Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within the liver and red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria is diagnosed by examining blood smears under a microscope and can be confirmed by abnormal blood test results. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species, but involves antimalarial medications like chloroquine, primaquine, artemether, or combinations of drugs. Prevention involves awareness, avoiding mosquito bites, antimalarial medications for high-risk areas, and prompt treatment of infections.

2. • Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious
disease of humans and other animals.
• Its a disease of the blood that is caused by the
Plasmodium parasite
• Transmitted from person
to person by a particular type of mosquito.

3. • The term malaria originates
from Medieval Italian: mala aria — "bad air";
• in 1880, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran made a
scientific studies and observed parasites inside
the red blood cells.
• In April 1894, a Scottish physician Sir Ronald Ross
proved that the mosquito was the vector for
malaria in humans.
• He isolated malaria parasites from the salivary
glands of mosquitoes.

4. • Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed
from one human to another by the bite of
infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
• Malaria parasites belong to the
genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa).
• malaria is caused by P. falciparum
(75%), P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax(20%) and
P. knowlesi.

6. • Malaria is usually diagnosed by the
microscopic examination of blood films or
by antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT).
• Confirmed by low number of platelets in the
blood, and higher-than-normal levels of
bilirubin in the blood combined with a normal
level of white blood cells.

7. • Malaria is treated with oral chloroquine
except malaria caused by P. falciparum.
• Malaria caused by P. falciparum requires
treatment with oral quinine, given
concurrently with pyrimethamine with
sulfodoxine and a sulfonamide, such as
sulfadiazine.
• For the hepatic stage of disease: primaquine
phosphate, given daily for 14 days.

8. • Artemether is a potent and quick acting
antimalarial agent, used for treating
chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria,
including cerebral malaria.
• Proguanil is an antiprotozoal and antimalarial,
prescribed for prevention of malaria,
treatment of malaria. It prevents the
development of malaria parasites.

9. • 4 aminoquinolines:
– Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Amodiaquine,
Pyronaridine
• 8 aminoquinolines:
– Primaquine, Tafenoquine, Bulaquine
• Cinchona alkaloids:
– Quinine, Quinidine
• Quinoline methanol:
– Mefloquine
• Biguanides
– Proguanil, Chlorproguanil

10. • Diaminopyrimidines
– Pyrimethamine
• Sulfonamides
– Sulfadoxine, dapsone
• Tetracyclines:
– tetracycline, doxycycline
• Naphthoquinone:
– Atovaquone
• Sesquiterpene lactones:
– Artesunate, artemether, arteether

11.  There is an ABCD for prevention of malaria.
This is:
Awareness of risk of malaria.
Bite prevention.
Antimalarial medication - Chemoprophylaxis
(taking antimalarial medication exactly as
prescribed).
Prompt Diagnosis and treatment.

14. Thank you