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Mammals
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- 2. 2 Class Mammalia •Includes 4000species •Most dominant land animals on earth. •Two identifying characteristics: •Hair/fur •Mammary glands which produce milk
- 3. Characteristics of Mammals • Endothermic •Well-developed brains 3
- 4. Characteristics of Mammals •Heart has 4 chambers • Diaphragm (muscle) aids in breathing 4
- 5. Characteristics • Mammals havesingle lower jaw • Most species have 4 different types of teeth: Incisors, canines, cuspids, and bicuspids • Various types of teeth for different diets 5
- 6. Characteristics • Mostly viviparous(live birth) • Females secrete milk from mammary glands to feed newborn young. 6
- 7. Distinguishing Features Two featuresdistinguish them from other invertebrates: hair and production of milk. 7
- 8. Order Monotremata • Oviparousor egg laying mammals • Only 3 in existence • Duck-billed platypus and two species of spiny anteaters called echidna. • Not completely endothermic (their body temperature is lower and fluctuates more than other mammals) • Mammae without nipples • Edentulous as adults • Limbs modified for swimming or digging • Australia and New Guinea 9
- 9. Duck-Billed Platypus •Greek platysmeaning broad and pous meaning foot •Several reptilian characteristics: same opening for reproduction and eliminating waste products, the ability to lay eggs •The world's only venomous furred animal – Spur on hind foot – Females loose after one year •Bill contains an electro-receptor system 10
- 10. Echidna (Spiny Anteater) •"Echidna" derives from the Latin word for "viper” – Tongue protrudes like a snake • Nocturnal • Terrestrial and burrowing • Females normally lay only one egg 11
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- 12. Infraclass MetatheriaInfraclass Metatheria (Marsupials)(Marsupials) •Old classification placed all marsupials in a single order • More recent classifications have recognized the diversity and radiation of Marsupials • Marsupials now separated into seven orders • Range, North America, Central America, South America, Australia, New Guinea, adjacent islands 13
- 13. 250 species ofmarsupial species exist in Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, And the Americas• . 15 Tasmanian Devil
- 14. Marsupials • Give birthto tiny immature young that crawl to a pouch on the mothers belly immediately after they are born. – Marsupium- Fold of skin protecting nipples 16
- 15. They attach themselves to milksecreting nipples nursing until they are mature enough to survive outside the pouch. 17
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- 20. Order DasyuromorphiaOrder Dasyuromorphia •Thylacine • Numbat 22 Dasyure
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- 22. Order Notoryctemorphia-Order Notoryctemorphia- MarsupialMolesMarsupial Moles 24
- 23. Order DiprotodontiaOrder Diprotodontia WombatsKangaroos 25
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- 25. Characteristics of Placentals• 95%of all mammals • Carry unborn young in the uterus until young can survive in the wild. • Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from mother’s blood to baby’s blood 27
- 26. Placental Characteristics • Theplacenta is a membrane providing nutrients and waste & gas exchange between the mother and developing young • Gestation period-is the time which mammals develop in mother’s uterus 28
- 27. Mammals are adiverse group living on land and in water. Some mammals can fly! 29 Malaysian Fruit Bat
- 28. Order Insectivora • Consistsof 400 species • Includes shrews and moles 30 Mole Shrew
- 29. Order Insectivora • Smallanimals with high metabolic rate and found in North America, Europe, and Asia. • Most have long pointed noses that enable them to grub for insects, worms, and invertebrates. • Live on ground, trees, in water, and underground. 31
- 30. Order Rodentia • Largestmammalian order having over 2,400 species. • On every continent except for Antarctica • Includes squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, rats, and porcupines. 32 Chipmunk
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- 32. Only two incisorsin each jaw, grow as long as rodent lives, and used for gnawing 34
- 33. Order Lagomorpha • Includesrabbits, hares, and small mountain mammals called pikas. • Found worldwide • Warrens- families of rabbits 35 Pika Hare
- 34. Rabbits vs. Hares •Rabbits are smaller and slower • Shorter ears and hind legs with smaller feet • Solid colored fur • A young rabbit is a bunny • Hares are generally larger and faster • Hares have longer ears, longer hind legs, and larger feet • Hares have black markings on their fur • A young hare is called a leveret 36
