The document provides information on various medical emergencies, including types, prevention, and management. It discusses emergencies related to unconsciousness like syncope, seizures, respiratory issues like asthma and airway obstruction. It also covers cardiovascular emergencies such as angina and myocardial infarction. Prevention focuses on medical history, examination, and basic life support. Management of specific conditions is explained like use of glucose for hypoglycemia and benzodiazepines for hyperventilation.
The document discusses various types of medical emergencies that may occur during dental procedures, including those involving elderly patients, patients with medical devices or conditions, those on multiple medications, or with a history of drug abuse. It provides details on common emergency situations, the necessary emergency equipment and medications to manage these situations, including oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, atropine, furosemide, verapamil, diazepam, naloxone, morphine, vasopressin, digoxin, bronchodilators, dextrose, aspirin, anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, anti
This document discusses first aid for drowning. It defines drowning as respiratory impairment from submersion in liquid, and near drowning as survival for over 24 hours after submersion. It describes types of drowning and risk factors. Signs and symptoms of near drowning include abdominal distension, bluish skin, and unconsciousness. First aid measures include ensuring safety, rescuing the victim, positioning them on their back, calling for medical help, and providing CPR if unconscious and unresponsive without breathing or pulse. The victim should be closely observed and warmed if conscious, or transported to the hospital.
This document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines different types of bio-medical waste and categories them based on risk level. It explains the potential health hazards posed by different types of waste and regulations for their proper treatment and disposal. The key methods of waste treatment discussed are incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, and secured landfilling.
This document discusses anaphylactic shock, including:
- Definitions of anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions.
- The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis, which involves mast cell and basophil activation leading to mediator release and various symptoms.
- Etiologies of anaphylaxis including allergens, foods, drugs, and other causes.
- Clinical manifestations across multiple organ systems like skin, respiratory, cardiovascular and more.
- Diagnosis, prevention, and management, which focuses on epinephrine administration, airway management, fluids, and adjunctive treatments.
This document provides information about shock and its nursing management. It begins with an introduction to shock, defining it as a life-threatening condition caused by inadequate blood flow to tissues. It then outlines the stages of shock as initial, compensatory, progressive, and irreversible. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, septic, and anaphylactic. For each type, causes, signs and symptoms, and nursing care are described. The document concludes with test questions to assess learning.
This document outlines common medical emergencies that may occur in a dental practice and how to manage them. It discusses conditions like fainting, seizures, asthma attacks, allergic reactions, hypoglycemia, thyroid storm, adrenal crisis, chest pain, and stroke. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms, potential causes, and recommended first aid procedures like positioning the patient, administering oxygen, starting CPR, giving emergency medications, and calling for an ambulance. It emphasizes being prepared through training, having an emergency kit stocked with necessary supplies, and preventing issues by obtaining patient medical histories and reducing stress.
1. Hemorrhage is defined as the escape of blood from blood vessels. It can be classified based on the type of vessel (arterial, venous, capillary), timing (primary, reactionary, secondary), visibility (revealed, concealed), duration (acute, chronic), and type of intervention (surgical, non-surgical).
2. Clinical features depend on the amount and speed of blood loss, and can include increasing pallor, pulse, restlessness, signs of shock like cold skin and reduced urine output. Acute blood loss is monitored through pulse, blood pressure, and urine output.
3. Control techniques include direct pressure, elevation, tourniquets, cauterization
The document discusses various types of medical emergencies that may occur during dental procedures, including those involving elderly patients, patients with medical devices or conditions, those on multiple medications, or with a history of drug abuse. It provides details on common emergency situations, the necessary emergency equipment and medications to manage these situations, including oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, atropine, furosemide, verapamil, diazepam, naloxone, morphine, vasopressin, digoxin, bronchodilators, dextrose, aspirin, anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, anti
This document discusses first aid for drowning. It defines drowning as respiratory impairment from submersion in liquid, and near drowning as survival for over 24 hours after submersion. It describes types of drowning and risk factors. Signs and symptoms of near drowning include abdominal distension, bluish skin, and unconsciousness. First aid measures include ensuring safety, rescuing the victim, positioning them on their back, calling for medical help, and providing CPR if unconscious and unresponsive without breathing or pulse. The victim should be closely observed and warmed if conscious, or transported to the hospital.
This document discusses bio-medical waste management. It defines different types of bio-medical waste and categories them based on risk level. It explains the potential health hazards posed by different types of waste and regulations for their proper treatment and disposal. The key methods of waste treatment discussed are incineration, autoclaving, chemical disinfection, and secured landfilling.
This document discusses anaphylactic shock, including:
- Definitions of anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions.
- The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis, which involves mast cell and basophil activation leading to mediator release and various symptoms.
- Etiologies of anaphylaxis including allergens, foods, drugs, and other causes.
- Clinical manifestations across multiple organ systems like skin, respiratory, cardiovascular and more.
- Diagnosis, prevention, and management, which focuses on epinephrine administration, airway management, fluids, and adjunctive treatments.
This document provides information about shock and its nursing management. It begins with an introduction to shock, defining it as a life-threatening condition caused by inadequate blood flow to tissues. It then outlines the stages of shock as initial, compensatory, progressive, and irreversible. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, septic, and anaphylactic. For each type, causes, signs and symptoms, and nursing care are described. The document concludes with test questions to assess learning.
This document outlines common medical emergencies that may occur in a dental practice and how to manage them. It discusses conditions like fainting, seizures, asthma attacks, allergic reactions, hypoglycemia, thyroid storm, adrenal crisis, chest pain, and stroke. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms, potential causes, and recommended first aid procedures like positioning the patient, administering oxygen, starting CPR, giving emergency medications, and calling for an ambulance. It emphasizes being prepared through training, having an emergency kit stocked with necessary supplies, and preventing issues by obtaining patient medical histories and reducing stress.
1. Hemorrhage is defined as the escape of blood from blood vessels. It can be classified based on the type of vessel (arterial, venous, capillary), timing (primary, reactionary, secondary), visibility (revealed, concealed), duration (acute, chronic), and type of intervention (surgical, non-surgical).
2. Clinical features depend on the amount and speed of blood loss, and can include increasing pallor, pulse, restlessness, signs of shock like cold skin and reduced urine output. Acute blood loss is monitored through pulse, blood pressure, and urine output.
