Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the equator. There are an estimated 207 million cases of malaria each year resulting in over 600,000 deaths, mostly among African children. Malaria is prevented through controlling mosquito populations with insecticides, sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets, and prompt treatment of cases.
Learning objectives
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to know about:
Epidemiological aspects of blood, and tissue sporozoan
Life cycle and pathogenesis of each blood, and tissue sporozoan
Necessary laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of blood, and tissue Sporozoa.
Introduction, epidemiology, global trends, Indian setting, pathogenesis, life cycle, clinical manifestations, investigations, treatment regimen, prevention.
Learning objectives
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to know about:
Epidemiological aspects of blood, and tissue sporozoan
Life cycle and pathogenesis of each blood, and tissue sporozoan
Necessary laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of blood, and tissue Sporozoa.
Introduction, epidemiology, global trends, Indian setting, pathogenesis, life cycle, clinical manifestations, investigations, treatment regimen, prevention.
Malaria -causes| types| management -medical information martinshaji
this is a brief study on disease malaria, mentioning all aspects in detail which can provide you a good idea about the management of the disease and clinical watching
please comment
thank you
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Malaria -causes| types| management -medical information martinshaji
this is a brief study on disease malaria, mentioning all aspects in detail which can provide you a good idea about the management of the disease and clinical watching
please comment
thank you
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Introductio
n
• Malaria is a mosquito borne-disease
caused by plasmodium, which is
transmitted by the bite of infected female
anopheles mosquito.
• The term malaria originates from Italian word:
mala aria — "bad air"
• The disease is widespread
in tropical and subtropical regions that are present
in a broad band around the equator.[2] This
includes much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and
Latin America.
The World Health Organization estimates that in
2012, there were 207 million cases of malaria.
3. History
:
• Malaria or the associated disease have
been noted 4000 years ago.
• References to the unique periodic
fevers of malaria are found throughout
recorded history, beginning in 2700 BC
in China.
• Malaria may have contributed to the
decline of the Roman Empire, and was so
pervasive in Rome that it was known as
the "Roman fever".
4. History
:
• Scientific studies on malaria made their first
significant advance in 1880, when Charles Louis
Alphonse Laveran—a French army doctor
working in the military hospital of Constantine in
Algeria—observed parasites inside the red blood
cells of infected people for the first time. For this
and later discoveries, he was awarded the 1907
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
• Scottish physician Sir Ronald Ross who proved
that the mosquito was the vector for malaria for
this he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1902.
5. Histor
y
• The first effective treatment for malaria
came from the bark of cinchona tree,
which contains quinine.
7. Epidemiolog
y
• The WHO estimates that in 2010 there were
219 million cases of malaria resulting in
660,000 deaths.
• Others have estimated the number of
cases at between 350 and 550 million for
falciparum
malaria and deaths in 2010 at 1.24 million up
from 1.0
million deaths in 1990.
• The majority of cases (65%) occur in children
under 15 years old.
• About 125 million pregnant women are at risk
of infection each year; in Sub-Saharan Africa,
maternal malaria is associated with up to
200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly.
8. Epidemiolog
y
• P.vivax is the most common cause of
malaria and is found in subtropical and
temperate areas of the world.
• P. vivaxand P.ovale causes relapsing
malaria.
• P.falciparum is found in the tropical region
and causes the most severe and fatal
disease.
• P.ovale is the least common malarial
species and is endemic in Africa.
11. Aetiolog
y
• Malaria parasites belong to the
genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa).
• In humans, malaria is caused
by P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and P.
knowle si.
• Among those infected, P. falciparum is the most
common species identified (~75%) followed by P.
vivax (~20%).
• Although P. falciparum traditionally accounts for
the majority of deaths, recent evidence
suggests
that P.vivax malaria is associated with potentially
life- threatening conditions about as often as with a
diagnosis of P. falciparum infection.
• P.vivax proportionally is more common outside of
Africa
14. Lifecycl
e
• The lifecycle of malaria parasite consists of
following phases:
sexual cycle: in female anopheles mosquito,
definitive host.
Asexual cycle: in human, as intermediate host.
• Sporozoites are the sexual form of the parasite.
• When the infected female anopheles mosquito
bites the human then the sporozoites enter the
human along with the saliva of the mosquito.
• Within 30 min they enter the parenchymal cells of
the liver, where, during next 10-14 days, they
undergo pre- erythrocytic stage of development
and multipication.
15. Lifecycl
e:
• Following mitotic replication of its nucleus, the
parasite is termed as schizont.
• At last the parasite rupture the liver cell and merozoites
are released.
• The merozoites from the liver cell then bind to or enter
the red blood cells and further develops into
trophozoites.
• The multipication here results to Erythrocytic schizont.
• Some merozoites of erythrocytic schizony develop into
male and female gametocytes known as
microgamates and macrogamates res.
• They are sexual form and are found in peripheral
blood.
16. Lifecycl
e:
• Some of the sporozoites also, on entering into
the liver cells, do not undergo asexual
multiplication but enter into a resting phase
called hypnozoite.
• The sexual cycle of malarial parasite
actually starts in the human host by the
formation of gametocytes which are
then transferred to mosquito for further
development.
• In the midgut of the mosquito, one
microgametocyte develops into 4 to 8 thread
like filamentous structures named
17. Lifecycl
e:
• From one macrogamate only one microgamate is
formed.
• The fertilization occurs, and the gamate is known as
zygote.
• The zygotes matures into an ookinete and it
further develops into an oocyst.
• An oocyst mature and it increases in size and a
large number of sporozoites develop inside it.
• The oocyst rupture and releases sporozoites in the
body cavity of mosquito.
• The sporozoites are distributed to different organs of
the mosquito and they have a special predilection
for salivary glands.
• The mosquito is now capable of transmitting the
infection to man.
18. Symptoms of
malaria:
Physical findings may
include:
oElevated
temperature
oPerspiration
oWeakness
oEnlarged spleen
oMild jaundice
oEnlargement of liver
oIncreased
respiration rate.
19. Symptoms of
malaria:
• Other symptoms of malaria are:
• Dry (nonproductive) cough.
• Muscle or back pain or both.
• Enlarged spleen.
• In rare cases, malaria can lead to impaired function of the
brain or
spinal cord, seizures, or loss of consciousness.
• Infection with the P. falciparum parasite is usually more
serious and may become life-threatening.
• Symptoms may appear in cycles. The time between
episodes of fever and other symptoms varies with the
specific parasite. Episodes of symptoms may occur:
Every 48 hours if you are infected with P. vivax or P.ovale.
Every 72 hours if you are infected with P. malariae. Other
common symptoms of malaria include:
20. Pathogenesi
s:
• Incubation period: 10-14 days in P.vivax,
P. falciparum and P.ovale but it is 28-30
days in
P. malariae.
• The typical clinical features consists of
febrile paroxysm, anaemia and
spleenomegaly.
26. .
. Examine blood under microscope
(geimsa stain)
chest x-ray: helpful if respiratory symptoms are
present
CT scan: to evaluate evidence of cerebral edema or
hemorrhage
Medical intervention:
27. Polymerase chain react.ion (PCR)
-determine the species of plasmodium
.Dipstick test
- not as effective when parasite levels
are below 100 parasites/mL of blood
Blood examination:
Thick and thin blood film
33. Malaria project in
Nepal:
• The initiation of Malaria control project
was first started in Nepal in 1954 with an
objective to study malaria in Terai belt of
central Nepal.
• Currently malaria control activities are
carried out in 65 districts at risk of
malaria.