1. The document describes various preparation methods of Ayurvedic medicines including dosage forms, extraction methods, fermentation processes, apparatus and procedures used.
2. It provides examples of commonly used Ayurvedic preparations like asava, arista, avaleha, ghrita, churna, taila, lepa, vati, gutika, bhasma, malamas.
3. The final section covers Indian and metric weight equivalents used in Ayurvedic formulations.
Step into Chithrakoota to have an experience with Ancient Indian Medical Knowledge of “Ayurveda” and treat your soul. The knowledge of Ayurveda has been passed from generation to generation to the able hands of Chithrakoota.
Chithrakoota is a paradise, located deep in the Western Ghats, the heaven on earth. Visit Chithrakoota gives you an everlasting satisfaction of calm, beautiful and serene nature. The eye-catching landscapes, adorned with the cool and calm breeze from the trees and the musical notes from the hummingbirds is a visual treat to your soul. Relax, Refresh and Rejuvenate your mind, body, and soul with the Ancient Indian Medical Knowledge of Ayurveda.
This is about the snehana karma which is performed in the panchakarma in this slidde it has a description about the types of the snehana , it's indications and containdication, which is the best season for which type of sneha, in how much quantity we have to take etc has described in this slide......
Step into Chithrakoota to have an experience with Ancient Indian Medical Knowledge of “Ayurveda” and treat your soul. The knowledge of Ayurveda has been passed from generation to generation to the able hands of Chithrakoota.
Chithrakoota is a paradise, located deep in the Western Ghats, the heaven on earth. Visit Chithrakoota gives you an everlasting satisfaction of calm, beautiful and serene nature. The eye-catching landscapes, adorned with the cool and calm breeze from the trees and the musical notes from the hummingbirds is a visual treat to your soul. Relax, Refresh and Rejuvenate your mind, body, and soul with the Ancient Indian Medical Knowledge of Ayurveda.
This is about the snehana karma which is performed in the panchakarma in this slidde it has a description about the types of the snehana , it's indications and containdication, which is the best season for which type of sneha, in how much quantity we have to take etc has described in this slide......
Hello Everyone, Myself Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, Radhanagari. Today I upload the notes on Preparation and Standardization of ayurvedic Formulation. Notes are prepared as per PCI Syllabus for Third year B-Pharmacy Students.
Thank You
10 Popular Herbs For Ayurvedic Medicines In IndiaSastasundar
Ayurvedic medicine -- also known as Ayurveda -- is one of the world's oldest holistic (whole-body) healing systems. It was developed thousands of years ago in India.
Ayurveda Herbs : Medicinal uses of Turmeric
Ayurveda, the Indian System of Medicine, uses TURMERIC as medicine since centuries. The herb is very effective in many disease conditions. This is also a household remedy in India and in Indian Continents. Details are given about the medicinal properties of this Herb,with its uses.
To Cure Digestive Disease and Digestive Disorders, By the god grace we can use natural herbs those are readily available as a calculated mixture in the form of vedic yagya havan samagri. Apnakarma is helping people to avail natural treatment by herbs and natural ingredients.
www.apnakarma.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Hello Everyone, Myself Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, Radhanagari. Today I upload the notes on Preparation and Standardization of ayurvedic Formulation. Notes are prepared as per PCI Syllabus for Third year B-Pharmacy Students.
Thank You
10 Popular Herbs For Ayurvedic Medicines In IndiaSastasundar
Ayurvedic medicine -- also known as Ayurveda -- is one of the world's oldest holistic (whole-body) healing systems. It was developed thousands of years ago in India.
Ayurveda Herbs : Medicinal uses of Turmeric
Ayurveda, the Indian System of Medicine, uses TURMERIC as medicine since centuries. The herb is very effective in many disease conditions. This is also a household remedy in India and in Indian Continents. Details are given about the medicinal properties of this Herb,with its uses.
To Cure Digestive Disease and Digestive Disorders, By the god grace we can use natural herbs those are readily available as a calculated mixture in the form of vedic yagya havan samagri. Apnakarma is helping people to avail natural treatment by herbs and natural ingredients.
www.apnakarma.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. A. Dosage forms indicating the disease to cure.
