgundi swarasa & Haridra churna Vanga shodhana
Churnodaka Naga shodhana

September 5, 2024
MEDIA EXAMPLES
Bhringaraja Gandhaka shodhana
Kulattha kwatha Vajra shodhna
Adraka swarasa Manashila shodhana,
Kapota, Marjara, Paravata, Kukkuta Tuttha shodhana
Meshashringi swarasa Rajata makshika shodhana
Saindhava Lavana Swarna makshika shodhana

Bharjana-
(Frying)
Ex. Gairika
Shodhana 7
DIFFERENT SHODHANA METHODS, PURPOSE WITH EXAMPLES
Ashuddha Gairika Go-ghrita Bharjana in ghrita Shodhita Gairika

Bhavana –
Reduction of particle size ,
transfers impurities from
material to liquid media & media
acts as an additive synergism
Ex. Manashila shodhana,
Sasyaka Shodhana
Ashuddha Manashila Shodhita Manashila
Bhavana in Adraka
Swarasa

Gharshana-
separation of outer covering and also Brings
down the toxicity
Achushana-
Oily content of certain toxic materials are
minimized through different absorption
means
Ex. Bhallataka
Shodhana with
ishtika churna
(brick powder) 9

Nimajjan/ Stapana (dipping)
The drug is kept immersed in the
prescribed liquid media for specific
time period-
Removal of outer covering, foreign
body; even reduces toxicity
Ex. Vatsanabha
Shodhana in
Gomutra

Nirjalikarana-
Evaporation of water molecules
Ex. Kankshi
Shodhana, Tankan
Shodhana 6
Kankshi
Tankan

Nirvapa / Nisheka /Snapana-
Heating solid drug & dipping
into liquid –to bring brittleness &
softness
Ex. Abhraka
Shodhana -
Abhrak in Triphala
kwath

Dhalana-
Melting substance & pouring
into liquid
Ex. Vanga
shodhana, Naga
shodhana
Shodhita Vanga
Ashodhita Vanga Melting Churnodaka Dhalana through
pithara yantra

Vilayana and Parishravana
(straining)-
The solid drug is dissolved in suitable
liquid media and separated from
insoluble impurities through
straining
Ex. Guggulu
Shodhana in
Triphala Kwath,
Shilajatu shodhana
Ashuddha Guggulu Swedana in Triphala
kwatha
Shodhita Guggulu

Patan (To Distil)-
By giving heat to substances so that it
vaporizes & the extract is collected.
Separation of adulterants and
collection of purified medicine
Ex. Extraction of
Parada from Hingula
September 5, 2024
Shodhita Hingula in
Damaru Yantra Collection of prada
after Heating
Hingulottha Parada

Swedana-
The drug is boiled in prescribed
liquid media through Dola Yantra -
Reduces Hardness & Toxicity,
Decreases impurities
Ex. Haratala
Shodhana in
Kushmanda swaras
Ashuddha Haratala Swedana process Shodhita Haratala

September 5, 2024
EXAMPLE OF DIFFERENT SHODHANA METHODS INTO ONE:
Ashodhita
Gandhaka
Mardana to
obtain fine
particles
Dhalana &
nimajjana in
godugdha
Prakshalana in
jala & subjected
to shoshana
Godugdha
Shodhit
gandhaka
[ Mardana, Dhalana, Gaalana, Nimajjana, Prakshalana, Shoshana in Gandhaka Shodhana. ]

DIFFERENT SHODHANA METHODS, PURPOSE WITH EXAMPLES
PROCEDURE PURPOSE EXAMPLE
Vibhaga Separation of unwanted part reduces the Tikshanata Removal of ankur in lashuna
Puta To bring brittleness & softness Swarna Shodhana
Abhisheka/
Sinchana
(Sprinkling)
molten metal is put on fire and the liquid media is
sprinkled on it
Shodhana of puti loha9
Sasyaka shodhana

DISCUSSION
⩥ Shodhana is a procedure designed to eliminate doshas—impurities, toxic substances, or flaws
—from a drug.
⩥ The term Dosha indicates not only impurities but also all that which makes the drug
unsuitable for further process or therapeutic use.
⩥ In case of metals and minerals, it does a physico-chemical and therapeutic transformation of a
substance making it feasible for the next process (Marana) or directly for therapeutic use.
For example, in Dhatu samanya shodhana - Tila taila, Gomutra and Kulatha Kwatha are
alkaline in nature whereas Takra and Kanji are in acidic.
⩥ It is also interesting that Nirvapa (heating and quenching) is mentioned one by one in
alkaline then acidic media, which may attribute in removal of acid and alkali soluble
impurities from the metal.

September 5, 2024
SOME IMPORTANT FINDINGS IN LAUHA SAMANYA SHODHANA 14
:
⩥ During Samanya Shodhana procedure, the metallic form of Loha gets converted slowly to
compound form (FeO in Lauha sodhana & CuO in tamra shodhana), thus its heat conductivity is
reduced which is the reason why Iron coils take more time to become red hot as the Shodhana
procedure advances.
⩥ Repeated Nirvapa (heating and quenching) in specific media in this specific order (pH: acidic,
acidic, basic, acidic and basic) disrupts the compression- tension equilibrium in the internal
structure of Loha which leads to cracks on its surface. (Griffith theory).
As a result of this, some part is converted to coarse and some in fine powder, this powder was
found as sediment in media.
⩥ Since Aranala falls under the strong acidic category and also has Tikshna (penetrating) property,
maximum amount of sediment was found in Arnala medium.
⩥ Due to thicker consistency of Takra medium, sediment was not observed but black particles were
seen suspended.
⩥ Due to adherence of Tila Taila, 1.42 % weight gain was observed in spite of weight loss after
Nirvapa in Taila medium.