3. Control techniques include direct pressure, elevation, tourniquets, cauterization
The document discusses preparation for and management of medical emergencies in the dental office. It emphasizes the importance of staff training in basic life support. The dental office should have an emergency response team, stock emergency equipment and drugs, and train regularly. Common pediatric emergencies that may occur include allergic reactions, asthma attacks, seizures, hypoglycemia, and airway obstructions. The document provides guidelines for recognizing signs and symptoms of various emergencies and outlines appropriate first aid responses.
This document discusses the importance of asepsis and surgical asepsis. It defines asepsis as the state of being free from microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Surgical asepsis involves proper preparation of facilities, equipment, surgical site, and surgical team to prevent infection. This includes practices like hand washing, skin preparation, sterilizing instruments, and wearing proper attire. It emphasizes maintaining a sterile field during procedures and limiting movement and conversation to minimize contamination. Strict aseptic techniques help reduce the need for antibiotics after surgery.
1. Hypovolemic shock is caused by a reduction in blood volume from bleeding, dehydration, or fluid shifts. It results in decreased cardiac output and blood pressure leading to low tissue perfusion. Treatment involves replacing fluid and blood volume.
2. Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart cannot adequately pump blood, often due to a heart attack. It causes low blood pressure and tissue hypoxia. Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause and supporting hemodynamics.
3. Septic shock results from a widespread infection that activates an inflammatory response impairing tissue perfusion. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and controlling the infection.
The document discusses several common medical emergencies including myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), stroke, hypoglycemia, seizures, asthma, and road traffic accidents. For each emergency, the document outlines symptoms, potential causes, and recommended first aid actions such as calling for an ambulance, giving oxygen, monitoring breathing, providing glucose for low blood sugar, and applying pressure to stop bleeding.
Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating effectively due to electrical abnormalities or mechanical problems, disrupting blood flow. Signs include loss of pulse and consciousness. Diagnosis involves ECG and lab tests. Treatment follows the "chain of survival" - early CPR, defibrillation if needed, advanced life support, and post-cardiac care. Nursing management focuses on restoring cardiac output and tissue perfusion through CPR, medications, fluid therapy, and monitoring for complications from the arrest and treatment.
This document discusses asepsis, antisepsis, and sterilization techniques. It begins with definitions of asepsis as preventing contact with microorganisms and antisepsis as using chemical disinfectants. Next, it discusses the history starting with Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease. It then focuses on Joseph Lister who pioneered antiseptic surgery through the use of carbolic acid. The document outlines proper surgical aseptic techniques including scrubbing, gowning, gloving, skin preparation, and draping. It emphasizes maintaining sterility in the operating room through limiting contamination sources and following strict protocols. Finally, it discusses optimizing the operation theatre structure and ventilation to establish different
A crash cart or code cart (crash trolley in UK medical jargon) or "MAX cart" is a set of trays/drawers/shelves on wheels used in hospitals for transportation and dispensing of emergency medication/equipment at the site of medical/surgical emergency for life support protocols to potentially save someone's life.
This document discusses hemorrhage, or abnormal blood loss. It describes external hemorrhage from soft tissue injuries and internal hemorrhage that can result from trauma or medical illnesses in body cavities like the chest, abdomen, pelvis or retroperitoneum. Signs of internal hemorrhage include blood from orifices or vomit. The body's response to hemorrhage is hemostasis to stop bleeding. Stages of hemorrhage are described based on percentage of circulating blood volume lost. Assessment of hemorrhage includes mental status, vital signs and interventions to control bleeding, provide oxygen and treat for shock.
ORPs Educational Programme
Admin & Fascinator (Moule #01-Asepsis & Infection Control for the month of February-2013) • Karachi, Pakistan
1.Education for all ORPs
2.Produce Educated ORPs.
3.Teach & Training about all Surgical Technique & Skill
4.Conduct 2 seminars in each month at different Venue
5.Join All ORPs to Apply registration through
* sms * E-Mail *Facebook * Skype * other relationship
• ORPs Education
Apr 13, 2013 to present
COURSE OUTLINE :
*Module #1 (Operating Room)
*Medical Terminologies
*Feature of Surgical Equipment
This document discusses hypovolemic shock, which is characterized by decreased circulating blood volume resulting in reduced tissue perfusion. It can be hemorrhagic, due to blood loss from wounds or internal bleeding, or non-hemorrhagic from digestive, renal, skin or third space losses. The pathophysiology involves a macrocirculatory reaction with centralization of circulation and microcirculatory changes impairing capillary function. Treatment involves stopping losses, aggressive volume resuscitation with isotonic fluids, monitoring for efficacy, and inotropic support if needed to boost cardiac output after volume is restored.
Caring for perioperative clients
Contents Outline
Objectives.
Introduction.
Phases of perioperative care.
Types of surgery.
Categories of surgery based on urgency.
Preoperative assessment.
Surgical risk factors.
Preoperative preparation.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in preoperative phase.
Postoperative care.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in postoperative period.
Postoperative complications.
Drowning occurs when water enters the respiratory tract, preventing breathing and oxygen intake. It can cause death within 24 hours from suffocation. Near-drowning victims survive for over 24 hours. Signs of drowning include a wet, cold body; blue lips; vomiting; abnormal breathing; and cardiac arrest in severe cases. Treatment depends on the condition - CPR for no pulse or breathing, clearing airways and removing water from the lungs otherwise. Complications can include pneumonia, renal failure, and stroke if not promptly treated. Prevention emphasizes safety around bodies of water and supervision of children.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It describes various physical and chemical methods for sterilization and disinfection like heat, chemicals, filtration and radiation. It discusses factors that influence method choice like intended use, risk of infection and degree of soilage. Methods are classified based on the level of sterility/disinfection needed. Monitoring methods like biological indicators are also outlined. Specific perspectives from dentistry are provided.
This document provides an overview of haemorrhage or bleeding. It defines haemorrhage, describes the normal anatomy of blood vessels and composition of blood. It discusses the different types of haemorrhage including capillary, venous, arterial, primary, reactionary, secondary, revealed, and concealed. It also covers the WHO grading of haemorrhage, classification, causes, signs and symptoms. The document outlines the emergency management of haemorrhage including controlling external and internal bleeding. It concludes with discussing nursing care plans and assessments for patients experiencing haemorrhage.
The presentation deals with the basics of hemorrhage i.e. classification, etiology. It also covers the mechanism of hemostasis and the various methods to achieve hemostasis.