1. Amavata-modaka
-used in treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis
2.Jwarantaka-vati
-used in treatment of childbirth fever
AYURVEDIC DOSAGE FORMS
3. B. Dosage forms indicating the property of the
preparation.
1. Mritsanjivani-sura
-used in treating insomnia
2. Mahasugandhi-taila
-scented oil, used for beautiful hair
3. Kaameshwara-modaka
-prescribed in sexual debility
4. Amrita-taila
-used in treatment of osteoarthritis
4. C. Dosage forms indicating the drug contained.
1. Shatavari-taila
-useful in neuro-muscular disorders
2. Draksha-asava
-improves digestion and respiratory functions
3. Haritaki-avaleha
-treatment for hay fever
4. Lasuna-ghrita
-used in treatment of joints pain and intestinal tumor
5. D. Dosage forms indicating the name of god,
goddess or rishi.
1. Bhaskara-churna
-It is carminative and gastric stimulant
2. Vaidyanath-vati
-used in treating fever
3. Dhanvantri-ghrita
-used in Diabetes, urinary complaints, boils,
anaemia, abcess, spleen enlagement and oedema
4. Narayana-taila
-recommended for consumption rheumatism and as
an enema in dysentery and anal fistulae
6. EXTRACTION
1. Simple expressions
2. Infusion
3. Decoction (Kwatha)
4. Digestion or Pachana
5. Soft extract or Avaleha
6. Maceration or Bhawana
7. Hot extraction or Putapaka
8. Milk decoction or Kshirapaka
9. Medicated oils and clarified butter
10. 4. Digestion or Pachana
It is similar to decoction process however it is continued for much
longer time
11. 5. Soft extract or Avaleha
It is a process of concentration of a decoction till an extract of soft consistency is
obtained
12. 6. Maceration or Bhawana
Powdered drug Macerated with fresh juice of drug or several drugs
Kept till the fluid is soaked into the solid
13. 7. Hot extraction or Putapaka
Drug pulp Wrapped in Jambolan leaves and
sealed with clay
Roasted into fire of
cow-dung cakes
Partially dried pulp is expressed out for juice
14. 8. Milk decoction or Kshirapaka
1 part drug 8 parts of milk 32 parts of water
Boiled till water gets evaporated
15. 9. Medicated oils and clarified butter
Digesting the drug or juices with oil or
ghee
Medicated oil
22. drug under treatment
containing in a cloth bag
glass rod (for hanging cloth bag)
Inverted vessel (2nd vessel)
Vessel partially filled with water
or other liquid (1st vessel)
1. Dolayantram
23. Inverted vessel (2nd vessel)
Vessel containing water
(1st vessel)
Drug placed on a piece of
cloth, which is tied over the
mouth of 1st vessel
2. Svedaniyantram
24. 3. Dhupayantram
Inverted vessel (2nd vessel)
Gold or silver leaves placed on iron
bar lattice
Mixture of gold or silver leaves
and sulphur placed in 1st vessel
26. 4. Patanayantram
Inverted vessel (2nd vessel) for
collecting vapours
Vessel containing drug,
to undergo sublimation
Joint sealed with mixture of
lime, sugar, iron rust and
milk
27. 5. Adhaspatanayantram ( Bhudharayantram )
Cow-dung cakes to supply heat
Inner surface of the vessel is
plastered with medicinal
substance
Underground vessel containing
water
30. 7. Vidyadharyantram
Upper vessel containing water, to
offer cold surface, for subliming
mercury
Lower vessel containing Cinnabar
31. 8. Putas
It is a type of furnace used for roasting or incineration or
ashing or calcinations.
A puta is a cubicle pit dug in the ground and charred mostly
with cow-dung cakes and sometimes with charcoal and
paddy husk, etc.
When the puta is half filled with the fuel, the crucible
containing the roasting material and covered with either a lid
or another inverted crucible, is placed in it.
The remaining upper half is filled with cow-dung cakes and
fire is set to the fuel and the heating begins.
32. 9.Mahaputa
Mahaputa: It measures 2 cubits each in length, breadth
and depth. It is charged with 1000 cow-dung cakes, that
is 500 below and 500 above the crucible.
Gajputa is only 30 angulies (fingers) in length, breadth
and depth, whereas
Kakkutaputa is 16 angulies in length, breadth and depth.
