Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By Anionic Heterogemini Surfactants: Characterization And Its Applications In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis And Antibacterial Activity.
: This paper presents about the synthesis of (0.25-1.0) wt.% cobalt doped titania nanomaterials
without surfactants: pure Co2+/TiO2 and in presence of 1,4-Butane sultone and 1,3-Propane sultone Anionic
Gemini surfactants and CTAB (Heterogemini surfactant)-0.5wt.%Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1&2).The synthesized nano
photocatalysts have been characterized by using various advanced techniques like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),
Ultraviolet-visible Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopic Studies (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From the characterization studies all
the catalysts synthesized were reported in anatase phase. TEM indicates the particles size of prepared catalysts
reported with 7-10 nm and 15 nm for pure Co2+/ TiO2 catalyst. From XPS studies Cobalt was found to be in +2
oxidation state. From BET results the surface area was reported to be-89.51 and 77.93 (m2
/g) for Co2+/TiO2-
HgS(1)& Co2+/TiO2-HgS(2). From UV-DRS studies absorbance band shifted more towards visible region (red
shift). In order to find out the efficiency of the synthesized photocatalyst the photocatalytic activity studies were
carried out by degradation of Acid Red as a model azo dye pollutant in presence of the visible light irradiation.
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized catalysts against Escherichia coli was also studied. Thus from the
results 0.5wt.% Co2+/TiO2-HgS(1) exhibited highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of azo dye Acid
Red as well as proved to be an excellent antibacterial agent
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
#scichallenge2017 Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Wastewaters Contain...Seher Elif Mekik
#scichallenge2017
In our project, it was aimed to purify wastewaters containing methylene blue component and harmful to environment from methylene blue. For this purpose, synthetic methylene blue waste water was formed and chemically treated by photocatalysis.
Visible Light Assisted Degradation of Eosin Yellow using Heteroatom Functiona...IJERA Editor
10 ppm EY dye were successfully photodegraded using visible light active 0.75wt% Ba & 0.25wt% Zr codoped
TiO2 nanomaterial that were synthesized by Sol-gel method as nanomaterials under irradiation for 20
minutes and characterized by various advanced instrumental techniques. The X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopic
showed that the prepared nanomaterial were in the anatase phase with 2θ at 25.3º. UV-visible Diffuse
Reflectance Spectra analysis explained that the dopants found in the TiO2, imparts a significance absorption
shift towards visible region and their exisistance were confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectral data.
Quantitatively the formation of hydroxyl radical by the nanomaterial in aqueous solution under visible
light irradiation was investigated by the photoluminiscent technique. Finally the effects of different parameters
in the photocatalytic degradation of EY were established in aqueous solution
Abstract— 2, 4-dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol were successfully photodegraded using visible light active monoclinic BiVO4 as photocatalyst. 10ppm of dinitrophenol is photodegraded using 50mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. 10ppm trinitrophenol is photodegraded using 100mg BiVO4 under irradiation for 3h. Ease of photodegradation of DNP and TNP varied in the order DNP > TNP for the same amount of photocatalyst. Photoluminescence studies confirmed the formation of •OH free radicals due to irradiation. Synergetic effect is noticed between BiVO4 and H2O2.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
Done By: Ideal Group
School Name: Qatar Independent Secondary School for Girls
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
The project idea is replacing mercury sulfate which is a catalyst to oxidize the naphthalene to phthalic acid by silver sulfide.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Oxidation of Acetaminophen by Fluidized-bed Fenton Process: Optimization usin...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu*, R.M. Briones**, and M.D.G. de Luna**, *** *Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan (E-mail: mmclu@mail.chna.edu.tw) ** Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (Email: rowenambriones@yahoo.com) *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies of rhodamine-b dye onto organoclayInnspub Net
Thermodynamics and adsorption studies were conducted with a dye of Rhoda mine-B (RB) on organoclay (OC). Adsorption of the dye was investigated with an initial dye concentration at pH 7±0.3, 298, 308 and 318 K. The adsorption experiments were carried out isothermally at three different temperatures. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the results were discussed in details. The thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy (∆G°), entropy change (∆S°) and enthalpy (∆H°) were calculated for OC. These values showed that adsorption of RB on OC was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
Done By: Ideal Group
School Name: Qatar Independent Secondary School for Girls
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
The project idea is replacing mercury sulfate which is a catalyst to oxidize the naphthalene to phthalic acid by silver sulfide.
IRJET- Batch Studies on Colour Removal Potential by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Similar to Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By Anionic Heterogemini Surfactants: Characterization And Its Applications In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis And Antibacterial Activity.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RB21 DYE BY TIO2 AND ZNO UNDER NATURAL SUNLIGHT...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to degrade the RB21 dye from synthetic wastewater using
semiconductors TiO2 and ZnO. The activity of photocatalytic degradation process of dye was
carried out using different light sources of 900 W/m
2
intensity in natural sunlight from 02:00 to
04:00 pm with 48°C temperature in Ahmedabad city in the month of May, 600 Watt microwave
oven and high pressure UV-light photocatalytic reactor of wavelength 200-450 nm. All the
experiments were performed with dye concentration 50 mg/L, catalyst dosage 0.8 g, pH 7, room
temperature, irradiation time 240 min followed by 30 min in dark. All the samples were collected at
different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 min for the analysis of COD
degradation and color removal. The best performances was achieved using high pressure UVphotocatalytic
reactor using TiO2. The successful result obtained using TiO2is 80% COD
degradation and 99% color removal followed by 75% COD and 99% color removal with ZnO.