Hope you like it! Suggestions and feedback will always be well appreciated. :)
Personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection form barriers that protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious materials. The proper use of PPE includes donning it in a specific sequence - gown, mask, goggles, then gloves - before entering a patient's room. PPE should be removed in the reverse order, and hand hygiene performed, to prevent the spread of germs. Common types of PPE like surgical masks, N95 respirators, and gloves are described along with guidelines for proper fitting, use, and disposal to protect both healthcare workers and patients.
Gastric lavage, also known as stomach wash or gastric suction, is used to clean out the stomach contents. It removes ingested poisons or prepares the stomach for endoscopy. A tube is passed into the stomach and small volumes of liquid are instilled and drained until the returning fluid is clear. Precautions must be taken to ensure the tube does not enter the lungs. Risks include aspiration pneumonia, laryngospasm, hypoxia, bradycardia, and mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus or stomach.
Hyperventilation is a respiratory condition caused by excessive deep breathing and can occur due to dental anxiety. Symptoms include dizziness, numbness, muscle cramps and palpitations. To manage an episode, stop dental treatment, have the patient lie down and breathe into a paper bag to increase carbon dioxide levels and resolve alkalosis. Reassurance is also important while monitoring vital signs until symptoms subside. Parenteral anxiolytics may rarely be needed for severe cases unresponsive to other measures.
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES IN DENTAL CLINIC.pptxBhargabeeDas2
Dentists must be prepared to manage medical emergencies which may arise in practice.
Medical emergencies were most likely to occur during and after local anesthesia, primarily during tooth extraction and endodontics. Over 60% of the emergencies were syncope, with hyperventilation the next most frequent at 7%.
The extent of treatment by the dentist requires preparation, prevention and then management, as necessary. Prevention is accomplished by conducting a thorough medical history with appropriate alterations to dental treatment as required. The most important aspect of nearly all medical emergencies in the dental office is to prevent, or correct, insufficient oxygenation of the brain and heart. Therefore, the management of all medical emergencies should include ensuring that oxygenated blood is being delivered to these critical organs. This is consistent with basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with which the dentist must be competent.
The document discusses preparation for and management of medical emergencies in the dental office. It emphasizes the importance of staff training in basic life support. The dental office should have an emergency response team, stock emergency equipment and drugs, and train regularly. Common pediatric emergencies that may occur include allergic reactions, asthma attacks, seizures, hypoglycemia, and airway obstructions. The document provides guidelines for recognizing signs and symptoms of various emergencies and outlines appropriate first aid responses.
This document discusses the importance of asepsis and surgical asepsis. It defines asepsis as the state of being free from microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Surgical asepsis involves proper preparation of facilities, equipment, surgical site, and surgical team to prevent infection. This includes practices like hand washing, skin preparation, sterilizing instruments, and wearing proper attire. It emphasizes maintaining a sterile field during procedures and limiting movement and conversation to minimize contamination. Strict aseptic techniques help reduce the need for antibiotics after surgery.
1. Hypovolemic shock is caused by a reduction in blood volume from bleeding, dehydration, or fluid shifts. It results in decreased cardiac output and blood pressure leading to low tissue perfusion. Treatment involves replacing fluid and blood volume.
2. Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart cannot adequately pump blood, often due to a heart attack. It causes low blood pressure and tissue hypoxia. Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying cause and supporting hemodynamics.
3. Septic shock results from a widespread infection that activates an inflammatory response impairing tissue perfusion. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and controlling the infection.
The document discusses several common medical emergencies including myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), stroke, hypoglycemia, seizures, asthma, and road traffic accidents. For each emergency, the document outlines symptoms, potential causes, and recommended first aid actions such as calling for an ambulance, giving oxygen, monitoring breathing, providing glucose for low blood sugar, and applying pressure to stop bleeding.
Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating effectively due to electrical abnormalities or mechanical problems, disrupting blood flow. Signs include loss of pulse and consciousness. Diagnosis involves ECG and lab tests. Treatment follows the "chain of survival" - early CPR, defibrillation if needed, advanced life support, and post-cardiac care. Nursing management focuses on restoring cardiac output and tissue perfusion through CPR, medications, fluid therapy, and monitoring for complications from the arrest and treatment.
This document discusses asepsis, antisepsis, and sterilization techniques. It begins with definitions of asepsis as preventing contact with microorganisms and antisepsis as using chemical disinfectants. Next, it discusses the history starting with Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease. It then focuses on Joseph Lister who pioneered antiseptic surgery through the use of carbolic acid. The document outlines proper surgical aseptic techniques including scrubbing, gowning, gloving, skin preparation, and draping. It emphasizes maintaining sterility in the operating room through limiting contamination sources and following strict protocols. Finally, it discusses optimizing the operation theatre structure and ventilation to establish different
A crash cart or code cart (crash trolley in UK medical jargon) or "MAX cart" is a set of trays/drawers/shelves on wheels used in hospitals for transportation and dispensing of emergency medication/equipment at the site of medical/surgical emergency for life support protocols to potentially save someone's life.
This document discusses hemorrhage, or abnormal blood loss. It describes external hemorrhage from soft tissue injuries and internal hemorrhage that can result from trauma or medical illnesses in body cavities like the chest, abdomen, pelvis or retroperitoneum. Signs of internal hemorrhage include blood from orifices or vomit. The body's response to hemorrhage is hemostasis to stop bleeding. Stages of hemorrhage are described based on percentage of circulating blood volume lost. Assessment of hemorrhage includes mental status, vital signs and interventions to control bleeding, provide oxygen and treat for shock.
ORPs Educational Programme
Admin & Fascinator (Moule #01-Asepsis & Infection Control for the month of February-2013) • Karachi, Pakistan
1.Education for all ORPs
2.Produce Educated ORPs.
3.Teach & Training about all Surgical Technique & Skill
4.Conduct 2 seminars in each month at different Venue
5.Join All ORPs to Apply registration through
* sms * E-Mail *Facebook * Skype * other relationship
• ORPs Education
Apr 13, 2013 to present
COURSE OUTLINE :
*Module #1 (Operating Room)
*Medical Terminologies
*Feature of Surgical Equipment
This document discusses hypovolemic shock, which is characterized by decreased circulating blood volume resulting in reduced tissue perfusion. It can be hemorrhagic, due to blood loss from wounds or internal bleeding, or non-hemorrhagic from digestive, renal, skin or third space losses. The pathophysiology involves a macrocirculatory reaction with centralization of circulation and microcirculatory changes impairing capillary function. Treatment involves stopping losses, aggressive volume resuscitation with isotonic fluids, monitoring for efficacy, and inotropic support if needed to boost cardiac output after volume is restored.