Laghuputa is much smaller in size and is charged with 8
cow-dung cakes only.
34. 10. Musha
Musha means ‘a crucible’. Andha-musha means a blind
crucible and is equivalent to a ‘crucible with lid’.
35. 11. Hamspakayantram
Sand is contained in an earthen saucer over which is placed
another earthen dish and gentle heat is applied to the lower
saucer whereas the substance to be heated is kept in the
upper dish.
36. 1. Asava and arista
Asavas and Aristas are medicinal preparations made by
soaking the drugs either in powder form or in the form of
decoction (kasaya), in a solution of sugar or jaggery, for a
specified period of time.
VARIOUS AYURVEDIC DOSAGE FORMS
37. Kasaya or Infusion Powdered drug
Fermentation vessel
containing syrup
made up of sugar,
jaggery or honey
and water
The fluid is decanted and strained after 2-3 days
When the fine suspended particles settle down,it is
strained and bottled
At room temp
Arista Asava
38. Examples of commonly used Asavas and Aristas are:
Asavas –
Arvindasava - Useful in all types of Pediatric diseases in
children. Also is an appetizer for the children
Kumaryasava - Acts as aphrodisiac, relives pain and
abdominal disorder, urinary disorder and hemorrhagic
disorder
Aristas –
Balarista - It is salutary as a general tonic and more useful
in thin individuals than obese persons, suffering from vata
diseases due to tissue depletion.
Dasmularista - given for treatment of childbirth fever.
39. Arka is a liquid preparation obtained by distillation of
certain liquids or drugs soaked in water using any
convenient distillation apparatus.
2. Arka
40. Method of preparation
The drugs are cleaned & powdered.
Some quantity of water is add to the drugs for soaking
and kept over-night.
Softened the drugs upon boiling removes the essential
volatile principles.
The following morning it is poured into the distillation
apparatus and the remaining water is added and boiled.
The vapours condensed and collected in a receiver.
41. Commonly used Arkas include
Ajamodarka – Used as appetizer, digestive etc.
Karpuradyarka - Used in treatment of
Rheumatism and carbuncle.
42. Avaleha is a semi-solid preparation of drugs prepared with
the addition of jaggery or sugar-candy and boiled with
prescribed drug juice or decoction.
3. Avaleha
43. Kasaya or other liquids Jaggery, sugar or
sugar-candy
Method of Preparation
Boiled to make a syrup
+ =
To this syrup
Powdered drug is added in small quantities &
stirred continuosly and vigoruosly
Ghee or oil is added, if required
Honey is added when the preparation is cool and
mixed well
44. Examples of commonly used Avaleha are
Draksavaleha - Hyper Acidity, Dyspepsia, Heart
Burn
Kutajavaleha - Used in diarrhea, dysentery, colitis
and bleeding problems.
47. Ghritas are preparations in which ghee is boiled with
prescribed kasayas (decoction) and kalkas of drugs
according to the formula.
4. Ghrita
48. 1 Part Kalka 4 parts Sneha 16 parts Drava-dravya
Method of Preparation
49. Commonly used ghritas includes
♣ Amrita Ghrita - useful in gout and skin disorders.
♣ Triphala Ghrita - Eye disorders like night blindness,
irritation in eye, growth in eye and provides nutrition to
eye
50. Churna is a fine powder of drug or drugs.
Drugs mentioned in the Yoga are cleaned and dried
properly. They are finely powdered and sieved. If more
than one drug are present then each one is separately
powdered, sieved, accurately weighed and then all mixed
together.
5. Churna
52. Commonly examples of churna include
Bhramhi Churna - Promotes Memory, Increases Body
Resistance & Relives from Tension.
Stopaladi Churna - Useful in cough and respiratory
disorders .
53. Tailas are preparations in which tail (oil) is boiled with
prescribed kasayas and kalkas of drugs according to the
formula.
General method of preparation
Tailas are preparad by a method similar to that of Ghritas.
6. Taila
55. Examples of commonly used tailas include
Narayana Taila - Used in Rheumatism,itching etc
Mahanarayana taila - For Massage in skeleto-muscular
disorders
56. Medicines in the form of a paste used for external application
are called lepas.