Chemical kinetics was found to follow first order mechanism. The formation of intermediate
compounds and identification of the final products were carried out using LCMS/MS analysis and
FT-IR techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye (Methyl Red) In Water under Visible Lig...IJEAB
Commercial TiO2 (P25) co-doped with bimetallic silver and nickel nanoparticles (Ag-Ni/TiO2) was prepared by g-irradiation method. The properties of Ag-Ni/TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques (EDX) and surface area measurement by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The size of silver and nickel nanoparticles was determined by TEM to be of 1-2 nm.The photo-catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl red in the aqueous suspensions of TiO2 and Ag-Ni/TiO2 under visible light was carried out to evaluate the photo-catalytic activity. Results showed that Ag-Ni/TiO2 was found to enhance photo-degradation efficiency of azo dye metyl red compared to commercial TiO2. The results showed that Ag 3% (w/w) and Ni 1.5% (w/w) co-doped TiO2 had the highest photoactivity among all studied samples under visible light. Thus, g-irradiation method can be suitably applied to prepare photo-catalyst of Ag-Ni/TiO2with highly photocatalytic activity.
Mater of Engineering Thesis at Vishwakarma government engineering college affiliated to Gujarat Technological University.
Ahmedabad, Gujarat
The title of the work is "Microwave solution combustion synthesis of visible light-responsive photocatalyst for degradation of reactive turquoise blue (RB21) dye
This work is based on originality based but some publications are going through with this work.
Thank you for publication
Keep watching.
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: Methanol Synthesizer Catalyst : A catalyst composed of copper alloys with ceria (cerium-oxide) nanoparticles, sometimes also mixed with titania. The catalyst were exposed to pressure of 0.5 atom of CO2 and 4.5 atom of H2 at a range of reaction temperatures 500-600 Kalvin.
By: ABJ_ Cobalt8, Ali Bin Jassim Secondary Independent School for Boys.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of commercial P25 퐓퐢퐎 powder by combin...IJECEIAES
Titanium dioxide ( TiO 2 ) is the most popular photocatalytic material. However, its operation is limited to UV light only. In this paper, we tried to improve the visible light responsiveness of TiO by doping Nickel (Ni) using the sol-gel method. By combining Ni-doped TiO 2 powder with commercially available P25 TiO 2 2 powder to make photocatalytic thin films, significant improvement in photocatalytic activity has been obtained. Furthermore, we also studied the relationship between the surface condition of photocatalytic thin films and their photocatalytic activity. The surface condition was improved by the multilayer electrophoresis deposition method. Based on experimental results, by combining 10 20 wt% Ni-doped TiO with P25 TiO , we could significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of P25 TiO 2 .
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Photocatalytic application of TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@S...Iranian Chemical Society
In this research we have developed a treatment method for textile wastewater by TiO2/SiO2-based magnetic nanocomposite. Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and chemicals and needs treatments. This manuscript presents a facile method for removing dyes from the textile wastewater by using TiO2/SiO2-based nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2) under UV irradiation. This magnetic nanocomposite, as photocatalytically active composite, is synthesized via solution method in mild conditions. A large range of cationic, anionic and neutral dyes including: methyl orange, methylene blue, neutral red, bromocresol green and methyl red are used for treatment investigations. Neutral red and bromocresol green have good results in reusing treatment. The high surface area of nanocomposites improve the kinetic of wastewater treatment. In this method, by using the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, TiO2-based photocatalyst could be separated and reused for 3 times. The efficiency of this method is respectively 100% and 65% for low concentration (10 ppm) and high concentration (50 ppm) of neutral red and bromocrosol green after 3 h treatment. The efficiency of treatment using the second used nanocomposite was 90% for 10 ppm of the same dyes.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
Photo-electrocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes prepared with two-step anod...Iranian Chemical Society
To improve the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid, we reported the fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by a simple and effective two-step anodization method and then these TiO2 nanotubes treated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation. The TiO2 nanotubes prepared in the two-step anodization process showed better photo-catalytic activity than TiO2 nanotubes prepared in one-step anodization process. Also, compared with TiO2 nanotubes without the UV pretreatment, the TiO2 nanotubes pretreated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation exhibited significant enhancements in both photocurrent and activity. The treated TiO2 nanotubes exhibited a 5-fold enhancement in photocurrent and a 2.5-fold increase in the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid. Also the effect of addition of persulfate and periodate on the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid were investigated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of salicylic acid increased with increasing persulfate and periodate concentrations. These treated TiO2 nanotubes are promising candidates for practical photochemical reactors.
