The applied anatomy of temporomandibular joint has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
The applied anatomy of temporomandibular joint has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
The mandible or lower jaw, is the largest & strongest bone of the face. The word “Mandible” is derived from Greek word
“mandere” – to masticate or chew. The Latin word “ mandibula” – lower jaw. It is horse-shoe shaped & the only movable bone of skull. Growth and development of an individual is divided into two periods Prenatal period and Post natal period. The first structure to develop in the primodium of the lower jaw is the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve that precedes the mesenchymal condensation forming the first [mandibular] arch. Endrocondral bone formation is seen in The condylar process, The coronoid process and The mental process. OUTER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE
1. External oblique line - origin to buccinator, depressor inferioris, depressor anguli oris.
2. Incisive fossa - origin of mentalis, mental slips of orbicularis oris.
3. Lateral surface of ramus - insertion for masseter.
4. Lower border - deep cervical fascia and platysma.
5. Postero-superior lateral surface of ramus - parotid gland.
6. Lateral surface of neck - attachment to lateral ligament of temperomandibular joint , parotid gland.
INNER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE
1. Mylohyoid line - origin to mylohyoid muscle , attachment to superior constrictor of pharynx, pterygomandibular raphae.
2. Medial surface of ramus - medial pterygoid muscle attachment.
Superior genial tubercles – genioglossus.
3. Inferior genial tubercles – origin to geniohyoid.
4. Lingula - sphenomandibular ligament.
5. Apex of coronoid process - temporalis attachment.
6. Pterygoid fovea - lateral pterygoid muscle.
7. Diagastric fossa - anterior belly of diagastric.
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF MANDIBLE:
It is mainly divided into 2 categories :
1. Endosteal/ Central blood supply
2. Periosteal/ Peripheral blood supply
Central blood supply is via Inferior Alveolar Artery except the coronoid process which is supplied by Temporalis muscle vessels.
Inferior alveolar artery arises from maxillary artery which in turn is a branch of External carotid artery.
Inferior alveolar artery branches :
Lingual branch
Mylohyoid branch
Incisive branch
Mental branch
Peripheral blood supply is mainly via Periosteum via the nutrient vessels those penetrate the cortical bone and anastamose with the branches of Inferior alveolar artery.
VENOUS SUPPLY OF MANDIBLE
Drains into Internal Jugular vein and External Jugular vein through Maxillary vein, Facial vein and pterygoid plexus.
osteology of head and neck is explained in complete detail.
It has two part. plz read both parts to get an complete overview about the osteology of head and neck region.
1. Classification of Bones of the Head & Neck
2. Bones of the Viscerocranium
3. Bones of the Neurocranium
4. The Auditory Ossicles
5. The Hyoid Bone
6. The Cervical Vertebrae
detailed ppt on mandible, covering aspects such as anatomy, development, age changes, growth, muscle attachment, nerve and arterial supply and anomalies.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. INTRODUCTION
The word mandible derived from Latin word mandibula-
"jawbone" or inferior maxillary bone.
Only movable bone in the skull
It consists of an anterior Horseshoe-shaped body, and of two
rami that project upwards from the posterior part of the body.
It provides structural and protective support for the oral
cavity.
The mandible is articulated in ball and socket fashion at the
condylar process.
Strength resides in its dense cortical plates
4. embryology
Mandible is the second bone after clavicle to
ossify in the body.
Parts that ossify in cartilage includes: incisive
part below the incisor teeth, coronoid and
condyloid processes
Upper half of ramus above the level of the
mandibular foramen
A single ossification centre for each half of the
mandible arises in the 6th week of I.U. life in
the region of bifurcation of inferior alveolar
nerve into mental and incisive branches. As the
ossification continues, the meckel’s cartilage
become surrounded and invaded by bone.
