Occipito-posterior position occurs when the fetal back is directed posteriorly during labor. It can lead to an abnormal labor mechanism in about 10% of cases if the occiput does not rotate anteriorly. Management involves allowing time for rotation to occur spontaneously during the second stage of labor and using techniques like vacuum extraction, manual rotation, or forceps if needed to assist delivery. Cesarean section may be required if these methods fail or other indications are present.
Fetal malpositioning & malpresentation can pose a serious threat to maternal & fetal well being. The document discusses the risks, complication, and management of some of the common malpresentation & malpositioning.
Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Fetal malpositioning & malpresentation can pose a serious threat to maternal & fetal well being. The document discusses the risks, complication, and management of some of the common malpresentation & malpositioning.
Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
“Difficulty encountered in the delivery of the fetal shoulders after delivery of the head.”
Shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable obstetric complication with the incidence of 0.15% to 2%.
An increase in the incidence of shoulder dystocia has been recorded over the last 20 years. Incidence appears to be increasing as birth weights increase.
this is the first part of my FACE PRESENTATION.this ppt contains all the required content for a face presentation and mechanism of labour in face presntation and also for diagnosis i uploaded another ppt. the main objective of my ppt is the viewers shouldn't get bored of what we say this is simplified yet professional .. have a look at it and enjoy, thank you.
Placental abruption is premature separation of placenta from the uterus/ in other words separates before childbirth.
It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure
“Difficulty encountered in the delivery of the fetal shoulders after delivery of the head.”
Shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable obstetric complication with the incidence of 0.15% to 2%.
An increase in the incidence of shoulder dystocia has been recorded over the last 20 years. Incidence appears to be increasing as birth weights increase.
this is the first part of my FACE PRESENTATION.this ppt contains all the required content for a face presentation and mechanism of labour in face presntation and also for diagnosis i uploaded another ppt. the main objective of my ppt is the viewers shouldn't get bored of what we say this is simplified yet professional .. have a look at it and enjoy, thank you.
Placental abruption is premature separation of placenta from the uterus/ in other words separates before childbirth.
It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure
BREECH PRESENTATION obstetrics and gynacology mbbs final yearsarath267362
BREECH PRESENTATION obstetrics and gynacology mbbs final year
presentation , pregnancy
final year mbbs
normal labor
breech labor complications
management
BREECH
tdmc kerala
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. • Left and right occipito-anterior are the only
normal presentations and positions.
Malposition: occipito-posterior.
Malpresentations: anything except vertex as
face, brow, breech, shoulder, cord and
complex presentations.
3. Causes of Malpresentations
and Malpositions
1.Defects in the powers:
> Pendulous abdomen: laxity of the abdominal
muscles.
> Dextro-rotation of the uterus: rotation of the
uterus in anti-clock wise favours occipito-
posterior in right occipito-anterior position.
4. Causes of Malpresentations
and Malpositions
2. Defects in the passages:
> Contracted pelvis.
> Android pelvis.
> Pelvic tumours.
> Uterine anomalies as bicornuate, septate
or fibroid uterus.
> Placenta praevia.
5. Causes of Malpresentations &Malpositions
• 3.Defects in the passenger:
> Preterm foetus.
>Intrauterine foetal death.
> Macrosomia.
> Multiple pregnancy.
> Congenital anomalies as anencephaly and
hydrocephalus.
> Polyhydramnios.
> Coils of the cord around the neck favours face
presentation.
6. Signs Suggestive of
Malpresentations
>Pendulous abdomen.
> Nonengagement of the presenting part in the
last 3-4 weeks in primigravida.
> Premature rupture of membranes or its
rupture early in labour.
> Delay in the descent of the presenting part
during labour.
> Vaginal examination, X-ray or ultrasonography
are more conclusive.
7. Complications
>Premature rupture of membranes or its rupture early in
labour.
> Cord presentation and prolapse.
> Prolonged labour due to hypotonic or hypertonic inertia.
>Obstructed labour with higher incidence of rupture uterus.
> Increased incidence of instrumental and operative delivery.
>Increased incidence of trauma to the genital tract.
>Increased incidence of postpartum haemorrhage and
puerperal infection.
>Increased incidence of perinatal mortality.
9. OCCIPITO-POSTERIOR POSITION
• Right occipito-posterior (ROP) is more
common than left occipito-posterior (LOP)
because:
> The left oblique diameter is reduced by the
presence of sigmoid colon.
>The right oblique diameter is slightly longer
than the left one.
> Dextro-rotation of the uterus favours occipito-
posterior in right occipito-anterior position.
10. Aetiology
> The shape of the pelvis: anthropoid and
android pelvises are the most common cause
of occipito-posterior due to narrow fore-
pelvis.
>Maternal kyphosis: The convexity of the foetal
back fits with the concavity of the lumbar
kyphosis.
> Anterior insertion of the placenta: the foetus
usually faces the placenta (doubtful).
11. Aetiology
>Other causes of malpresentations: as
a. placenta praevia,
b. pelvic tumours,
c. pendulous abdomen,
d. polyhydramnios,
e. multiple pregnancy.
12. Diagnosis
During
pregnancy
Inspection:
>The abdomen looks flattened below the
umbilicus due to absence of round contour
of the foetal back.
>A groove may be seen below the
umbilicus corresponding to the neck.
>Foetal movement may be detected near
the middle line.
13. Diagnosis
• Palpation:
>Fundal grip:The breech is felt as a soft,
bulky, irregular non-ballotable mass.