Sunlight induced removal of Rhodamine B from water through Semiconductor Pho...Hariprasad Narayanan
Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for the removal of toxic pollutants from water has been receiving increasing
attention in recent times. Photocatalysis using semiconductor oxides is one such AOP which is being investigated extensively for
the degradation of dyes in effluent water. This paper reports our findings on the sunlight induced photocatalytic removal of the
hazardous xanthene dye Rhodamine B from water, mediated by TiO2 and ‘platinum deposited TiO2’ (Pt/TiO2).Unlike in the case of
photocatalytic degradation of many organic pollutants which are driven by UV light, Rhodamine B can be removed in presence of
TiO2 even by visible light. Pt/TiO2 is ~5 times more active than TiO2 alone for the solar photocatalytic degradation of the dye,
which is attributed to extension of the absorption of light to the visible range and retardation of the recombination of
photogenerated electrons and holes. The dye itself can absorb visible light and act as a photo sensitizer to activate TiO2. The
effects of various parameters such as catalyst loading, concentration of the dye, pH, Pt concentration in Pt/TiO2, externallyadded
H2O2 etc on the adsorption and /or degradation of the dye are evaluated. The degradation of the dye proceeds through
intermediates and complete removal of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is achieved many hours after the decolorisation of the dye.
The rate of degradation decreases beyond a critical concentration of the dye, possibly due to reduction in the path length of
photons in deeply colored solution. The higher degradation in alkaline pH is explained in terms of the ionization state of the
catalyst surface and the enhanced adsorption facilitated by the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged catalyst
surface and the zwitter ionic form of the dye. H2O2, upto a critical concentration, accelerates the degradation. The observations are
critically analysed and suitable mechanism for the photocatalytic mineralisation of RhB is proposed.
Similar to Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By Anionic Heterogemini Surfactants: Characterization And Its Applications In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis And Antibacterial Activity. (20)
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By Anionic Heterogemini Surfactants: Characterization And Its Applications In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis And Antibacterial Activity.
1. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 58|P a g e
Synthesis Of Cobalt Doped Titania Nano Materials Assisted By
Anionic Heterogemini Surfactants: Characterization And Its
Applications In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis And Antibacterial
Activity.
Radha Devi Chekuri, Siva Rao Tirukkovalluri (*)
Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
*Corresponding Author: Sivarao Tirukkovalluri
Abstract: This paper presents about the synthesis of (0.25-1.0) wt.% cobalt doped titania nanomaterials
without surfactants: pure Co2+
/TiO2 and in presence of 1,4-Butane sultone and 1,3-Propane sultone Anionic
Gemini surfactants and CTAB (Heterogemini surfactant)-0.5wt.%Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1&2).The synthesized nano
photocatalysts have been characterized by using various advanced techniques like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),
Ultraviolet-visible Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopic Studies (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From the characterization studies all
the catalysts synthesized were reported in anatase phase. TEM indicates the particles size of prepared catalysts
reported with 7-10 nm and 15 nm for pure Co2+
/ TiO2 catalyst. From XPS studies Cobalt was found to be in +2
oxidation state. From BET results the surface area was reported to be-89.51 and 77.93 (m2
/g) for Co2+
/TiO2-
HgS(1)& Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(2). From UV-DRS studies absorbance band shifted more towards visible region (red
shift). In order to find out the efficiency of the synthesized photocatalyst the photocatalytic activity studies were
carried out by degradation of Acid Red as a model azo dye pollutant in presence of the visible light irradiation.
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized catalysts against Escherichia coli was also studied. Thus from the
results 0.5wt.% Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1) exhibited highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of azo dye Acid
Red as well as proved to be an excellent antibacterial agent.
Keywords: Cobalt doped Titania nano photocatalysts, Anionic Heterogemini surfactants, sol-gel method,
Photocatalytic degradation, Azo dyes, Acid Red
I. INTRODUCTION
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis is found to
be the most promising technology used for
wastewater treatment for the degradation of toxic
contaminants like azodyes especially from textile
industries [1,2]. Some of the limitations of TiO2
include its high band gap (Ebg = 3.2 eV), and it can
be excited only by UV light (λ < 387 nm). The high
rate of electron-hole recombination, within nano
seconds, at TiO2 particles results in a low
efficiency of Photocatalysis [3]. In order to rectify
these defects doping of metal ions [4] and non-
metal ions into titania crystal lattice [5] has been
preferred. From the literature there were very few
reports on the synthesis of doping of Cobalt into
titania. The photocatalytic activity of nominal
composition (Ti1−xCox)O2−δ with 0.001⩽x⩽0.05
were prepared via a sol–gel technique followed by
air firing (200–1000 °C) [6]. The efficiency of the
catalyst depends on particle size, shape and specific
surface area. Recently Gemini surfactants are new
group of surfactants superior to monomeric
surfactants [7,8].We have synthesized Co2+
/TiO2 in
presence of conventional surfactants in our
previous work. Our main aim is to investigate the
effect of various surfactants on the synthesis of
Co2+
/TiO2 and hence we preferred Anionic
Heterogemini surfactant Template. We have mainly
focused on 2 significant factors like synthesis of
Co2+
/TiO2 nanomaterials with much reduction in
particle size by employing Heterogemini
surfactants by adopting solgel method and to study
about the photo catalytic activity of the synthesized
catalysts by degradation of Acid Red, an azo dye in
presence of visible light. Though there are many
methods like Hydrothermal method [9],
Impregnation method [10]. We preferred sol-gel
method for the synthesis of Co2+
/TiO2
nanomaterials. Sultones are cyclic esters of
sulphonic acids [11,12]. The synthesized
Co2+
/TiO2- HgS-(1&2) nano materials are
characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, EDS, TEM,
FT-IR, UV-vis DRS and BET analysis. The
photocatalytic activity studies were investigated by
considering Acid Red (AR) as dye pollutant in the
presence of the visible light. Various parameters
like effect of dosage of the catalyst, dopant
concentration, pH of the solution, and
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 59|P a g e
concentration of the dye were studied in later
investigations.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
2.1: Materials
Titanium tetra-n-butoxide [Ti(O-Bu)4],
Cobalt Nitrate were obtained from E. Merck
(Germany), were used as titanium, Cobalt and
sources for preparing Co2+
/TiO2 photocatalysts.1,4-
Butane Sultone and 1,3-Propane Sultone Anionic
Gemini surfactants were obtained from Sigma
Aldrich (Germany). Acid Red 249 was used as
model pollutant (India, analytical grade) for
degradation.