Caring for perioperative clients
Contents Outline
Objectives.
Introduction.
Phases of perioperative care.
Types of surgery.
Categories of surgery based on urgency.
Preoperative assessment.
Surgical risk factors.
Preoperative preparation.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in preoperative phase.
Postoperative care.
Nursing diagnosis and intervention in postoperative period.
Postoperative complications.
Drowning occurs when water enters the respiratory tract, preventing breathing and oxygen intake. It can cause death within 24 hours from suffocation. Near-drowning victims survive for over 24 hours. Signs of drowning include a wet, cold body; blue lips; vomiting; abnormal breathing; and cardiac arrest in severe cases. Treatment depends on the condition - CPR for no pulse or breathing, clearing airways and removing water from the lungs otherwise. Complications can include pneumonia, renal failure, and stroke if not promptly treated. Prevention emphasizes safety around bodies of water and supervision of children.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection methods. It defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis. It describes various physical and chemical methods for sterilization and disinfection like heat, chemicals, filtration and radiation. It discusses factors that influence method choice like intended use, risk of infection and degree of soilage. Methods are classified based on the level of sterility/disinfection needed. Monitoring methods like biological indicators are also outlined. Specific perspectives from dentistry are provided.
This document provides an overview of haemorrhage or bleeding. It defines haemorrhage, describes the normal anatomy of blood vessels and composition of blood. It discusses the different types of haemorrhage including capillary, venous, arterial, primary, reactionary, secondary, revealed, and concealed. It also covers the WHO grading of haemorrhage, classification, causes, signs and symptoms. The document outlines the emergency management of haemorrhage including controlling external and internal bleeding. It concludes with discussing nursing care plans and assessments for patients experiencing haemorrhage.
The presentation deals with the basics of hemorrhage i.e. classification, etiology. It also covers the mechanism of hemostasis and the various methods to achieve hemostasis.
Hope you like it! Suggestions and feedback will always be well appreciated. :)
Personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection form barriers that protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious materials. The proper use of PPE includes donning it in a specific sequence - gown, mask, goggles, then gloves - before entering a patient's room. PPE should be removed in the reverse order, and hand hygiene performed, to prevent the spread of germs. Common types of PPE like surgical masks, N95 respirators, and gloves are described along with guidelines for proper fitting, use, and disposal to protect both healthcare workers and patients.
Gastric lavage, also known as stomach wash or gastric suction, is used to clean out the stomach contents. It removes ingested poisons or prepares the stomach for endoscopy. A tube is passed into the stomach and small volumes of liquid are instilled and drained until the returning fluid is clear. Precautions must be taken to ensure the tube does not enter the lungs. Risks include aspiration pneumonia, laryngospasm, hypoxia, bradycardia, and mechanical injury to the throat, esophagus or stomach.
Hyperventilation is a respiratory condition caused by excessive deep breathing and can occur due to dental anxiety. Symptoms include dizziness, numbness, muscle cramps and palpitations. To manage an episode, stop dental treatment, have the patient lie down and breathe into a paper bag to increase carbon dioxide levels and resolve alkalosis. Reassurance is also important while monitoring vital signs until symptoms subside. Parenteral anxiolytics may rarely be needed for severe cases unresponsive to other measures.
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES IN DENTAL CLINIC.pptxBhargabeeDas2
Dentists must be prepared to manage medical emergencies which may arise in practice.
Medical emergencies were most likely to occur during and after local anesthesia, primarily during tooth extraction and endodontics. Over 60% of the emergencies were syncope, with hyperventilation the next most frequent at 7%.
The extent of treatment by the dentist requires preparation, prevention and then management, as necessary. Prevention is accomplished by conducting a thorough medical history with appropriate alterations to dental treatment as required. The most important aspect of nearly all medical emergencies in the dental office is to prevent, or correct, insufficient oxygenation of the brain and heart. Therefore, the management of all medical emergencies should include ensuring that oxygenated blood is being delivered to these critical organs. This is consistent with basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with which the dentist must be competent.
This document discusses various types of medical emergencies that can occur in a dental office setting and how to manage them. It begins by defining what constitutes a medical emergency and then describes common emergencies such as syncope, seizures, respiratory issues like asthma, cardiovascular events like angina and myocardial infarction, allergic reactions, hypoglycemia, and issues related to local anesthetic administration like overdose. For each type of emergency, it discusses signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and management approaches. Throughout it emphasizes the importance of being prepared for emergencies through training and having emergency equipment and medications available.
The document discusses various medical and dental emergencies that may be encountered in dental practice, including syncope, airway obstruction, anaphylaxis, local anesthetic toxicity, asthma attacks, chest pain, hemorrhage, and seizures. It provides details on the signs and symptoms, management, and treatment of each condition. It also covers dental complications such as aspiration, allergic reactions, and sodium hypochlorite accidents, as well as considerations for patients with pacemakers or ICDs.
1. The document discusses various common medical emergencies that may occur in a community setting and their management, including syncope, seizure, hypoglycemia, trauma, chest pain, airway obstruction, and asthma.
2. It provides guidance on assessing the situation, performing basic life support measures like opening the airway, giving oxygen, and positioning the patient, and determining if further definitive medical care is needed for stabilization or transfer to a hospital.
3. Emergency drug kits should contain medications for respiratory distress, cardiac issues, hypoglycemia, and more, with oxygen, epinephrine, nitroglycerin, bronchodilators, and glucagon being essential. Prompt recognition and appropriate first aid
This document provides information on how to manage various medical emergencies that may occur in a dental setting. It discusses approaches to emergencies like syncope, seizures, hypoglycemia, trauma, chest pain, airway obstruction, and asthma. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms, prevention strategies, and management steps. The management sections emphasize maintaining the ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), providing oxygen, treating underlying causes, monitoring vital signs, and seeking definitive medical care as needed. The document also lists common emergency medications and recommends having an emergency drug kit available.
This document provides information on managing various dental emergencies. It discusses the basic principles of managing medical emergencies, including establishing airway, breathing, and circulation. It also covers the management of specific conditions like syncope, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction and more. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing the patient's condition, stabilizing vital signs, determining the appropriate treatment, and when necessary, consulting physicians or activating emergency services.
This document discusses medical emergencies that can occur in a dental office setting. It covers the classification of life-threatening emergencies like unconsciousness, respiratory distress, altered consciousness, seizures, and drug-related issues. It emphasizes the importance of prevention through medical history screening, physical evaluation, and reducing patient anxiety. It also covers preparation through training in basic life support, having an emergency drug kit and appropriate equipment, and developing emergency protocols. Specific conditions like vasodepressor syncope, postural hypotension, and adrenal insufficiency that can cause unconsciousness are explained in more depth.