Method of preparation
The drugs are made into a fine powder. Before use on the
body, it is mixed with some liquid or other medium
indicated in each preparation and med into a soft paste.
7. Lepa
57.
58. Commonly used lepas include
Dasanga Lepa - apply externally over the affected joint
(sprain).
Pathyadi Lepa – used for treating kustha (leprosy).
59. Medicines prepared in the form of tablets or pills are known
as vati and gutika. These are made from one or more drugs
of plant, animal or mineral origin.
8.Vati and Gutika
62. Common examples of vati and gutika include
Gandhaka Vakti - Blood purifier, useful in skin
disease & allergy.
Chitrakadi gutika - Useful in sprue, poor appetite,
indigestion.
63. Bhasma is the powder of a substance obtained by
calcinations. It is applied to the metals and mineral
products which are prepared by special processes in closed
crucibles in pits and with cow dung cakes (puta).
9. Bhasma
64. First stage (sodhana)
Bhasmas are prepared from minerals, metals, marine and
animal products. In Ayurveda, the process of purification is
called ‘sodhana’ which is of two types
Samanya sodhana which is applicable to a large number of
metals or minerals, as heating the thin sheets of the metals
and immersing them in taila, takra, gomutra, etc;
Visesa sodhana which is applicable only to certain drugs and
in certain preparations.
Method of preparation
65. The second stage is the preparation of Bhasma. The
purified drug is put into a khalya (stone mortar and pestle)
and ground with juices of the specified plants of kasayas of
drugs.
Then small cakes (cakrikas) are made. These cakes are
dried well under sunlight and place in one single layer in a
shallow earthen plate (sarava) and closed with another
plate.
A pit is dug in an open space. Half of the pit is filled with
cow dung cakes. The sealed earthen container is placed in
it and the remaining space is filled with more cow dung
cakes.
66. The earthen container is removed, the seal is opened
and the contents taken out. The medicine is ground into
fine powder in khalva.
Fire is put in all four sides and the middle of the pit.
When the burning is over, it is allowed to cool
completely.
70. Examples of commonly used bhasmas include
Abhraka Bhasma - Used in diabetes, purifies blood,
restorative .
Svarna Bhasma - Used for restoration and aphrodisiac.
71. These are semi-solid or soft preparations acting chiefly
as local anodynes and sedatives, for local application for
various lesions, containing active drug mixed with ghee,
Vaseline, beeswax, coconut oil etc. either alone or in
combination form.
The bases for all ointments strict precaution should be
taken to protect the eyes from these ointments as these
cause irritation.
Similarly, contamination of ointment with soiled and
dirty fingers should be avoided during application.
10. Malamas (Ointments)
72. The lesion where one particular ointment is intended to
be applied should first be cleaned with an antiseptic lotion
or soap and the part dried with clean and sterilized linen.
Ointment just sufficient for one application should be
taken separately and carefully applied to the part.
Strict cleanliness is in itself the first essential measure
towards recovery.
74. Examples of commonly used Malamas include
Nagarjunanjan- Used in treatment of cataract and scleral
diseases.
Nayanmritanjan- Used in eye diseases.
75. 1 Ratti or Gunja 12 mg
8 Ratti or Gunja 1 masa 1 g
12 masas 1 kasra (1 tola) 12 g
2 kasras (tolas) 1 sukthi 24 g
2 sukthis (4 tolas) 1 pal 48 g
2 pals 1 prasrti 96 g
2 prasrtis 1 kudava 192 g
2 kudavas 1 manika 384 g
2 manikas 1 prastha 768 g
4 prasthas 1 adhaka 3 kg 73g
4 adhakas 1 drona 12 kg 288 g
4 dronas 1 surpa 24 kg 576 g
2 surpas 1 droni 49 kg 152 g
4 dronis 1 khari 192 kg 60 g
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT
DOSES IN INDIAN AND METRIC SYSTEMS
76. REFERENCE :
Handa, S S, & Kapoor, V K, “Textbook of Pharmacognosy”,
Published by Vallabh Publications/Prakashan, Page No.
327-344
Mhatre, P R, “Principles of Integrated Medicine”,
Published by Tata McGraw-Hill, Page No. 143-146.
Revised by Nadharni, A K, “The Indian Materia
Medica”,Published by Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Vol. 2
Page No. 489-506.