EFFECT OF SHODHANA :
⩥ VATSANABH ( Shodhana using cow’s urine as media):
The research studies showed that, Aconitine percentage before
Gomutra shodhana is 0.113 and Aconitine percentage after
Gomutra Shodhana is reduces to 0.089.
In another study on Vatsanabha Shodhana reveals that the toxic
alkaloids removed through gomutra swedana is more than the other
media like go-dugdha, aja-dugdha, Triphala Kwatha, etc. So, go-
mutra is more suitable media for Vatsanabha Shodhana.
TLC studies have shown that pseudo-aconitine and aconitine were
converted into far less toxic substances like veratroyl pseudo-
aconine and benzoyl-aconine respectively.
Image: Vatsanabha

 KUPILU:
•The research studies on Shodhana of Kupilu shows that the
Strychnine and Brucine content was reduced after processing with
go- ghrita.
•The seeds processed in go-dugdha showed the lowest strychnine
content in the cotyledons.
 DHATURA BEEJA (Swedana in Go dugdha):
•Research shows that, in GCMS studies 70-90% of reduction on
hyosciamine and scopolamine was reduced almost zero after
Shodhana of Dhatura beeja.
Image: Kupilu seed with
Ankuran
Image: Dhattura

⩥ BHALLATAKA (Vishesha shodhana in ishtikla churna):
The intensity of the chromatogram was reduced after shodhana. which means
that shodhana has brought change in the oily fraction of the constituents of
Bhallataka by removing a certain compound, thus makes it nontoxic.
In Bhallataka, bhilawanols and anacardic acids (closely related to Urushiol)
are the main chemical constituent responsible for the blisters. Due to the
decarboxylation of the oil, the anacardic acid gets converted into less toxic
anacardol.
After process, Increased level of anacardol was observed in Shodhita fruits in
comparison to the raw fruits.
Image: Shodhita Bhallataka

ABHRAKA :
• Repeated Nirvapa influences the structural distortion and the
development of stress induced cracks on the micaceous
plates.
• Thus, the efficient diffusion of the external media takes place at
successive nirvapa steps.
• At the same time, the toxic elements are leached out from mica
to the quenching media through an ion exchange process.
• Step of trituration/ levigation make the drug suitable for further
processing by reducing particle size.
Image: Abhraka Shodhana

September 5, 2024
CONCLUSION
 Shodhana is a prerequisite for all Rasa dravyas
 The literal meaning of Shodhana may signify purification. But when we analyze from
the point of Rasashastra it carries scientific meaning.
 It is a matter of fact that our ancient scholars of Rasashastra were much aware of
impurities and their adverse effects on their administration.
 They have given a lot of importance on unpurified drugs and their side effects.
 Hence, Rasashastra strictly recommends that these drugs should be go through
shodhana process.

September 5, 2024
REFERENCES
1. https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shodhana
2. Acharya Siddhinandan Mishra, Rasendra Chinamani Hindi
Commentary, Varanasi, Chowkhambha Orientalia, Reprint Edition,
2011.
3. A.D. Satpute, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya English Translation, New
Delhi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishtan, Reprint Edition, 2014.
4. Dr. Vilas Dole and Dr. Prakash Paranjape, Text Book of Rasashastra,
New Delhi, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2nd Edition, 2010.
5. Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Varanasi,
Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Reprint Edition 2013.
6. Gulraj Sharma Mishra, Ayurveda Prakasha Hindi Commentary,
Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Reprint Edition, 2012.
7. A.D. Satpute, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya English Translation, New
Delhi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishtan, Reprint Edition, 2014
8. Pandit Kashinath Shastry, Rasa Tarangini, New Delhi, Motilal
Banarsidas, Reprint Edition 2014.
9. A textbook of Rasashastra (the mystical science of alchemy) by Dr.Bharti
umrethia & Dr. Bharat Kalsariya
10. Dr. Swati patil: Concept of Shodhana - A Review With Reference to
Rasashastra. ayurpub;II(5):632-639
11. Kalaskar MG. Concept of Ayurvedic Shodhana Process - Not Mere
purification. J Nat Ayurvedic Med 2018, 2(2): 000123. JONAM
12. A UNIQUE PROCESS: CONCEPT OF SHODHANA[ Dr. Murulidhar
N.*1 and Dr. Mohan Kumar B. N.2 Assistant Professor, Dept of
Rasashastra & Bhaishajyakalpana, AAMC, D. B. Pura, Bangaluru,
India.] wjpps
13. Acharya Somadeva, Rasendra Chudamani with Siddhi Priya Hindi
Commentary, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 3rd Edition,
2004.
14. Validation Of Samanya And Vishesha Shodhana Procedures Of
Loha To Develop Their Standard Manufacturing Procedure Vd.
Riyazuddin Siddiqui (Associate Professor) Dept. of Rasashastra
and B.K. S.S.V.P. Ayutvedic College, Hatta, Tq. Basmath, Dist-
Hingoli,(MS)

THANK YOU
Dr. Maitry Sachinwala ( BAMS, MD Ayu ) | mritym8@gmail.com

Concept of Shodhana in Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana by Dr. Maitry S..pptx

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