>Umbilical grip:
a. The back felt with difficulty in the flank
away from the middle line.
b.The anterior shoulder is at least 3 inches from
the middle line.
c.The limbs are easily felt near, or on both sides,
of the middle line.
14. Diagnos
is
> First pelvic grip:
a.The head is usually not engaged due to
deflexion.
b.The head is felt smaller and escapes easily
from the palpating fingers as they catch the
bitemporal diameter instead of the biparietal
diameter in occipito-anterior.
> Second pelvic grip: The head is usually
deflexed.
15. Auscultati
on
>FHS are heard in the flank away from the
middle line.
> In major degree of deflexion, the FHS may be
heard in middle line.
16. During labour
• In addition to the previous findings vaginal
examination reveals:
* The direction of the occiput.
* The degree of deflexion.
17. Mechanism of Labour
A certain degree of deflexion is present due to:
• > Opposition of the two convexities of the
foetal and maternal spines prevents flexion
and promotes deflexion.
• >The longer biparietal diameter (9.5cm)
enters the narrow sacro-cotyloid diameter
(9cm) while the shorter bitemporal diameter
(8cm) enters the longer oblique diameter
(12cm).
18. Mechanism of Labour
• As a result of deflexion, the occipito-frontal
diameter 11.5 cm enters the pelvis leading to
delayed engagement.
• Taking in consideration the rule that the part
of the foetus that meets the pelvic floor first
will rotate anteriorly, the degree of deflexion
determines the mechanism of labour as
follow:
19. During labour
Normal mechanism (90%)
• Deflexion is corrected and complete flexion
occurs. The occiput meets the pelvic floor
first, long anterior rotation 3/8 circle occurs
bringing the occiput anteriorly and the foetus
is delivered normally.
20. During labour
• Abnormal mechanism (10%)
• >a.Deep transverse arrest (1%): In mild deflexion,
the occiput rotates 1/8 circle anteriorly and the
head is arrested in the transverse diameter.
• > b.Persistent occipito-posterior (3%):In
moderate deflexion, the occiput and sinciput
meet the pelvic floor simultaneously, no internal
rotation and the head persists in the oblique
diameter.
21. • >c.Direct occipito-posterior (face to bubis) (6%):
1.In marked deflexion, the sinciput meets the pelvic floor
first, rotates 1/8 circle anteriorly and the occiput
becomes direct posterior.
2. In deep transverse arrest and persistent occipito-
posterior no further progress occurs and labour is
obstructed as the head cannot be delivered
spontaneously.
3. In direct occipito-posterior, the head can be delivered
by flexion supposing that the uterine contractions are
strong and there is no contracted pelvis. However,
perineal lacerations are more liable to occur as:
*the vulva is distended by the large occipito-frontal
diameter 11.5 cm,
* the perineum is overstretched by the large occiput.
22. Factors favour long anterior
rotation
> Well flexed head
> Good uterine contractions.
> Roomy pelvis.
> Good pelvic floor.
> No premature rupture of membranes.
23. Causes of failure of long
anterior rotation
> Deflexed head.
> Uterine inertia.
>Contracted pelvis: rotation of the head cannot
easily occur in android pelvis due to
projection of the ischial spines and
convergence of the side walls.
>Lax or rigid pelvic floor.
>Premature rupture of membranes or its
rupture early in labour.
24. Management of Labour
• First stage
> Exclude contracted pelvis.
> Exclude presentation or prolapse of the cord.
> Inertia and prolonged labour are expected so
oxytocin may be indicated unless there is
contraindication.
> Contractions are sustained, irregular and
accompanied
analgesia as
by marked backache which needs
pethidine or epidural analgesia.
25. Management of Labour
• First stage
> Avoid premature rupture of membranes by:-
• rest in bed,
• no straining,
• avoid high enema,
• minimise vaginal examinations.
> The other management and observations as in
normal labour.
26. Second stage
Wait for 60-90 minutes.
a.During this period:
> Observe the mother and foetus carefully.
>Combat inertia by oxytocin unless it is contraindicated.
b. Contraindications of oxytocins:
> Disproportion.
> Incoordinate uterine action.
>Uterine scar e.g. previous C.S, hysterotomy,
myomectomy, metroplasty or previous perforation.
> Grand multipara.
> Foetal distress.
27. Second stage
c. One of the following will occur:
> Long internal rotation 3/8 circle: occurs in about
90% of cases and delivery is completed as in
normal labour.
>Direct occipito-posterior (face to pubis): occurs in
about 6% of cases, the head can be delivered
spontaneously or by aid of outlet forceps,
Episiotomy is done to avoid perineal laceration.
> Deep transverse arrest (1%) and persistent
occipito-posterior (3%)
28. • The labour is obstructed and one of the
following should be done:
1.Vacuum extraction (ventouse):
a.Proper application as near as possible to
the occiput will promote flexion of the head.
b.Traction will guide the head into the pelvis
till it meets the pelvic floor where it will
rotate.
29. 2.Manual rotation and extraction by forceps:
a. Under general anaesthesia the following steps
are done:
b.Disimpaction: the head is grasped bitemporally
and pushed slightly upwards.
c.Flexion of the head.
d.Rotation of the occiput anteriorly by the right
hand vaginally aided by,
e.Rotation of the anterior shoulder abdominally
towards the middle line by the left hand or an
assistant.
f.Fix the head abdominally by an assistant, apply
forceps and extract it.
30. Caesarean section:
Caesarean section:
It is indicated in:
>Failure of the above methods.
> Other indications for C.S. as;
• contracted pelvis,
• placenta praevia,
• prolapsed pulsating cord before full cervical
dilatation, and
• elderly primigravida.