The document discusses common medical emergencies that may be encountered in a dental office, including fainting, hyperventilation, asthma attacks, seizures, diabetes complications, chest pain, allergic reactions, choking, and cardiac arrest, and it provides information on prevention, signs and symptoms, and management of these conditions. Examples of management techniques covered include positioning patients, providing oxygen, glucose administration, abdominal thrusts, and performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES IN DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY.pptxzena bakr
The document discusses medical emergencies that may occur in dental and maxillofacial surgery and require immediate management. These emergencies include acute asthma attacks, airway obstruction, anaphylaxis, chest pain, cardiac arrest, adrenal crisis, hypoglycemia, seizures, syncope, and other causes of loss of consciousness such as postural hypotension and hyperventilation. For each emergency, the document outlines signs and symptoms and recommendations for management and treatment.
This document provides information on medical emergencies that may occur during dental procedures. It discusses the incidence of medical emergencies during dentistry, types of emergencies such as altered consciousness, cardiovascular, allergic reactions and respiratory issues. It also covers prevention, preparation and management of various emergencies like vasodepressor syncope, shock, anaphylaxis, hypertension, asthma, hyperventilation and airway obstruction. Management strategies for emergencies related to diabetes are also discussed.
- Medical emergencies can occur in dental clinics, often due to increased patient stress and anxiety.
- Emergencies are classified as urgencies, which require prompt response but are not immediately life-threatening, or emergencies, which are immediately life-threatening and require immediate action.
- Common types of dental emergencies include unconsciousness, seizures, respiratory issues like hyperventilation and asthma, cardiovascular issues like myocardial infarction, allergic reactions to drugs, hypoglycemia in diabetic patients, and adrenal insufficiency. The document outlines signs, symptoms and management procedures for each emergency.
Syncope, hypotension, hypoglycemia, seizures, respiratory emergencies, and cardiovascular emergencies are some of the most common medical emergencies that can occur during dental procedures. Prevention involves taking a thorough medical history and being vigilant for symptoms. It is important to be prepared by having basic life support equipment and being affiliated with definitive medical care. Management of unconsciousness or specific emergencies involves stabilizing the patient and treating the underlying cause.
The document discusses several potential medical emergencies that may occur in a dental practice setting, including:
1) Syncope, which is a sudden loss of consciousness caused by low blood pressure and can be triggered by stress, dehydration, or certain medications;
2) Respiratory distress from conditions like asthma, hyperventilation, or airway obstruction by a foreign body;
3) Altered mental status from low blood sugar in diabetics or other conditions affecting brain function;
4) Chest pain that could indicate a heart attack.
It provides guidance on prevention, recognition, and initial management of these emergencies until emergency medical services can arrive. Being prepared for medical crises is
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES IN DENTAL THEATER AND SOLUTION.Dr Naresh Sen
1) The document discusses various medical emergencies that may occur in a dental practice, including syncope, seizures, respiratory issues like asthma, cardiovascular issues like angina and myocardial infarction, allergic reactions, and drug-related issues.
2) It emphasizes the importance of prevention through thorough medical history collection, stress reduction techniques, and having emergency equipment available.
3) In the event of an emergency, the document outlines management steps like activating emergency response, providing oxygen, administering appropriate medications, and performing CPR if needed while waiting for additional medical help to arrive.
This document discusses several pediatric emergency cases seen by Dr. Altaf Ahmad Bhat including:
1. A 7-year-old with seizure disorder, fever, and fast breathing who went into status epilepticus.
2. A 5-year-old who had anaphylaxis after vaccination who presented with rash, breathing difficulty, and blue lips.
3. A 2-year-old with Down syndrome, CHD, cough, fast breathing, and fever who was lethargic and in respiratory failure.
4. An 8-year-old with asthma who had sudden onset cough and breathing difficulty in an asthma exacerbation.
5. A 15-month-old who choked
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency that starts when a seizure hits the 5-minute mark (or if there’s more than one seizure within 5 minutes).
Convulsive Status epilepticus-
The convulsive type is more common and more dangerous.
It involves tonic- clonic seizures (grand mal seizures)
In the tonic phase ( lasts less than 1 minute), body becomes stiff and person lose consciousness. Eyes roll back into head, muscles contract, back arches, and trouble breathing.
As the clonic phase starts, body spasms and jerks occur. Neck and limbs flex and relax rapidly but slow down over a few minutes.
Once the clonic phase ends, patient might stay unconscious for a few more minutes. This is the postictal period.Non-convulsive Status epilepticus-
Patient lose consciousness but is in an “epileptic twilight” state.
There might not able any shaking or seizing at all, so it can be very hard for someone observing patient to figure out what’s happening.
A non-convulsive seizure can turn into a convulsive episode.
Poorly controlled epilepsy
Low blood sugar
Stroke
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Encephalitis
HIV
Alcohol or drug abuse
Genetic diseases such as Fragile X syndrome and Angelman syndrome
Head injuries
This document outlines various pediatric emergencies including coma, shock, respiratory emergencies like croup and asthma, infections like meningitis, seizures, and other conditions. It provides assessments and management guidelines for these conditions, with specific details on vital signs, investigations, medications and criteria for admission or transfer to ICU.
This document provides information on periodontal treatment considerations for patients with medical complications. It discusses cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure. It also covers respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Other topics include endocrine diseases like diabetes mellitus and adrenal insufficiency. The document discusses hemorrhagic disorders and evaluates bleeding risk. It provides guidance on treatment modifications for various medical conditions.
This document discusses cysts of the orofacial region. It begins by defining cysts and classifying them as true cysts, which are lined by epithelium, or pseudocysts, which are not. The document further classifies cysts based on location and etiology, such as odontogenic versus non-odontogenic cysts. Pathogenesis involves initiation, formation, and enlargement of cysts. Clinical features and diagnosis using radiographs and aspiration are described. Biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Management involves complete removal while preserving structures; options include marsupialization, enucleation, and resection.
This document discusses stem cells and their applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It provides background on stem cell sources including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. It describes various dental stem cell sources and their potential uses in regenerative therapies. The document also covers the history of stem cell research from early concepts in the 1800s to current areas of focus like tissue engineering and stem cell banking.