5. It is partly membranous & partly cartilaginous in ossification.
• Incisive part below symphysis
menti
• Coronoid
• Condyloid process
• Upper half of ramus
Cartilage
• Whole of body except lower incisive
part
• Lower half of ramus upto mandibular
foramen
Membrane
6. OSTEOLOGY
BODY OF THE MANDIBLE
Horseshoe-shaped BODY
Has two surfaces EXTERNAL and INTERNAL surfaces ,
Two borders UPPER and LOWER borders
7. FEATURES SEEN ON OUTER SURFACE OF THE BODY
Symphysis Menti
Mental Protuberance
Mental Tubercles
Mental foramen
External Oblique line
Incisive fossa
8. FEATURES ON THE INNER SURFACE OF THE BODY
Genial tubercles
Mylohyoid line
Submandibular fossae
Sublingual fossae
Mylohyoid groove
Upper alveolar border
Lower border base
Digastric fossae
10. SUPERIOR BORDER (ALVEOLAR BORDER)
It is hollowed into cavities for the reception of the teeth, these cavities are
sixteen in number, and vary in depth and size according to the teeth which
they contain.
11. INFERIOR BORDER (base of mandible)
Is rounded, longer than the superior,
and thicker in front than behind.
12. RAMUS OF MANDIBLE
Is quadrilateral
2 surfaces
Lateral
Medial
4 borders
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
2 processes
Coronoid
Condylar
13. PROCESSES
CORONOID PROCESS
Flat ,triangular
Upward and forward projection
from anterolateral part of ramus
Anterior border continuous with
anterior border of ramus
Posterior border bounds the
mandibular notch
14. CONDYLAR PROCESS
Upward projection from postero
superior part of ramus
Apically enlarged as head of
condyle.
Articulates with temporal bone’s
mandibular fossa to form
temperomandibular joint
Lateral aspect palpable in front
of tragus
Pterygoid fovea anterior to neck
16. ON THE LATERAL
SURFACE:
1. From The Oblique line :
Buccinator, and depressor anguli
oris below the mental foramen
2. Incisive fossa:
gives origin to MENTALIS mental
slips of ORBICULARIS ORIS.
3. Whole of lateral surface of
ramus except posterosuperior part
provides insertion to MASSETER.
4.Posterosuperior part : covered
by PAROTID GLAND
17. 5. Lateral surface of the neck
provides insertion to the
LATERAL LIGAMENT OF
TMJ.
6. Parts of both the inner and
outer surfaces just below the
alveolar margins are covered by
mucous membrane of the
mouth.
7. PLATYSMA is inserted into
the lower border.
8. The deep cervical fascia (
investing layer) is attached to
the whole length of the lower
border.
18. 1. Digastric fossa: arises
ANTERIOR BELLY OF
DIGASTRIC
2. Genial tubercles: arises
GENIOGLOSSUS and
GENIOHYOID.
3. Mylohyoid line : arises
MYLOHYOID MUSCLE.
4. From an area above the
posterior end of mylohyoid line:
arises SUPERIOR
CONSTRICTOR OF PHARYNX.
5. Pterygomandibular raphe:
Attached immediately behind the
third molar tooth in continuation
with the origin of superior
constrictor
ON THE MEDIAL SURFACE
19. 7.Below and behind the mylohyoid
groove: insertion of MEDIAL
PTERYGOID muscle .
8.At the apex of coronoid process :
TEMPORALIS is inserted ;extend
downwards on ant. Border of ramus.
9.Into the pterygoid fovea: insertion
of LATERAL PTERYGOID.
10.Sphenomandibular ligament : is
attached to the lingula.
20. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE MANDIBLE
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Mainly by Maxillary artery,
Branch of external carotid
artery
By its branches, mainly
through inferior alveolar
artery
21. Venous supply of mandible
Drains into
Internal jugular vein and external
jugular vein through maxillary vein,
facial vein and pterygoid plexus
22. Nerve supply of mandible
Mainly through the trigeminal nerve -
V cranial nerve
MANDIBULAR NERVE
Main trunk
Anterior trunk
Posterior trunk
23. FORAMINA AND OTHER RELATIONS
Mental foramina - mental nerve and
vessels
Mandibular notch - massetric nerve
and vessels
Medial side of neck - auriculo
temporal nerve
Mylohyoid groove - mylohyoid nerve
and vessels
Mylohyoid groove in front of ramus -
lingual nerve
Mandibular canal and foramina -
inferior alveolar nerve and vessels
25. According to the data from the vital staining experiments, the
posterior surface the ramus, the condyle and coronoid process are
principal sites of growth.
