Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the equator. There are an estimated 207 million cases of malaria each year resulting in over 600,000 deaths, mostly among African children. Malaria is prevented through controlling mosquito populations with insecticides, sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets, and prompt treatment of cases.
Learning objectives
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to know about:
Epidemiological aspects of blood, and tissue sporozoan
Life cycle and pathogenesis of each blood, and tissue sporozoan
Necessary laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of blood, and tissue Sporozoa.
Introduction, epidemiology, global trends, Indian setting, pathogenesis, life cycle, clinical manifestations, investigations, treatment regimen, prevention.
Learning objectives
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to know about:
Epidemiological aspects of blood, and tissue sporozoan
Life cycle and pathogenesis of each blood, and tissue sporozoan
Necessary laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of blood, and tissue Sporozoa.
Introduction, epidemiology, global trends, Indian setting, pathogenesis, life cycle, clinical manifestations, investigations, treatment regimen, prevention.
Malaria -causes| types| management -medical information martinshaji
this is a brief study on disease malaria, mentioning all aspects in detail which can provide you a good idea about the management of the disease and clinical watching
please comment
thank you
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Malaria -causes| types| management -medical information martinshaji
this is a brief study on disease malaria, mentioning all aspects in detail which can provide you a good idea about the management of the disease and clinical watching
please comment
thank you
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Introductio
n
• Malaria is a mosquito borne-disease
caused by plasmodium, which is
transmitted by the bite of infected female
anopheles mosquito.
• The term malaria originates from Italian word:
mala aria — "bad air"
• The disease is widespread
in tropical and subtropical regions that are present
in a broad band around the equator.[2] This
includes much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and
Latin America.
The World Health Organization estimates that in
2012, there were 207 million cases of malaria.
3. History
:
• Malaria or the associated disease have
been noted 4000 years ago.
• References to the unique periodic
fevers of malaria are found throughout
recorded history, beginning in 2700 BC
in China.
• Malaria may have contributed to the
decline of the Roman Empire, and was so
pervasive in Rome that it was known as
the "Roman fever".
4. History
:
• Scientific studies on malaria made their first
significant advance in 1880, when Charles Louis
Alphonse Laveran—a French army doctor
working in the military hospital of Constantine in
Algeria—observed parasites inside the red blood
cells of infected people for the first time. For this
and later discoveries, he was awarded the 1907
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
• Scottish physician Sir Ronald Ross who proved
that the mosquito was the vector for malaria for
this he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1902.
5. Histor
y
• The first effective treatment for malaria
came from the bark of cinchona tree,
which contains quinine.
7. Epidemiolog
y
• The WHO estimates that in 2010 there were
219 million cases of malaria resulting in
660,000 deaths.
• Others have estimated the number of
cases at between 350 and 550 million for
falciparum
malaria and deaths in 2010 at 1.24 million up
from 1.0
million deaths in 1990.
• The majority of cases (65%) occur in children
under 15 years old.
• About 125 million pregnant women are at risk
of infection each year; in Sub-Saharan Africa,
maternal malaria is associated with up to
200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly.
8. Epidemiolog
y
• P.vivax is the most common cause of
malaria and is found in subtropical and
temperate areas of the world.
• P. vivaxand P.ovale causes relapsing
malaria.
• P.falciparum is found in the tropical region
and causes the most severe and fatal
disease.
• P.ovale is the least common malarial
species and is endemic in Africa.
11. Aetiolog
y
• Malaria parasites belong to the
genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa).
• In humans, malaria is caused
by P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and P.
knowle si.
• Among those infected, P. falciparum is the most
common species identified (~75%) followed by P.
vivax (~20%).
• Although P. falciparum traditionally accounts for
the majority of deaths, recent evidence
suggests
that P.vivax malaria is associated with potentially
life- threatening conditions about as often as with a
diagnosis of P. falciparum infection.
• P.vivax proportionally is more common outside of
Africa
14. Lifecycl
e
• The lifecycle of malaria parasite consists of
following phases:
sexual cycle: in female anopheles mosquito,
definitive host.
Asexual cycle: in human, as intermediate host.
• Sporozoites are the sexual form of the parasite.
• When the infected female anopheles mosquito
bites the human then the sporozoites enter the
human along with the saliva of the mosquito.
• Within 30 min they enter the parenchymal cells of
the liver, where, during next 10-14 days, they
undergo pre- erythrocytic stage of development
and multipication.
15. Lifecycl
e:
• Following mitotic replication of its nucleus, the
parasite is termed as schizont.
• At last the parasite rupture the liver cell and merozoites
are released.
• The merozoites from the liver cell then bind to or enter
the red blood cells and further develops into
trophozoites.
• The multipication here results to Erythrocytic schizont.
• Some merozoites of erythrocytic schizony develop into
male and female gametocytes known as
microgamates and macrogamates res.
• They are sexual form and are found in peripheral
blood.
16. Lifecycl
e:
• Some of the sporozoites also, on entering into
the liver cells, do not undergo asexual
multiplication but enter into a resting phase
called hypnozoite.
• The sexual cycle of malarial parasite
actually starts in the human host by the
formation of gametocytes which are
then transferred to mosquito for further
development.
• In the midgut of the mosquito, one
microgametocyte develops into 4 to 8 thread
like filamentous structures named
17. Lifecycl
e:
• From one macrogamate only one microgamate is
formed.
• The fertilization occurs, and the gamate is known as
zygote.
• The zygotes matures into an ookinete and it
further develops into an oocyst.
• An oocyst mature and it increases in size and a
large number of sporozoites develop inside it.
• The oocyst rupture and releases sporozoites in the
body cavity of mosquito.
• The sporozoites are distributed to different organs of
the mosquito and they have a special predilection
for salivary glands.
• The mosquito is now capable of transmitting the
infection to man.
18. Symptoms of
malaria:
Physical findings may
include:
oElevated
temperature
oPerspiration
oWeakness
oEnlarged spleen
oMild jaundice
oEnlargement of liver
oIncreased
respiration rate.
19. Symptoms of
malaria:
• Other symptoms of malaria are:
• Dry (nonproductive) cough.
• Muscle or back pain or both.
• Enlarged spleen.
• In rare cases, malaria can lead to impaired function of the
brain or
spinal cord, seizures, or loss of consciousness.
• Infection with the P. falciparum parasite is usually more
serious and may become life-threatening.
• Symptoms may appear in cycles. The time between
episodes of fever and other symptoms varies with the
specific parasite. Episodes of symptoms may occur:
Every 48 hours if you are infected with P. vivax or P.ovale.
Every 72 hours if you are infected with P. malariae. Other
common symptoms of malaria include:
20. Pathogenesi
s:
• Incubation period: 10-14 days in P.vivax,
P. falciparum and P.ovale but it is 28-30
days in
P. malariae.
• The typical clinical features consists of
febrile paroxysm, anaemia and
spleenomegaly.
26. .
. Examine blood under microscope
(geimsa stain)
chest x-ray: helpful if respiratory symptoms are
present
CT scan: to evaluate evidence of cerebral edema or
hemorrhage
Medical intervention:
27. Polymerase chain react.ion (PCR)
-determine the species of plasmodium
.Dipstick test
- not as effective when parasite levels
are below 100 parasites/mL of blood
Blood examination:
Thick and thin blood film
33. Malaria project in
Nepal:
• The initiation of Malaria control project
was first started in Nepal in 1954 with an
objective to study malaria in Terai belt of
central Nepal.
• Currently malaria control activities are
carried out in 65 districts at risk of
malaria.