The document discusses the classification and characteristics of mammals (Mammalia), highlighting three subclasses: Prototheria (e.g., echidna, platypus), Metatheria (pouched mammals like kangaroos), and Eutheria (placental mammals). It details various orders within Eutheria, including insectivores, primates, carnivores, and rodents, describing their habitats, diets, and adaptations. Each order is exemplified with specific animals, illustrating the diversity and unique traits of mammals.

1. DIGITAL ALBUM MAKING
ANU VARGHESE
NATURAL SCIENCE
MOUNT TABOR TRAINING COLLEGE,
PATHANAPURAM.

2. MAMMALIA
Mammals are warm blooded animals who give birth to their
younger ones.
They are the most dominant forms of animals found in almost all
types of habitats.
They have mammary glands that help them produce milk to feed
their younger ones.
Body is covered with hairs.
Forelimbs are adapted mainly for locomotion
Circulatory system is four chambered heart
Excretory system with metanephron kidney and ureters that
usually open into the bladder.
Respiratory system consist of a pair of lungs with alveoli
Internal fertilization and young one is nourished by milk from
mammary glands.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF
MAMMALIA
SUBCLASS PROTOTHERIA

4. Subclass Prototheria are called unfinished mammals.
It show the characteristics of both mammals and reptiles
Referred as living fossil
Examples: ECHIDNA AND ORNITHORYNCHUS
Echidna is commonly called as Australian spiny anteater
Ornithorynchus is commonly called as Duck billed platypus
SUBCLASS METATHERIA

5. Metatheria consist of pouched mammals
Low grade organization than true mammals
Body temperature is between 32- 36 degree
Young one is formed after short period of gestation
Example: Macropus (Kangaroo)
Marcopus are mostly found in Australian grassy plain
They are the largest living marsupials
SUBCLASS EUTHERIA

6. Eutheria are called placental mammals
They are the higher group of mammals
Eutheria was named in 1872 by Theodore Gill in 1880
Subclass eutheria is divided into 16 orders. They are:
Order Insectivora
Order Chiroptera
Order Primates
Order Carnivora
Order Xenarthra
Order Pholidota
Order Proboscidea
Order Perissodactyla
Order Artiodactyla
Order Hydracoidea
Order Sirenea
Order Rodentia
Order Tubulidentata
Order Cetaceae
Order Lagomorpha
ORDER: INSECTIVORA

7. Insectivores are insect eating mammals
They are small, sharp- snouted animals
All are nocturnal
Example: Talpa
Talpa is commonly called as short tailed mole
They are mainly found in Asia and Europe
They live in burrows
Eyes are rudimentary and tail is short with no hairs

8. ORDER: DERMOPTERA
Members are commonly known as flying lemur
It is a primitive eutherian showing resemblances to insectivores,
chiropterans and primates
Example: Galeopithecus
They are found in the tropical forests of Phillipines
They are herbivorous mostly feed on leaves and fruits
ORDER: CHIROPTERA

9. They are flying mammals with forelimb modified into wings
They are mostly nocturnal
They have the power of echo location
Example: Pteropus
They are also known as fruit eating bat
Body is covered with brown fur
Eyes are small and tail is absent
It is frugivorous
Forelimbs are modified for flight
ORDER: PRIMATES

10. Body is covered with hairs except on face, palm and sol
Well developed brain with large cerebral hemispheres
They are omnivorous and are mostly arboreal
Example: Loris
They are commonly called slender loris
It is small, tailless, nocturnal primate with soft and dense fur
They are shy animal
It has a large eye and thin rounded ears
ORDER: CARNIVORA

11. The carnivores are mostly animals of medium sized which feed
on other animals, bird, insects, fish but some of them also eat
berries, juicy roots and other vegetables.
They have their main area of distribution in the Tropics
Example: Panthera
Large body with sharp eye sight
They are carnivorous
They have sharp claws and teeth
ORDER: XANARTHRA