Growth is quite general during the first year of life with all
surfaces showing bone apposition.
Mandibular growth becomes more selective.
Postnatal Growth Of Mandible
26. The mandible can be divided into several sub-units like
Chin
Alveolar process
Body
Lingual tuberosity
Ramus
Angular process
Coronoid process
Condylar process
27. Chin:
1-2 years→ chin prominence is seen
The mental protuberance forms by bone
deposition
The change in the contour occurs by
following two mechanism.
1) The area just above the chin and
the base of the alveolar process,
is a resorptive area.
2) There is forward translation of
chin as mandible grows forward.
29. Body: (corpus)
The length of the body increases as the ramus
moves posteriorly
30. Lingual tuberosity:
It forms the boundary between
the ramus & body
A combination of the resorption
and deposition accentuates its
prominence.
31. Ramus:
The ramus is seen to move posteriorly due to
deposition at its posterior border and resorption on
its anterior border
32. Angle:
The combined deposition and resorption causes flaring
of the angle of the mandible
33. Coronoid process :
Enlow’s enlarging “V” principle.
Birth: Coronoid process is at
higher level than condylar
process.
Childhood: Coronoid & condylar
processes are at same level.
Adult: Condylar process is at
higher level.
34. Condyle:
Condylar growth rate increases at
puberty and reaches its peak by
12-14 years.
The growth ceases at around 20
years
Role of condyle:
o Primary displacement
35.
36. APPLIED ANATOMY OF MANDIBLE
Parasymphysis region lateral to the mental prominence is a
naturally weak area susceptible for parasymphyseal fracture.
This is because of the presence of incisive fossa and mental
foramen
The body of the mandible is considerably thicker than the
ramus and the junction between these two portions
constitutes a line of structural weakness.
Strength of the lower jaw varies with the presence or absence
of teeth. The presence of impacted lower third molars or
excessive long roots of canines make the area more
vulnerable for fracture.
38. Mandibular Foramen
The location of the mandibular foramen may vary based on race and
ethnicity
Among adult cadaveric mandibles, the foramen was found inferior to the
occlusal plane, at its level, or above it 75%, 22.5%, and 2.5% of the time,
respectively
Therefore, according to these investigations, 2.5% to 23.5% of block
injections given at the level of occlusion would be ineffective.
Advisable to inject patients 6 to10mmsuperior to the occlusal plane, which
usually accounts for anatomic variations
Short needles can be used to attain anesthesia in the mandible
39. Inferior Alveolar Canal
The inferior alveolar canal houses the IAN nerve , artery, vein and
lymphatics
The canal is; 3.4mm wide, and the nerve is ;2.2mm thick
Therefore, during implant placement it is possible to in advertently
penetrate into the mandibular canal and induce neurologic damage
without provoking hemorrhaging and vice versa.
When developing an osteotomy over the mandibular canal, cortical
bone is penetrated first, and the preparation terminates within softer
cancellous bone
The IAN may present in different anatomic configurations
40. The IAN may present in different anatomic configurations
The variation in the course of IAN is frequent
Liu et al OPG classification of course of nerve
41.
42. Mental Foramen and Nerve
Commonly, three nerve branches of the mental nerve emerge from the
mental foramen (each ;1 mm in diameter).
Location- Differs in horizontal and vertical plane
Atypically near canine or molar.
43. The anterior loop of the mental foramen refers to the IAN when it
courses inferiorly and anteriorly to the foramen and then loops back to
emerge from the foramen
The dimensions of anterior loops in panoramic radiographs varied
from 0.5 to 3 mm, and cadaver specimens manifested anterior
loops that ranged from 0.11to3.31mm
Choose an implant length a safety margin of 2mm
It is prudent to place the distal aspect of the implant 6 mm anterior
to the mental foramen to avoid damaging the loop when drilling the
osteotomy
44.