2.2. Synthesis of Cobalt doped TiO2 assisted by
Heterogemini surfactants
In the present synthesis titanium tetra-
butoxide and cobalt nitrate were taken as
precursors for the preparation of Co2+
/TiO2 nano
materials synthesized in presence of Heterogemini
surfactants. Co2+
/TiO2 photocatalysts were
synthesized in presence of 1,4-Butane sultone and
1,3-Propane sultone ( under continuous stirring for
4h) and mentioned as Heterogemini surfactant
HgS-(1). Similarly Co2+
/TiO2- HgS-(2)
photocatalysts were synthesized by adding 1,4-
Butane sultone Anionic Gemini surfactants and
conventional cationic surfactant CTAB ( under
continuous stirring for 4h). Initially solution I was
prepared by taking 21.0 ml of titanium tetra-
butoxide in 40.0 ml of absolute alcohol with
stirring for 10 min and then 3.0 ml of Nitric acid
was added drop wise under continuous stirring for
30 min. Solution II containing 1.1715 g of Cobalt
nitrate with 40.0 ml of absolute ethanol (100%) and
7.1 ml of water with required percentages (0.5 wt
% Co2+
/TiO2) was prepared with continuous
stirring. To this HgS-(1) surfactant solution is
added and stirred vigorously. Solution II was added
to Solution I slowly and pH is maintained at 8, with
continuous stirring at room temperature until the
transparent sol was obtained. The resulting sol was
stirred for 2 h and was aged at 25°C for 48 h. The
gel was dried at 110°C in an oven for 36 h. The
Catalyst powder was calcined at 450°C in a furnace
for 4 h. The synthesis pattern has been given in
Fig.1. Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(2) is also synthesized by
adopting the same procedure and by adding HgS-
(2) surfactant to Solution II. A pure cobalt doped
TiO2 (anatase) sample was also prepared by
adopting the above procedure without adding the
surfactant medium. The powders were used for
XRD analysis, UV-visible absorption studies, XPS,
SEM, TEM, DRS and FT-IR studies and for
photocatalytic activity testing.
Fig.1.Schematic representation of synthesis of the
catalyst in presence of Hetero Gemini Surfactant.
2.3 Characterization of Cobalt doped titania
nano materials.
The XRD patterns were recorded with a
Bruker AXS D8 advance diffractometer at room
temperature with a copper (Kα) anode material of
wavelength (λ) 1.5406 A°, and carbon
monochromator were used. The UV–Visible
absorption spectroscopic analysis of the catalysts
was done by using a UV–Vis- spectrophotometer
(Varian, carry5000). X-ray photo electron
spectroscopy (XPS) of the prepared undoped and
doped TiO2 solid samples were recorded with auger
electron spectroscopy (AES) module PHI 5000
Versa Prob II, FEI Inc. For SEM of the samples
JEOL Model JSM - 6390LV was used. IR spectra
of the synthesized samples were recorded on
Thermo Nicolet Nexus 670 Spectrometer, with
resolution of 4 cm−1
in KBr pellets. TEM
measurements were carried out using Jeol/JEM
2100, operated at 200 kV as accelerating. The BET
surface area was determined from the N2
adsorption-desorption isotherm at 77.3 K by using
a Autosorb I; Quantachrome Corp. system.
2.4 Photocatalytic activity of the catalyst -
Degradation of AR:
The photocatalytic degradation of AR dye
was carried out in presence of visible light in the
photo catalytic reactor. The suspensions were then
irradiated under visible light using a UV filtered
Osram high pressure mercury vapour lamp with
power 400W and 35000 lum. The quantitative
determination of AR was performed by measuring
the absorption of solution with Milton Roy
Spectronic 1201, UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The
3. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 60|P a g e
extent of AR photo catalytic degradation was
calculated using a calibrated relationship between
the measured absorbance and its concentration. AR
cannot be photodegraded in the absence of the
catalyst under the same irradiation conditions.
% of the Degradation = ( A0 - At ) / A0 x
100 %
Where A0 = Initial absorbance of dye
solution
At = Absorbance of dye solution at time t.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. X-ray diffraction studies:
The XRD patterns for all the synthesized
4 photocatalysts, pure TiO2, 0.5 wt.% pure
Co2+
/TiO2, and 0.5 wt.% Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1) and0.5
wt.% Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(2) were shown in Fig.2.(a to
d). All the samples were reported in the anatase
phase. (JCPDS File number: 15-0923). The highest
intensity peak was observed for Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1)
observed at 2θ =25.1.0
Thus particle size was
calculated by using Scherrer's equation[13] where
the particle size was found to be ranging from 7.42
-9.56nm. These values are shown in Table 2.
Fig.2 XRD patterns of (a)pure TiO2,(b)
0.5wt.% pureCo2+
/TiO2 (c) 0.5wt.% Co2+
/TiO2-
HgS(1) and (d). 0.5 wt. % of Co2+
/ TiO2-HgS (2).
