The maxilla is the second largest bone of the face that forms the upper jaw. It develops from the first branchial arch and maxillary processes by the fourth week of gestation. The maxilla has four surfaces - anterior, posterior, superior and medial - as well as four processes - frontal, zygomatic, alveolar and palatine. It contains the maxillary sinus and provides attachments for muscles like the buccinator. The maxilla is supplied by the maxillary nerve, facial artery and drains into the facial and pterygoid veins.
Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
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Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
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offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
For more content check out my blog: www.rkharitha.wordpress.com "a little about everything dental"
The Middle Third Of The Facial Skeleton Is Defined As An Area Bounded,
Superiorly –Line Drawn Across The skull from the Zygomatico frontal Suture across the Frontonasal & Frontomaxillary sutures to the Zygomaticofrontal suture on the opposite side
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
It is made up of the following bones:
1. Two maxillae
2. Tw o palatine bones
3. Two zygomatic bones and their temporal processes
4. Two zygomatic processes of the temporal bone
5. Two nasal bones
this presentation describes about each bone individually and its applied anatomy
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
For more content check out my blog: www.rkharitha.wordpress.com "a little about everything dental"
The Middle Third Of The Facial Skeleton Is Defined As An Area Bounded,
Superiorly –Line Drawn Across The skull from the Zygomatico frontal Suture across the Frontonasal & Frontomaxillary sutures to the Zygomaticofrontal suture on the opposite side
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
It is made up of the following bones:
1. Two maxillae
2. Tw o palatine bones
3. Two zygomatic bones and their temporal processes
4. Two zygomatic processes of the temporal bone
5. Two nasal bones
this presentation describes about each bone individually and its applied anatomy
Dentist in pune.(BDS. MDS) - Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Nose & Paranasal sinuses.All Good Things
Dentist in pune. (BDS. MDS) - Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Seminar- Nose & Paranasal sinuses.
Email ID- amitsuryawanshi999@gmail.com
Contact -Ph no.-9405622455
Subscribe our channel on youtube - Copy and paste this URL. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_gylEXTrjmEbbOTSXjuZ4Q/videos?view_as=public
Follow us on slideshare
It contains following subheadings:
-maxilla and mandible anatomy
-TMJ(Temporo mandibular joint)
-Muscles of mastication
By:
Dr. Syed Irfan Qadeer
Prof. and HOD Department of Anatomy
SPIDMS,Lucknow
Face develops in humans between 4th – 10th week of intrauterine life.
prenatal growth of the maxilla
DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIP
Development of lower lip
Development of nose
hare lip
OBLIQUE FACIAL CLEFT
macrostomia
lateral facial cleft
microstomia
1. Classification of Bones of the Head & Neck
2. Bones of the Viscerocranium
3. Bones of the Neurocranium
4. The Auditory Ossicles
5. The Hyoid Bone
6. The Cervical Vertebrae
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
3. Maxilla –central bone; prominent
position where trauma hits face
This structure is analogous to a
matchbox sitting below and anterior
to hard shell containing brain
Act as cushion for trauma directed
towards cranium from anterior or
antero-lateral direction
4. •Around the fourth week of intra-
uterine life, a prominent bulge
appears on the ventral aspect of
the embryo corresponding to the
developing brain.
•Below the bulge a shallow
depression which corresponds to
the primitive mouth appears
called “ STOMATODEUM”.
•The floor of the stomodeum is
formed by the buccopharyngeal
membrane which separates the
stomodeum from the foregut.
Development of Maxilla
5. By around the 4th week of intra-uterine life, five branchial
arches form in the region of the future head & neck.
Each of these arches gives rise to muscles, connective
tissue, vasculature, skeletal components & neural
components of the future face.
6. The first branchial arch plays an important role in the development
of the naso- maxillary region.
The mesoderm covering the developing forebrain proliferates &
forms a downward projection that overlaps the upper part of
stomodeum .This downward projection is called “FRONTO-
NASAL PROCESS”.
7. The stomatodeum is thus overlapped superiorly by the fronto-
nasal process. The mandibular arches of both
The sides form the lateral walls of the stomodeum.
The mandibular arch gives off a bud from its dorsal end called the
“MAXILLARY PROCESS”.
8. The maxillary process grows ventro-medio-cranial to the
main part of the mandibular arch which is now called the
“MANDIBULAR PROCESS”.
Thus at this stage the primitive mouth or stomatodeum is
overlapped from above by the frontal process,below by the
mandibular process & on either side by the maxillary process.
9. The ectoderm overlying the fronto-nasal process shows
bilateral localized thickenings above the stomodeum. These
are called the “NASAL PLACODES”.These placodes soon sink
and form the nasal pits.