12. They are ant eaters and sloth
They have false teeth
They have long protrusible tongue
Example: Armadillo
The most important feature is the exoskeleton of bony plates
covered by horny epidermal scales
It is nocturnal, fossorial and omnivorous.
When threatened it can roll its body
ORDER: PHOLIDOTA

13. Pholidota are found in Africa and Central Asia
They consists of scaly anteater
The snout is elongated and teeth are absent
Tongue is long, sticky and protrusible
Ears are reduced, limbs are short and carry five digits
Example: Manis
They are commonly called scaly anteater
Burrowing and are terrestrial
Long sticky tongue present
Heavy claws for digging into ant and termite galleries
ORDER: PROBOSCIDEA

14. Mammals with proboscis such as elephant are included in this
order
They are the largest terrestrial animals
They possess long tusks either on both jaws, molar teeth is well
developed
The skull is large and massive
They are herbivorous
Example: Elephas
African elephants are large and Indian elephants are small
More gestation period of about 22 months
Life span is about 150 years
They are herbivorous in diet and gregarious in habit.

15. ORDER: PERISSODACTYLA
They are odd- toed hoofed mammals
Most animals in this group have three toes
The mode of progression is unguligrade
They have no horns on the head
Example: Rhinoceros
The large stout body with thick powerful legs.
Mouth and eyes are small
Hearing is good and tail has a little tuft of hairs at the tip
Horns are made of caratin

16. ORDER: ARTIODACTYLA
Even toed hoofed mammals
They are herbivorous
Complex stomach and are chambered
Example: Camelus
They are known as the ship of the desert
The humps form an important reserve for food
Gestation period is 11- 13 months
Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with sealed nostrils form
a barrier against sand
ORDER: HYDRACOIDEA

17. The group of small mammals contain only one well marked
genus which is usually named Hyrax
It is a small rabbit like animal
Split snout, reduced tail and ears present
They are terrestrial
Example: Procavia
It is a small animal that look like guinea pig
Pinnae and tail are reduced
They are terrestrial, herbivorous and have a split snout
The fur is thick and grey brown colour
ORDER: SIRENIA

18. They are commonly called as Sea Cow
Their body is large, clumsy and streamlined
They are aquatic and are herbivorous
Forelimbs are modified as paddle like
Nostrils are present and no external ear
Example: Dugong
The dugong have a slightly forked tail fluke and even less hair
There are two incisor teeth in upper jaw which grow into small
tusks in male
They are herbivorous
Heavy body with fish like tail
ORDER: RODENTIA

19. Rodents are gnawing mammals which include squirrels, rats,
mice, guinea pigs, porcupines and beavers
Canines are absent, molar and premolars are present
The space between incisors and premolar is called diastema
Example: Hystrix (Porcupine)
Porcupines have a very large and characteristics quills on the
back which can be erected by powerful skin muscles
They live almost alone
Mainly feed on plants, roots, fruits and bark
Spines are sharp and pointed
ORDER: TUBULIDENTATA

20. They have a pig like appearance
Skin is very thick and covered with sparse hairs
Mouth is tubular with slender, protrusible sticky tongue
Toes bear heavy claws
Example: Orycteropus
It is a medium sized, burrowing and nocturnal mammals
Limbs are of moderate length
They are nouturnal
Mouth is small and tubular that feeds on termites
They spend their daylight hours in dark to avoid heat of the day
ORDER: CETACEA

21. Mammals adapted for the existence in water and distinguished
by the fish like and streamlined body
The whole surface of the body is covered with a thick coating of
fat called blubber
Olfactory lobes are absent
Example: Dolphinus
They found abound in the sea of Northern Hemisphere and Bay
of Bengal
They have well developed brain and have blubber
Forelimbs and tails are modified for swimming
ORDER: LAGOMORPHA

22. It is similar to rodents
Tail is short and bushy
Body is covered with hairs
They are gregarious and live in colonies
They are herbivorous
Example: Rabbit
Rabbits are cosmopolitan in distribution, usually found in fields,
grasslands, open woodlands and live in burrows
The skin is thick and covered with hairs
It play an important part in terrestrial food chain

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