This document provides information on various odontogenic tumors. It begins by defining odontogenic tumors as lesions of the jaw derived from tooth forming tissues. It discusses the cell origins and classification of these tumors. Under classification, both benign and malignant tumors are described. For benign tumors, they are classified based on the presence of odontogenic epithelium and/or ectomesenchyme, with or without hard tissue formation. Several specific benign tumor types are then described in more detail, including ameloblastoma, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, and ameloblastic fibroma. Radiographic features, histology, clinical presentation and treatment are provided for each tumor type.
This document discusses the history and types of flaps used in reconstructive surgery. It begins by defining a flap as a unit of tissue transferred from a donor site to a recipient site while maintaining its own blood supply. It then discusses the origins of flaps dating back to 600 BC and highlights some important developments over time, including the first use of forehead and cheek flaps for nasal reconstruction. The document outlines different ways flaps can be classified, such as by blood supply, location, tissue content, configuration, and transfer method. Specific flap types are defined, such as advancement, rotational, and interpolated flaps. Key considerations for flap design like tension lines and esthetic zones are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPDS). It begins with definitions of key terms like myofascial, pain, and dysfunction. It then discusses the history, incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, and management of MPDS. MPDS is a common temporomandibular disorder characterized by muscle pain and tenderness, often caused by stress or parafunctional habits that lead to muscle fatigue. Diagnosis involves identifying trigger points and signs like joint sounds and limited jaw movement. Management focuses on eliminating perpetuating factors, reducing muscle tension, and treating trigger points.
This document discusses sleep, sleep disorders, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It begins by describing normal sleep cycles and the differences between non-REM and REM sleep. It then explains what causes OSA, noting that airway collapse is usually due to high negative pressures in the pharynx combined with anatomical factors. The document outlines the signs and symptoms of OSA and risk factors like obesity, age, and gender. It discusses the diagnostic process for OSA including polysomnography, the gold standard test. Finally, it provides an overview of treatment options for OSA ranging from lifestyle changes and oral appliances to various surgical procedures.
Complications in oral and maxillofacial surgeryAsok Kumar
This document discusses several potential complications that can occur during and after oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. It notes that complications can happen even with experienced surgeons. It then provides more details on specific complications like fracture of teeth or roots during extraction, fracture of the alveolus, extraction of the wrong tooth, instrument breakage, root displacement into the maxillary sinus, and more. Prevention and management strategies are described for many of these potential complications.
This document provides information on cleft palate, including:
- Cleft palate is a congenital abnormality where there is a split in the soft and/or hard palate. It can occur unilaterally or bilaterally.
- The incidence varies by race and ethnicity, from 1 in 1,000 births in whites to 1 in 2,400-2,500 in people of African descent.
- Cleft palate can be caused by environmental factors like smoking or drugs during pregnancy, or genetic factors like certain genes. It can also be associated with syndromes.
- Surgical techniques for repair include the Von Langenbeck and Veau-Wardill-
This document discusses various airway management techniques used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins with a brief history of intubation and tracheostomy. It then covers anatomy of the airway and equipment used. The main techniques discussed include oral, nasal, submental, submandibular, retromolar, fiberoptic and retrograde intubation as well as tracheostomy. Each technique is explained in 1-2 sentences and indications, contraindications and complications are provided. The document concludes with references for further reading.
This document discusses aging and its effects on various body systems. It begins by defining key terms related to aging and theories that attempt to explain the aging process on a molecular, genetic, and systemic level. It then examines how aging impacts specific body systems including the cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous, renal, skin, bone, and wound healing capabilities. Factors like decreased function, vascularity, immune response and healing ability are discussed for each system. The document also reviews epidemiology, mechanisms and treatment considerations for fractures in the geriatric population.
Diagnosis and treatment planning in orthognathic surgeryAsok Kumar
This document provides an overview of orthognathic surgery. It begins by defining orthognathic surgery as the art and science of diagnosing, treatment planning, and surgically correcting musculoskeletal, dento-osseous, and soft tissue deformities of the jaws. It discusses the three broad options for correcting jaw discrepancies: growth modification, camouflage orthodontics, and orthognathic surgery. Key aspects like indications, goals, timing, steps of treatment, and analyses used in planning are described at a high level. The document provides concise yet comprehensive information on orthognathic surgery in under 3 sentences.
Artificial intelligence has various applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery including robotics, navigation surgery, virtual reality, and augmented reality. AI-based systems use machine learning and neural networks to aid in clinical decision making, diagnosis, treatment planning, and predicting outcomes. Recent advances in AI, virtual reality, augmented reality, and surgical navigation have improved precision and simplified complex procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, more data and training is still needed for AI to reach its full potential.
This document provides an overview of cleft lip, including:
- The history of cleft lip surgery from ancient China to modern techniques.
- Classification systems for cleft lip including Davis and Ritchie, Kernahan's stripped 'Y', and Veau's classification.
- The embryology of cleft lip formation from failure of fusion during facial development.
- Surgical anatomy of the orbicularis oris muscle and structures of the lip.
- Prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip using ultrasound is now possible as early as 16 weeks gestation.
This document provides an overview of tissue expanders in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It discusses the history and uses of tissue expansion, including how it allows for the enlargement of soft tissues to provide adequate closure of soft tissue defects. The document outlines the physiological changes that occur during tissue expansion, including changes to the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, blood vessels and other tissues. Complications and the capsule that forms around the expander are also discussed. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive review of tissue expanders, including their advantages in reconstructive procedures by generating additional tissues.
This document discusses cysts of the jaw, beginning with definitions and classifications. It describes Shear's classification system for cysts, as well as the WHO 1992 classification system, which categorizes cysts as epithelial, non-epithelial, odontogenic, non-odontogenic, and soft tissue cysts. The pathogenesis section explains the processes of cyst initiation, formation, and enlargement, which involves cell proliferation, increased fluid volume and pressure, and bone resorption. Signs and symptoms include pain, swelling, tooth displacement, and pathological bone changes visible on radiographs.
This document discusses hemorrhage (bleeding) and its management. It begins by defining hemorrhage and describing the body's natural hemostasis mechanism to stop bleeding. It then classifies hemorrhage based on source, vessel type, time, volume, speed and percentage of blood loss. Causes of hemorrhage and clinical features are outlined. General measures and various mechanical, thermal and pharmacological methods for achieving hemostasis are detailed. These include direct pressure, dressings, cautery, drugs like thrombin and coagulation factors.