3.2. UV–Visible Diffusion Reflectance
Spectroscopy:
The UV–Visible diffuse reflectance
spectra of the synthesized samples of pure 0.5wt.%
Co2+
/TiO2 nanophotocatalysts synthesized in
presence of 2 different surfactants were given in
Fig.3. There was shift observed towards higher
visible region (red shift). Due to doping of Cobalt
into titania decrease in band gap energy was
observed. Band gap Energy for the synthesized
catalysts have been calculated by using the formula
Eg= (1240/λ), where Eg is band gap, λ is the
wavelength and the values are presented in Table 1.
Due to this red shift there is more generation of
electron/hole pairs that could be excited with less
energy which makes the catalyst more efficient
towards photocatalytic activity which was
evidenced from the later studies.[14]
Table1. Band gap energy calculated for synthesized
photocatalysts
Fig.3. UV–Visible absorption spectra of (a) 0.5wt.
% of Co2+
/TiO2-GS
(b) 0.5wt.% of Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1),(c) 0.5wt.% of
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(2)
3.3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study:
From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic
analysis chemical state information of Co 2p, O 1 s,
and Ti 2p and their oxidation states was known.
Fig.4. (a-c) shows High resolution XPS Ti 2p, O
2p, Co 2p spectrum of 0.5wt% of Co2+
/TiO2
HgS(1). Fig.4. (a) indicates the binding energies of
Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 and were found to be 458.01
eV and 463.9 eV, these binding energies belongs to
Ti 4+
and differ slightly due to the pulling of Ti-O-
Ti bond. The Ti 2p and O 1 s peaks of Co2+
/TiO2
samples are slightly shifted towards higher binding
energy, when compared to that of pure TiO2 which
has binding energy of 458.3eV. This is due to
incorporation of Co2+
ions into TiO2 lattice.Fig.
4(c) shows the high resolutions XPS Spectra of Co
are present in the state of +2 oxidation state. From
Fig.4(c) Co 2p3/2 and Co 2p1/2 peaks were located at
binding energies of 779.9 and782 eV respectively,
and they belong to Co [15-18] and shake-up peaks
are also observed which are characteristic for Co2+
Catalyst Band gap energy (ev)
Pure TiO2 3.2
Pure Co2+
/TiO2 2.98
Co2+
/TiO2-GS 2.5
Co2+
/TiO2-HGS(1) 2.55
Co2+
/TiO2-HGS(2) 2.65
4. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 61|P a g e
Fig.4. (a) High resolution XPS Ti 2p spectrum of
0.5wt% of Co2+
/TiO2 HgS (1)
Fig.4. (c) High resolution XPS Co 2p spectrum of
0.5wt% of Co2+
/TiO2- HgS (1)
Fig.4. (b) High resolution XPS O 2p spectrum
of 0.5wt% of Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1)
Fig.4. (d) Total Survey spectrum of
0.5wt% of Co2+
/TiO2 HgS(1)
3.4 Scanning electron microscopic study:
SEM micrographs indicate the change in
morphology of the synthesized catalysts. Fig.5
depicts the SEM micrograph of 0.5wt. %
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1). Fig.6 represents the SEM
micrographs of 0.5wt.%Co2+
/TiO2-HgS (2). Fig.6
shows large number of tiny globular nanoparticles,
with reduction in the particle size when
compared to that of pure TiO2. SEM indicates the
change in the morphology of the
nanoparticles, with enlarged surface area without
any agglomeration of the particles. This
indicates the role played by surfactant involved
during the synthesis of the catalyst. Presence of
surfactant leads to encapsulation of the doped
titania due to which particle size is restricted from
futher growth leading to synthesis of particles with
much reduction.
Fig.5 SEM micrograph of 0.5wt. % Co2+
/TiO2-
HgS(1).
Fig.6 SEM micrograph of 0.5wt.% Co2+
/TiO2
HgS(2).
3.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy:
Fig. 7(a) & (b) indicates FT-IR images of
0.5 wt. % Co2+
/ TiO2 -HgS(1), after and before
calcinations. From Fig7 (b) bands were noticed at
3383.56 and 1622.12 cm−1
which correspond to the
stretching vibrations of the O–H and bending
vibrations of the adsorbed water molecules. This
confirms the presence of hydroxyl ions in the
Co2+
/TiO2. The Ti–O–Ti stretching peak appears at
602-559.67 cm−1
. This small deviation may be due
to Co doped substitutionally in the TiO2 matrix. Fig
7(b) peaks are located at 3134.64, 1624.60,
1400.20, 1196.58, 1138.14 cm−1
1047.84, and
983.78 cm−1
are due to the presence of surfactants
5. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 62|P a g e
before calcinations. The absence of these bands in
Fig.7 (a) confirms that there was no surfactant
present in the synthesized catalyst after
calcinations.
Fig. 7(a) indicates FT-IR images of 0.5
wt.% Co2+
/ TiO2-HgS(1), after calcinations
Fig.7(b) indicates FT-IR images of 0.5wt.%
Co2+
/TiO2 –HgS(1), before calcinations.
3.6. Transmission electron microscopy
Fig.8, Fig.9 and Fig.10 indicates HR TEM
images of 0.5wt. % pure Co2+
/TiO2 0.5wt.%
Co2+
/TiO2 -HgS(1), 0.5wt.% of Co2+
/TiO2 -HgS(2).