The formation of these nasal pits divides the fronto-nasal
process into two parts:
a)The medial nasal process &
b)The lateral nasal process
10. 1. The right and left mandibular processes meet
in the midline and fuse. They form the lower lip
and lower jaw
2. The upper lip is formed by fusion of the
maxillary and mandibular processes
3. The cheeks are formed by fusion of the
maxillary and mandibular processes.
4. The nose is derived from the frontonasal
process
5. The paranasal sinuses appear as outgrowths
from the nasal cavity.
6. The palate is formed by fusion of three
components. These are right and left palatal
processes arising from the maxillary process and
the primitive palate derived from the frontonasal
process
11. Parts of Maxilla
1. Body
a) 4 Surfaces
•Anterior or Facial
•Posterior or Infratemporal
•Superior or Orbital
•Medial or Nasal
b)Maxillary Sinus
2. 4 Processes
•Frontal
•Zygomatic
•Alveolar
•Palatine
12.
13. Anterior Surface
•Directed forwards and
laterally
• Incisive fossa- origin to
Depressor septi
• Canaine Fossa- Origin
to Levetor anguli oris
• Infraorbital Foramen-
Infraorbital nerves and vessels
• Nasal notch
• Anterior nasal spine
• Levetor labii superioris arises
between the infraorbital margin
and infraorbital foramen.
14. Posterior Surface
•Convex and directed backwards
and laterally
•Anterior wall of the infratemporal
fossa
•Near the centre- Alveolar canals
•Posteroinferiorly-Maxillary
tuberosity-Origin to superficial
head of Medial pterygoid muscle.
15. Superior Surface
•Smooth , Triangular and
slightly concave.
Features
Anterior border-Forms a
part of infraorbital margin
Posterior border-smooth
and rounded- Anterior margin of
infraorbital fissure
Medial border- anteriorly
there is Lacrimal notch
Surface presents
Infraorbital groove leading forwards
to Infraorbital canal – Infraorbital
foramen
Near the midpoint of the
canal- Lateral branch-
canalis sinuosis- for Anterior
superior alveolar nerve and vessels
16. Medial Surface
•Medial surface- Part of the Lateral wall of nose
•Postero superiorly – Large irregular opening-
Maxillary Hiatus
Above the Hiatus- Parts of air sinuses
Below the Hiatus- Inferior meatus
Behind the Hiatus- surface articulates with
the perpendicular plate of palatine bone
Infront of the Hiatus- Nasolacrimal groove-
converts to Nasolacrimal canal- transmits
Nasolacrimal ducts to the inferior meatus of
nose
17. Maxillary Sinus
•Large cavity in the body of Maxilla
•Pyramidal shape- Base directed medially and apex
laterally
•Sinus opens into Middle meatus
•Height 3.5cm , width 2.5 cm, anteroposterior
depth 3.5cm
•Roof – floor of Orbit, Floor- Alveolar process of
Maxillae
•Reaches full size after the eruption of permanent
teeth
Arterial supply: Facial infraorbital and greater
palatine arteries
Venous drainage: Facial veins , pterygoid plexus of
veins
Lymphatic drainage: Submandibular nodes
Nerve supply: infraorbital, anterior , middle , and
posterior superior alveolar nerves.
18. Frontal Process
•Articulates with Frontal,Nasal and
Lacrimal bones
•Lateral surface- Anterior lacrimal crest-
gives attachment to lacrimal facia and
medial palpabral ligament
Anterior smooth surface-origin to orbital
part of orbicularis oculi and levetor labii
superioris alaeque nasi
•Medial surface-part of the lateral wall
of nose
19. Palatine Process
•Thick horizontal plate projecting medially
•Inferior surface is concave. Two palatine
processes form anterior three fourths of
bony palate
•Superior surface is concave side to side
•Medial border is thicker in front than
behind
•Posterior border articulates with horizontal
plate of palatine bone
•Lateral border is continuous with the
alveolar process.
20. Zygomatic Process
•Pyramidal lateral projection
on which the anterior ,
posterior and superior
surfaces of maxilla converge.
•Superiorly it is rough for the
articulation with the
zygomatic bone.
21. Alveolar Process
•It bears sockets for roots of
the upper teeth
•Buccinator arises from the
posterior part of its outer
surface up to the first molar
•A rough ridge –Maxillary
torus may be present
22. Muscle Attachments
•Depressor septi-Insisive fossa→Nasal
septum
•Levator anguli oris-Canine
fossa→Modiolus
•Compressor naris-Above and lateral to
incisive foss→Greater alar cartilage
•Dilator Naris-Nasal notch,greater and
lesser alar cartilage→skin near the
margin of the nostril
•Buccinator-Alveolar part of the maxilla
and mandible,tmj→Fibers of the
Orbicularis oris
•Orbicularis Oculi-Frontal bone
Lacrimal bone, Medial palpabral
ligament→Lateral palbabral raphe