This document discusses the preoperative process, which includes physical and psychological preparation of the patient before surgery. It outlines the steps to be followed, including taking a thorough medical history, conducting examinations and investigations to optimize the patient's condition and plan for risks. The principles of obtaining valid informed consent are also described. The preoperative orders, medications and preparations like nothing by mouth, shaving and catheterization are explained.
Tissue engineering aims to recreate healthy tissues to replace diseased or damaged ones. There are three basic steps: obtaining cells, putting them on a scaffold to incubate, and implanting the new tissue. Sources for periodontal tissue engineering include dental pulp stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, and dental follicle stem cells. Signaling molecules like growth factors are incorporated into scaffolds to facilitate their sustained release and support cell proliferation and differentiation. Scaffolds provide a structure for cell adhesion, migration, and production of extracellular matrix. Recent advances include antimicrobial and bioactive membranes, electrospun membranes, and platelet-rich fibrin membranes. Tissue engineering opens new possibilities for periodontal regeneration and restoration of oral function.
This document discusses therapeutics used in oral surgery, including antimicrobials, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. It describes various classes of antimicrobials like antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals, and how they are classified based on the type of organism they act upon and spectrum of activity. Analgesics discussed include NSAIDs and opioids. Anti-inflammatory drugs mentioned are corticosteroids. The document provides details on specific drugs under each class, their indications, properties, and considerations for administration in oral surgery.
This document discusses the osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP), a surgical procedure used to treat corneal blindness. It involves implanting an artificial cornea attached to a patient's tooth and bone. The OOKP provides the best option for restoring vision in severe corneal disease. The procedure is complex, involving both ophthalmological and oral surgeons. It has high success rates but also risks like infection. Lifelong follow up is required as it is a two-stage surgery. Overall, the OOKP offers a successful method of visual rehabilitation for corneal blindness.
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According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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3. Introduction
A serious and unexpected situation requiring an immediate
action.
It is an unforeseen combination of circumstances or the
resulting state that calls for an immediate action.
4. Types of emergencies
UNCONSIOUSNESS
I. Vasodepressor Syncope
II. Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
III. Postural/Orthostatic Hypotension
IV. Hypoglycemia
SEIZURES
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
I. Airway obstruction
II. Asthma
III. Hyper ventilation
5. CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES
I. Angina pectoris
II. Myocardial infarction
III. Cardiac arrest
DRUG-RELATED EMERGENCIES
I. Overdose reactions
II. Allergy
NEEDLE STICK INJURY
Types of emergencies
6.
7. Prevention
Goals:
Comprehensive medical history
Physical examination and Prompt recognition of symptoms of an
emergency
Basic life support
Affiliation to definitive medical care
Vigilant observation
8. COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL HISTORY
Thorough questionnaire
Past medical history
Familial disease history
Psychological/ social status
Diet
9. ASA PHYSICAL STATUS CLASSIFICATION
(1962)
ASA I: Healthy patient with no systemic disease.
ASA II: Patient with mild systemic disease with no limits on activity.
ASA III: Patient with severe systemic disease that limits activity. But it is not
incapacitating.
ASA IV: Patient with incapacitating systemic disease that is constant threat to life.
ASA V: A Moribund patient not expected to survive more than 24 hours .
ASA 6 : Declared brain dead patient whose organ may be removed for donor purpose.
ASA E: Emergency of any kind.
10. Preparation
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Primary response to all emergencies.
CAB-D (Circulation > Airway > Breathing, > Defibrillate)
19. Syncope
Syncope is an abrupt transient loss of consciousness associated with inability to maintain
postural tone. The episode is usually due to hypoperfusion to the cerebral cortex and the
cerebral reticular activating system.
20.
21. Phases of Synope
Pre-syncope
• Feeling of warmness
over face and neck
• Paleness
• Sweating.
• Feels cold.
• Abdominal discomfort.
• Dizziness.
• Mydriasis (Pupillary
dilatation.)
• Yawning.
• Increased heart rate.
• Steady or slight decrease
in blood pressure
Syncope
• Patient loses
consciousness.
• Generalized muscle
relaxation.
• Bradycardia (Weak
thready pulse.)
• Seizure (Twitching of
hands, legs, and face.)
• Eyes open (Out and up
gaze.)
• Airway obstruction
Post-syncope
• Variable period on
mental confusion.
• Heart rate increases
(Strong rate and
rhythm.)
• Blood pressure back to
normal levels.
23. Postural or orthostatic hypotension
Postural or orthostatic hypotension is a disorder of autonomic
nervous system in which syncope occurs when patient
assumes an upright position.
Only BP get reduced.
24. Etiology
Administration of drugs e.g. Antihypertensives, sedatives and narcotics histamine
blockers, levo dopa
Prolonged period of recumbency or convalescence
Late stage pregnancy
Advanced age
Venous defects in legs (e.g. varicose veins)
Addisson’s disease
Physical exhaustion and starvation
Chronic postural hypotension (Shy – Drager syndrome)
28. Acute adrenal insufficiency
Potentially life - threatening situation that may result in the loss of
consciousness due to adrenal insufficiency secondary to exogenous
cortico steroid administration
PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
Lack of glucocorticosteroid hormones
Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
Temporary insufficiency resulting from cortical suppression through
prolonged exogenous glucocorticosteroid administration (secondary
insufficiency).
Bilateral adrenalectomy
Injury to the both adrenal glands (trauma, infection, thrombosis, or
tumor)
29. Clinical features
Adrenocorticol suppression should be considered if the patient had a glucocorticoid therapy :
In a dose of 20 mg or more of cortisone or its equivalent
Via oral or parenteral route for a continuous period of two weeks or longer
Within 2 years of dental therapy
30.
31.
32. Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is a common emergency condition in which low serum (or
plasma)glucose levels due to overdosage of insulin, hypoglycemic drugs etc
33. Dental consideration
Appointments should be of short duration and early in morning
Prior Antibiotic coverage to prevent infection
Procedures can be carried out immediately after a meal.
Glucose drink should be available in clinic while treating diabetic patient
34. Management
Glucose and sugar-containing beverages administered orally to
Conscious patients for rapid effect.
Alternatively, milk candy bars, fruit, cheese, etc may be adequate in
mild cases.
IV dextrose is indicated for severe hypoglycemia, in patients with
Altered consciousness and during any restriction of oral intake.
20-25 ml of 50% dextrose should be given immediately.
Glucagon, 1mg IM. (Or SC.)
35. Seizures
“A paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by a short attack involving changes
in the state of consciousness, motor activity, or sensory phenomena”
EPILEPSY: “A chronic disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing
seizures
36.