The particle size was found to be 7-10 nm,
while that of pure Co2+
/TiO2 was reported to be 15
nm respectively. From TEM analysis we can
conclude the decrease in the particle size, which
signifies the effect of Heterogemini surfactant
medium, which restricted the further growth of
TiO2 crystalline particles and thus played a vital
role in synthesizing the particles with reduced size
and with large surface area. This is due to
encapsulation of the surfactant medium on the
Co2+
/TiO2 where particle size is restricted without
any agglomeration. Where as in presence of
HgS(2) particle size was of bigger size
since encapsulation may not be formed effectively
due to the introduction of CTAB with 1,4-Butane
sultone. Due to synthesis of particles with
minimum size and larger surface area which are
the prominent factors for higher efficiency of the
synthesized catalyst hence the same result is
observed from the later photocatalytic studies
Fig.8 HR TEM images of pure Co2+
/ Ti
Fig.9 HR TEM images of Co2+
/ TiO2 -HgS(1)
Fig.10.HR TEM images of 0.5wt. % of
Co2+
/ TiO2 -HgS(2)
3.7 BET Analysis:
From BET analysis Surface area ABET (m2
/g) of the
synthesized catalysts were represented in the Table
3. The surface area was reported to be-89.51 and
77.93 (m2
/g) for Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1)& Co2+
/TiO2-
6. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 63|P a g e
HgS(2). These values are reported with higher
values when compared to those reported from
literature for synthesis of Cobalt doped titania
[19,20] by employing different methods.
Table 2. BET analysis Surface area ABET (m2
/g),
results of the synthesized catalysts
3.8. Evaluation of Photocatalytic activity of the
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS
The photocatalytic activity studies of the
synthesized catalyst, 0.5wt.% Co2+
/TiO2-HgS (1)
was determined by carrying out photocatalytic
degradation of Acid Red (AR) an azo dye pollutant
under visible light. Experiments were carried out to
find the optimum conditions of various parameters
like pH of the solution, catalyst dosage and
concentration of the dye.
3.8.1. Effect of pH
Experiments were performed to find out
the optimum conditions of pH by considering the
dye concentration and weight of the catalyst as
constant. The experimental results have been
graphically expressed in Fig.11. From the Fig.11
it can be observed that the rate of degradation of
the Acid Red dye was maximum at pH 5. The
interaction between the semiconductor surface and
the substrate and charged radicals mostly depend
on the pH of the solution [21]. Acidic conditions
favour the adsorption of the dye on the catalyst
surface. Hence the optimum condition for
Acidred dye is found to be at pH 5. The rate of
degradation for 0.5 wt. % Co2+
/TiO2 was found to
be maximum at pH=5 is 3 mg L-1
min-1
for
degradation of the Acid Red.
Fig.11. pH effect- degradation of Acid Red
3.8.2: Effect of catalyst dosage
In order to find the optimum catalyst
dosage other conditions like pH and dye
concentration are kept constant experiments were
carried on by varying the amount of the
synthesized Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1) catalyst from 0.05
to 0.3 g in 100ml of Acidred dye solution. The
experiments were carried on has been graphically
expressed in Fig.12. From the Fig.12 it is observed
that degradation of the dye is maximum at 0.1g and
later with increase in weight there is decrease in the
degradation. As the amount of the catalyst
increases more number of photons is being
absorbed which results in more generation of
electron-hole pairs. This increases the number of
hydroxyl radicals which is the main factor
increasing the rate of photocatalytic degradation.
With increase in catalyst dosage beyond 0.1g the
photocatalytic activity was decreased, this is due to
increase in turbidity of solution which restricts the
light to penetrate through the solution. With
increase in concentration of the catalyst due to
aggregation of catalyst molecules also
photocatalytic activity is decreased. The rate of
degradation of 0.5 wt. % Co2+
/TiO2 was found to
be maximum at pH=5 is 3.55 mg L-1
min-1
for
degradation of Acid Red.
Fig.12.Effect of Catalyst dosage- degradation
of Acid Red.
3.8.3: Effect of initial dye concentration;
In order to find out the optimum
conditions for initial dye concentration experiments
were carried on by changing the dye concentration
from 1,5 & 15 mg · L− 1
while keeping the other
conditions constant. The experimental results have
been graphically expressed in Fig.13. From the
Fig.13 it is observed that the optimum initial
dye concentration for maximum degradation of
Acidred was observed at 5mg • L− 1 and with
further increase in dye concentration decrease in
degradation rate was observed. Finally the
optimum condition of initial dye concentration is
found to be 5 mg • L-1
. The rate of degradation of
0.5 wt. % Co2+
/TiO2 was found to be maximum and
is 4.7 mg L-1
min-1
for degradation of Acid Red.
Catalyst ABET (m2
/g) Crystallite size(nm)
Pure Co2+
/TiO2 26 13
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1) 89.51 7.42
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(2) 77.93 9.56
7. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 64|P a g e
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
%DegradationofAcidred
T im e (m in )
V a ria tio n o f D y e c o n .
5 p p m
1 0 p p m
1 5 p p m
Fig.13.Effect of initial dye concentration-
degradation of Acid Red.
