Metallic or non-metallic elements are added to base metals in specified amounts to make alloys with new properties. This process is called alloying. Alloying elements include aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, silicon, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium. Alloys have superior qualities like corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, hardness, or strength compared to base metals. Common alloys used in daily life include those used in kitchen utensils, vehicles, computers, phones, and medical and engineering equipment. Steel is an important alloy of iron and carbon, and different amounts of carbon or additional alloying elements give steel properties suitable for different applications.

1. Submitted to –
MR. AMARDEEP
ASST. PROFESSOR
Submitted By –
AKSHAY
TRIPATHI

2. WHAT ARE ALLOYING ELEMENTS?
Metallic or non-metallic elements such as
aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper,
manganese, nickel, silicon, titanium, tungsten,
vanadium, zirconium, added in specified
or standard amounts to a base-metal to make
an alloy
that changes its properties and structure.
Alloying adds new or superior qualities to
the base metal, such as corrosion resistance,
electrical conductivity or resistance,
greater hardness, softness, or strength, etc.

3. Alloying metals are used in making alloys and
Alloy material has very important role in our
daily life even there won't be a
day passed without using alloy.
• Our utensils in the kitchen,
• Vehicles,
• Computers,
• Mobile phones, chairs etc.
• Most of the engineering and medical
equipments, machineries, tools are made by
USES

4. SOMETHING ABOUT ALLOY…..
 Various alloys have different properties like
Strength
Malleability
Visual attractiveness.
 Copper and tin are used to make Bronze, an important
alloy harder than copper.
 This quality has been utilized for imprint the civilization and
history of mankind for thousands of years called bronze
age.
 In our daily life, mankind uses alloys in almost all of the
fields that uses metals.
 Most known elements have involvement in making alloys
thus we have tens of thousands of alloy products.
 Alloys are attractive due to its improved quality for make
utilizing the pure elemental metals.

5. STEEL, AN IMPORTANT ALLOY.
Iron-based alloy containing at least 0.5 percent
silicon, 0.6 percent copper, 1.65 percent
manganese.
Minute quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenu
m, and/or tungsten. Steel that does not contain
specified or standard amount of one or
more alloying elements is termed carbon steel.

6. Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
An alloy of iron and carbon Alloy of iron and chromium
Can rust Doesn’t rust
Hard and wear-resistant Softer.
Brittle Non-brittle.

7. ALUMINIUM (AL)
 Most powerful de-oxidiser used
which also combines with
nitrogen, thereby reducing the
susceptibility to strain ageing.
 Small additions assist fine-
grained structure.
 As aluminium forms very hard
nitrides with nitrogen, it is
usually an alloying element in
nitriding steels.
 Aluminium improves the scale
resistance and is therefore
often used as an alloying
element in ferritic heat resisting

8. CARBON (C)
 Carbon is the most important and influential alloying
element in steel.
 In addition to Carbon every unalloyed steel contains
Silicon, Manganese Phosphorus and Sulphur which
occur unintentionally during manufacture.
 The addition of further alloying elements to achieve
special effects and intentional increase of Manganese
and Silicon contents, results in alloy steel.
 With increased Carbon content the strength and
hardenability of steel increase but its ductility,
forgeability and machinability reduces.
 The carbon content in steel has virtually no effect on
the steels corrosion resistance to water, acids and hot
gasses.

9. CHROMIUM (CR)
 Chromium increases the
hardenability while the ductility is
effected minimally.
 Higher Chrome content in steel
increases its corrosion resistance.
 Forms carbides by which the edge
holding quality of steel increases.
 The tensile strength of steel
increases by 8 - 100 N/mm'2 for
every 1 % chrome added.
 The yield strength also increases
but the notch impact value
reduces.

10. MANGANESE (MN)
 Manganese increases
the strength of metal to
a lesser degree than
Carbon.
 But favourably
influences the
forgeability, weldability.
 Increases the hardness
penetration depth.

11. NICKEL (NI)
 By adding Nickel to steel the
notch
toughness is increased
significantly
and is therefore alloyed for
increasing toughness in case-
hardening.
 Heat-treatable and subzero
toughness steels.
 Nickel combined with Chromium
ensures good through hardening.
 Chrome-Nickel steels are
Stainless, heat resistant and
resistant to scaling.

12. SOME OTHER ALLOYING ELEMENTS
 Molybdenum (Mo)
 Phosphorus (P)
 Lead (Pb)
 Sulphur (S)
 Silicon (Si)
 Vanadium (V)

13. THANK
YOU