37. Prevention
If a patient is known epileptic, make sure he/she has taken their regular dose of anti-
convulsant on the day of treatment.
Instruct him/her to alert you as the aura of the impending seizure manifests itself.
Keep life support equipments ready, in case of an emergency status epilepticus.
38. Management
Self limiting emergency
Position: supine with patient placed on flat surfaces.
Remove dangerous objects from the mouth and around the
patient.(ex. sharp instruments, needles, etc.)
Loosen any tight clothing.
Avoid restraining the patient.
I. Diazepam – 10 mg IV, (2mg/min) repeat every 10 minutes.
II. Phenobarbitone – 100-200 mg/min, i.v.
III. Carbamazepine
IV. Phenytoin
40. Hyperventilation
Excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of
carbon dioxide from the blood primarily predisposed to stress and
anxiety.
Characterized by:
Rapid short strained breaths
Cold sweats
Palpitations
Dizziness
Chest muscle fatigue
41.
42. Prevention
Exhaled air is inhaled-in again using a paper bag.
Done in order to “rebreathe” your exhaled CO2 to bring the body back to a normal state.
Reduce patient’s stress and anxiousness.
The operator should stay calm and also make the patient be relaxed.
MANAGEMENT
Administration of Benzodiazepenes:
Diazepam (2-5 mg IM./IV. every 3-4 hourly)
Lorazepam (2-3 mg oral per day, BD/TD)
Triazolam (0.25 – 0.5 mg)
Alprazolam (0.25 – 0.5 mg oral TD)
43. Bronchial asthma
“A chronic inflammatory disorder that is characterized by reversible
obstruction of the airways
Predisposing factors
Extrinsic or allergic asthma
Airborne allergens – house dust, feathers, animal dander, furniture
stuffing, fungal spores, or plant pollens.
Food and drugs – shellfish, penicillins, vaccines , asprin, and sulfites.
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction – Ig e antibodies produced in response
to allergen
44. Intrinsic or idiosyncratic or non-atopic asthma
Non allergic factors – respiratory infection, physical exertion, environmental and air pollution, and occupational stimuli.
Psychological and physiologic stress can also contribute to asthmatic episodes.
Acute episodes are usually more fulminant and severe than those of extrinsic asthma. Long-term prognosis also less
optimistic
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
Feeling of chest congestion
Cough, with or without sputum production
Wheezing
Dyspnea
Increased anxiety and apprehension
Tachypnea (>20 - >40 in severe cases)
Rise in B.P
Increase in heart rate (>120 bpm in severe cases)
46. Airway Obstruction
During surgical procedures ,Aspiration of foreign body into air way would cause severe airway obstruction
Occurs more common in patient positioned in a supine or semi supine position with absence of gag reflex
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Coughing,
Inability to speak, breathe
Gurgling,
Gagging to choking
Gasping with panic.
Absent or altered voice sounds
Aspired object may pass into the trachea or the oesophagus
51. Angina pectoris
A condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, owing to an indequate blood supply to the
heart.”
TYPES:
Stable
Variant
Unstable
PRECIPITATING FACTORS:
Sternuvous exercise
Hot, humid environment
Cold whether
Heavy meals
Emotional stress
Cigarette smoking
Smog
High altitudes
52.
53. Management
Medical management includes: Nitrates ,Betablockers, Calcium channel
blockers,Psychological stress management and Reassurance
54. Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome caused by deficient coronary arterial blood supply resulting in
ischaemia to a region of the myocardium and causing cellular death and necrosis.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
Coronary thrombosis, occlusion and spasm
Males
5th and 6th decades of life
Stress
55. Dental considerations
It is strongly recommended that elective dental care is avoided until at least 6months
after MI
Avoid overstressing the patient
Supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula or nasal hood during the treatment – 3-5L/min
and 5 – 7 L/min
Pain control during therapy – appropriate use of local anesthesia – smaller dose with
maximum effect – slow administration
Psychosedation – N2O – O2 is preferable
Inferior alveolar NB and Posterior superior alveolar NB – risk of hemorrhage – should
be avoided
60. Drug overdose
In a dental practice, commonest overdosage>>LA
Predisposing factors for over dosage:
Patient age/body weight
Route of administration
Presence of vasoconstrictor
Type of local anaesthetic
62. Management
Administer basic life support
Administer Oxygen at 10-15L/minute.
Anticonvulsants, (Midazolam) 2mg, then 1mg.
Allow recovery to occur
Summon EMS, in case of continuation of symptoms,
Intravenous bolus of 1-1.5 ml/kg of 20% ILE solution administered
over one minute. 12.5 ml/kg of 20% ILE over 24 hours in
adults
63. Allergy
• “A hypersensitive state of skin and various mucosa acquired through exposure to a particular
allergen, re exposure to which produces a heightened emergent capacity to react”
• Occurs via expression of IgE in response to Allergen.
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Pallor, Syncope, Palpitations,
Tachycardia, Hypotension, Arrythmias, And Convulsions.
Respiratory Symptoms Include; Sneezing, Cough, Wheezing,
Tightness In Chest, Bronchospasm, Laryngospasm.
Skin Is Warm And Flushed With Itching, Urticaria, And
Angioedema.
Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal Cramps.
64. Management
General Treatment
Maintain airway, administer oxygen
Monitor vital signs.
Mild Reactions
Benadryl 50-100mg or Cholpheniramine maleate 4-12 mg IV, or IM.
Identify and remove allergen.
Severe Reactions
Epinephrine is drug of choice. Usually prepackaged 1:1,000 in 1mg
If IV in place titrate 1:1,000 solution to effect.
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-cortef) 100-500mg IV or IM. Dexamethasone (Decadron) 4-12mg IV or IM.
65. Needle stick injury
Injury made with any sharp instrument.
Encountered more commonly by the practitioner.
HISTORY
Details of incident – time, date, place
Details of injury – location on body, superficial or deep
Source (the person who used the needle) known or unknown?
What kind of needle/syringe?
What, if any, first-aid has been provided?
Was there visible blood on/in the needle/syringe?
Immunisation history (specifically tetanus and hepatitis B)
INVESTIGATIONS
Routine for Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.
66.
67. Conclusion
Prompt recognition and efficient management of medical emergencies by a well-prepared
dental team can increase the likelihood of a satisfactory outcome.
The basic algorithm for managing medical emergencies is designed to ensure that the
patient‟s brain receives a constant supply of blood containing oxygen.