Overall mechanism
The following mechanism is proposed for
the photocatalytic reactions of Co2+
/TiO2-HgS
(i).Generation of electrons and positive holes in the
valence band.
i) Co2+
/TiO2 + hν
Co2+
/TiO2 h+
vb + Co2+
/TiO2 e-
cb
ii)
Co2+
+ e-
Co+
(unstable)
iii) Production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),
hydroperoxy (HO2
•
) and hydroxyl (•OH)
radicals [22]
Co+
+ O2 Co2+
+ O2
•-
H2O OH-
+ H+
O2
•-
+ H+
O2
•
2HO2
•-
H2O2 + O2
H2O2 + e-
trapped •OH + OH-
OH-
+ h+
vb •OH
•OH (or h+
vb) + Red Red+
Where „Red‟ is the pollutant an electron donor
(reductant).
Thus Acid Red is attacked by the hydroxyl
radicals formed and results in the generation of
organic radicals or other intermediates.
IV. PHOTOCATALYTIC
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF
THE SYNTHESIZED CATALYSTS:
The efficiency of the synthesized catalyst
was evaluated by carrying out the antibacterial
activity studies on Escherichia coli-Gram negative
bacteria. E.coli (ATCC 8739) was selected as a
target organism towards antibacterial activity
studies.
4.1: Anti-bacterial studies:
The Nutrient agar medium was sterilized
at 121°C at pressure of 15 lb for 20 min. The
prepared nutrient broth was cultured in an
incubator at 37 °C for 2 days. Required amount of
the Co2+
/TiO2 photocatalyst was added to 9 mL of
0.9 % saline solution and it was sterilized by
autoclaving at 120 and 15 lbs for 20 min. An
aliquot of E.coli cell suspension (4.9mL) was
pipetted out into a sterile petridish in a laminar
airflow chamber. To the same petridish, 0.1mL of
the photocatalytic nano powder suspension at a
concentration of 1mg/10ml was added and exposed
to the visible light irradiation. After appropriate
dilutions in sterile water, aliquots of 1mL were
spread on to agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for
24 hours. The numbers of viable cells in terms of
colony forming units were counted. Growths of
bacterial colonies were seen on these agar plates
and were counted. Anti bacterial efficiency (in
percent) was reported using the equation, {Co – C}
X 100 / Co, where Co and C are the number of
colonies formed before and after irradiation. Fig
14. Shows the colony forming units of E.coli after
treatment with all the synthesized different
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS (1) photocatalysts under visible
light irradiation. It was observed that there is
decrease in the no. of colonies in agar medium
plates. Table-3 represents the % survival of E.coli
after treatment with Co2+
/TiO2 photocatalysts.
Fig.15 shows graph plotted between the
antibacterial efficiency of the catalysts against
irradiation time. Almost complete elimination of
bacterial colonies was observed within 60 min
exposure. Bacterial cell wall is rigid and important
for maintenance of cell. The outer membrane of E.
coli is made of lipopolysaccharide which provides
a strong network for the existence of cell [23,24].
Fig.14. Colony forming units of E.coli after
treatment with - 0.5wt% Co2+
/TiO2 –HgS under
visible light irradiation
Table: 3 The survival (%) of E.coli after treatment
with 0.5wt. % pure Co2+
/TiO2-HgS (1)
8. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 65|P a g e
Fig.15 The survival (%) of E.coli after treatment
with -0.5wt.% pure Co2+
/TiO2–HgS with time.
V. CONCLUSIONS:
In this paper we focussed on synthesis of
Cobalt doped TiO2 photocatalysts assisted by
Heterogemini surfactants like (1-4Butane sultone,
1-3Propane sultone Anionic Gemini surfactants,
CTAB) by using sol-gel technique. Acid Red, a
model azo-dye pollutant has been selected for
photocatalytic degradation by the synthesized
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS(1).All the Co2+
/TiO2 catalysts
synthesized with surfactant medium were reported
in anatase phase. From TEM analysis particle size
of the synthesized 0.5wt. % Co2+
/TiO2-HgS (1&2)
catalysts were reported in the range between 7-10
nm where as for pure 0.5wt. % Co2+
/TiO2 it was
reported to be 15nm. Due to doping of Cobalt into
titania matrix shift in the absorption band towards
visible light region (red shift) i.e., above 400-700
nm has been confirmed. XPS indicated the
presence of cobalt in Co2+
oxidation state and as
substituent dopant for Ti4+
in the TiO2 matrix. BET
analysis confirmed particle size with much increase
in the surface area of the synthesized catalyst
assisted with HgS (1) surfactant medium
i.e.89.51m2
/g when compared to pure
Co2+
/TiO2.This clearly signifies the effect of
encapsulation on Co2+
/TiO2 by various surfactants
during the synthesis of the catalyst. From SEM
micrographs of the catalysts no agglomeration is
observed and the particles are spherical and
homogeneous. From FT-IR analysis it is evident
that Cobalt is doped substitutionally into the TiO2
matrix. We can conclude that the entry of cobalt
ion into TiO2 lattice is substituitional with decrease
in particle size and increased surface area with red
shift being observed towards visible light region.
The optimum concentrations of various parameters
include: Effect of dopant concentration (0.5 wt. %),
pH Effect (pH-5), Catalyst dosage (0.1g) and Initial
dye concentration (5mg • L-1
). Thus the 0.5wt. %
Co2+
/TiO2-HgS (1) has been proved to be an
effective nano photocatalyst towards photocatalytic
degradation of Acid Red, azo dye as well as an
excellent antibacterial agent by studying against
E.coli-Gram negative bacteria.