45. Mandibular Incisive Canal
Numerous investigations reported that there is ‘‘true’’ incisive canal
mesial to the mental foramen, which is a continuation of the mandibular
canal.
The incisive canal is typically found in the middle third of the mandible
(in 86%of cases).It usually narrows as it approaches the midline and
only reaches the midline 18%of the time
Terminates apical to lateral or central incisor
OPG -15% CT-93%
Only large sized canal posed problems
46. Lingual Foramen and Lateral Canals
The lingual foramen was detected in 99% of the mandibles when
evaluating skull dissections, but only 45% in radiographs
The lingual foramen harbors an artery that corresponds to an
anastomosis of the right and left sublingual arteries.
Risk of haemorrhage if canal size > 1mm
Submental and Sublingual Arteries
The submental artery (2-mm average diameter) is derived from the
facial artery, and the sublingual artery (2-mm average diameter) is a
branch of the lingual artery
If resected can cause haematoma in submandibular and sublingual
space, leading to swelling and airway obstruction
47. Submandibular and Sublingual Fossae
The submandibular and sublingual Fossae must be palpated prior to
osteotomy development; if there is a large undercut, the lingual
bony plate can be perforated in advertently, resulting in
hemorrhaging.
If there is a large undercut, an instrument Can be placed into and
parallel to the undercut to visualize and measure the extent of the
depression
A CT scan with radiopaque markers provides the most accurate
information.
48. The Lingual and Mylohyoid Nerves
The lingual nerve is usually located 3 mm apical to the osseous crest and
2 mm horizontally from the lingual cortical plate in the flap.
It is recommended that lingual, vertical releasing incisions be avoided.
Furthermore, incisions distal to the second molar should be made on the
buccal aspect of the ridge to provide additional room for safety.
Mylohyoid nerve- may contribute to incomplete anesthesia of mandibular
nerve
49. Mandibular zone of safety
Given by Carl E Misch
Determined radiograpically or clinically during surgery
50. CONCLUSION
Familiarity with the anatomic structures pertaining to dental
implantology is critically important.
Preplanning and review of anatomy before surgical procedures can
help to avoid problems.
Also many of the shortcomings of two-dimensional radiography for
treatment planning can be eliminated with the use of three-
dimensional imaging.
And an understanding of basic surgical principle is necessary to
insure a successful implant.
51. REFERENCES:
B.D CHAURASIA’S HUMAN ANATOMY – 6TH EDITION
TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY BY INDERBIR SINGH- 5TH EDITION •
GRAY’S ANATOMY – 2ND EDITION
Greenstein G1, Cavallaro J, Tarnow D. J Periodontol. 2008 Oct;79(10):1833-46
J Oral Maxillofac Res 2010 (Jan-Mar) | vol. 1 | No 1 | e2 | p.1 -5
Editor's Notes
by four small elevations called the superior and inferior tubercle
Lateral surface – flat with oblique ridges Medial surface -. MANDIBULAR FORAMEN (centre of ramus at the level of occlusal plane. It leadsmandibular
canal. ) LINGULA : Anterior margin of foramen marked by tongue shaped projection MYLOHYOID GROOVE , UPPER BORXER , LOWER BORDER
MAIN – meningeal and nerve to medial ptretgoid
Anterior- buccal, masseteric , deeep temporal and lateral ptyerygoid
Mainly sensory fibres
Occasionally, the mental nerve emerges from the buccal plateof bone and reenters thealveolarboneto provide innervation for the incisor teeth.
Surgical dissection furnished the best evidence for validating thepresence of the anteriorloop ofthe mental foramen
Thus, when there is concern with respect to the location of the mental nerve, it should be exposed to identify its position before implant insertion. First, determineontheradiographwherethementalforamenis located