- 35. Order Lagomorpha Double rowof incisors, large front teeth backed with two smaller ones, adaptation for herbivorous diet. 37
- 36. Order Edentata/Xenarthra • Madeup of 30 living species including anteaters, armadillos, and sloths. • The name edentate means “without teeth” • Those with teeth have single root with teeth and no enamel 38
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- 38. Edentates have adaptationsfor insectivorous diets, including a long, sticky tongue and clawed front paws 40 Anteater feeding at a Termite mound
- 39. Sloths, on theother hand have continuously growing teeth as an adaptation for grinding plants 41
- 40. Chiroptera • Made upof over 900 species of bats • Live throughout the world except in polar environments 42
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- 42. • A bat’swing is modified front limb which skin membrane between extremely long finger bones • Bats use thumbs for climbing, walking, or grasping 43
- 43. Order Chiroptera • Mostbats are active at night and have a special way to navigate using echolocation (bouncing off high-frequency sound waves) • Frequency of returning sound waves with the size, distance, and rate of movement of different objects 44
- 44. Order Chiroptera • Batsthat use echolocation have small eyes and large ears. • Feed on insects and have teeth specialized for such diets 45
- 45. • Some feedon fruit and flower nectar and do not use echolocation. • These bats are sometimes called flying foxes, have large eyes and keen sense of smell. 46
- 46. Orders Cetacea andSirenia • 90 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises are distributed worldwide. • Cetaceans have fishlike bodies with forelimbs modified as flippers. 47
- 47. • Cetaceans dividedinto two groups which are toothed whales and baleen whales. • Toothed whales include beaked whales, sperm whales, beluga whales, narwhals, killer whales, dolphins and porpoises. • Blue whales largest animal in world ~ 100 tons 48
- 48. • Have over100 teeth • Prey on fish, squid, seals and whales 49
- 49. • Baleen whaleslack teeth • Baleen-thin plates of finger like material for filtering food from water • Shrimp and other small invertebrates are the prey of the baleen whales. 50
- 50. The Order Sireniais made up of four species of manatees and dugongs. 51
- 51. • Front limbsare flippers for swimming • Sirenians lack hind legs but have flattened tails. 52
- 52. Order Carnivora • 250living species in carnivoria are distributed worldwide • Most of the species mainly eat meat, which explains the name. • About 34 species: Canids, felids, bears, raccoons, minks, sea lions, seals, walruses, and otters 53
- 53. Some members ofthis order such as bears feed extensively on plant material as well as meat, so they are called omnivores. Carnivores generally have long canine teeth, strong jaws, clawed toes. Highly developed sense of smell and a large braincase 54
- 54. Suborder Pinnipedia • Pinnipediaare water dwelling carnivores and have streamlined bodies • Sea lions (ear flaps), seals (no ear flaps) and walruses (elongated canines) 55
- 55. Orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla •Ungulates-hoofed mammals • These two classes are herbivores. – Mostly grazers/browsers • Ruminants- four chambered stomach • The first three chambers are for storage (rumen), use cellulase (digestive enzyme) to aid in breakdown of cellulose – “Chewing the cud” • Regurgitate, chew again, and undergoes double digestion. 56
- 56. Order Artiodactyla - Ungulateswith an even amount of toes - Pigs, hippos, camels, antelope, deer, sheep, giraffes, cattle 57
- 57. Order Perissodactyla - Ungulateswith an odd number of toes - Horses, rhins, zebras, and tapirs 58
- 58. Order Proboscidea • Characterizedby a boneless nose or proboscis • Elephants are the largest land dwellers alive today, weighing more than 6 tons. – African (largest land mammal) and Indian/Asian species 59
- 59. It has modifiedincisors, called tusks, for digging up roots and stripping bark from branches. 60
- 60. Order Primates • 200living species of primates classified as prosimians. • Including lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, gibbons, and great apes 61
- 61. • Omnivorous diets •Unspecialized teeth • Grasping digits with free-moving limbs • Finger and toenails • A complex brain has enabled anthropoids to develop behaviors and to live in highly organized social groups. – Ex: Troop- chimpanzee groups 62
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