REFERENCES
[1]. I.Oller., S.Malato, J.A. Sánchez-Pérez
Combination of Advanced Oxidation
Processes and biological treatments for
wastewater decontamination-A
review. Science of the Total
Environment 409 (2011) 4141.
[2]. D.Arsene, CP Musteret,C Catrinescu,P
Apopei,G Barjoveanu , CTeodosiu.
Combined oxidation and ultra filtration
processes for the removal of priority
Organic pollutants from wastewaters.
Environmental Engineering and
Management Journal 10 (2011) 1967.
[3]. C.Kormann, D.W.Bahnemann and
M.R.J.Hoffmann Phys. Chem., 92
(1988) 5196.
[4]. M. Anpo and M.J.Takeuchi Catal., 216
(2003) 506.
[5]. A. Hattori and H.J. Tada. Sol-gel Sci.
Technol., 22 (2001) 47.
[6]. Suo Hon Lim, Cristiano Ferraris, Martin
Schreyer, Kaimin Shih, James, O.
Leckie, T.J. White The influence of
cobalt doping on photocatalytic nano-
titania: Crystal chemistry and
amorphicity Journal of Solid State
Chemistry 180 (2007) 2905.
[7]. R. Zana, Gemini Surfactants: Synthesis,
Interfacial and Solution-Phase
Behavior, and Applications, CRC Press
(2003).
[8]. R. Zana, in: Novel Surfactants:
Preparation, Applications and
Biodegradability, M. Dekker Inc, New
York (1998).
[9]. Mustafa, Chem. Rev., 54 (1954)195.
[10]. Y.Oguri, R. E Riuan and H. K.Bowen J.
Mater. Sci., 23 (1988) 2897.
[11]. S.Sakthivel,M.VShankar,M.Palanichamy
, B.Arabindoo, D. W Bahnemann and
Murugesan V.Water Res., 38 (2004)
3001.
[12]. Matsni and Sakurada, Mem. Coll. Sei
Kyoto Imp. Univ. A15 Chem. Abstr. 26
(1932) 5264.
Time CFU % of Bacterial survival
Control 1800 -
0 1780 100
15 1050 98.57
30 550 64.54
45 80 8.75
60 12 0
9. Radha Devi Chekuri. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, (Part - 4) March 2016, pp.58-66
www.ijera.com 66|P a g e
[13]. E.D. Jeong, P. H.Borse, J.S.Jang, J.S.
Lee, Ok-Sang Jung, H.Chang, J.S. Jin,
M. S. Won and H.G. Kim,
Hydrothermal synthesis of Cr and Fe
co-doped TiO2 nano particle
photocatalyst, J. Ceramic Processing
Research, 9 (2008) 250.
[14]. C.Lettmann, K. Hildenbrand, H. Kisch,
W. Macyk and W.F. Maier, Appl. Catal.
B Environ. 32, 2001, 215–227.
[15]. G.Sadanandam,K.Lalitha,V.DurgaKum
ari, M.V.Shankar, M.Subrahmanyam,
Cobalt doped TiO2: A stable and
efficient photocatalyst for continuous
hydrogen production from glycerol:
Water mixtures under solar light
irradiation, International Journal of
hydrogen energy 38 (2013) 9655.
[16]. H.J. Choi and M. Kang, Hydrogen
production from methanol/water
decomposition in a liquid photo system
using the anatase structure of Cu loaded
TiO2, J. Hydrogen Energy 32, 2007,
3841–3848.
[17]. Manoranjan sahu and Pratim Biswas,
Single step processing of copper doped
titania nano materials in a flame aerosol
reactor , Nanoscale research letters 6
(2011) 441.
[18]. Amadelli R, Samiolo L., Maldotti A,
Molinari A, Valigi M, Gazzoli D,
Preparation, characterization, and
photocatalytic behavior of Co-TiO2
with Visible light response,
International Journal of Photo energy,
853, (2008) 753.
[19]. Katarzyna Siwinska-Stefanska,
Dominik Paukszta, Adam
Piasecki,Teofil Jesionowski “Synthesis
and physico chemical characteristics of
titanium dioxide doped with selected
metals”50 (2014) 265.
[20]. M.Hamadanian, A. Reisi-Vanani and
A.Majedi Sol-Gel Preparation and
Characterization of Co/TiO2
Nanoparticles: Application to the
Degradation of Methyl Orange J. Iran.
Chem. Soc.,7 (2010)S52.
[21]. G.Marci , V.Augugliaro , A.Bianco
Prevot, C.Baiocchi , E.Garcia-Lopez ,
V.Loddo, L.Palmisano , E.Pramauro
and M.Schiavello, Annali di Chimica by
Sociieta Chimica Italiana, 93 (2003)
639–645.
[22]. T. Wu, T. Lin, J. Zhao, H. Hidaka and
N. Serpone, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33,
1999, 1379-1387.
[23]. Suja Devipriya “Semiconductor oxide
mediated photocatalytic removal of
chemical and bacterial pollutants from
wastewater” Ph.D thesis (2006).
[24]. Y.S.Yang, G.Wang ,Y.H.Shen,
Microbial Physiology, Chemical
Industry (2007) 10.