Malaria is a serious infectious disease transmitted through mosquito bites. It causes fever, chills, and can be fatal, especially in children. The parasite has complex life cycles in both humans and mosquitoes. In humans, it infects liver cells and red blood cells. Diagnosis is typically made by examining blood smears under a microscope to identify the parasite. Prevention involves reducing mosquito exposure and taking antimalarial medications when traveling to affected regions.

1. MALARIA
By : mohammed almaleesi &
sinan

2. KNOW MALARIA AND WHY
 Malaria is an acute and chronic illness characterized by
paroxysms of fever, chills, sweats, fatigue, anemia, and
splenomegaly.
 Malaria is of overwhelming importance in the developing
world today, with an estimated 300 to 500 million cases and
more than 1 million deaths each year.
 Most malarial deaths occur among infants and young
children.

3. MODES OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION
 Bite of female anopheline mosquitoes: Infective form:
sporozoites
 Infection of blood of a malaria patient containing asexual
forms- ‘trophozoite’ induced malaria
1. Trasfusion malaria
2. Congenital malraia
3. Malaria in drug addicts

4. HOSTS INVOLVED IN TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA
Man Female anopheles mosquito
Secondary host Primary host
Intermediate host Definitive host
Asexual cycle Sexual cycle
Schizogony Sporogony

6. HUMAN CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
1. Pre erythrocytic schizogony
 Development of sporozoites in liver parenchyma
 Liberated merozoites are called as cryptozoites
 Blood is sterile
2. Erythorcytic schizogony
 Parasite resides inside RBCs; passes through stages of
Trophozoite, Shcizont, Merozoite
 Parasitic multiplication brings clinical attack of malaria

7. 3. Gametogony
 Some merozoites develop in RBCs of spleen and bone
marrow to form ‘Gametocytes’
4. Exo erythorocytic schizogony
 Persistence of late tissue phase in liver
 Seen in P vivax and P ovale
 Cause relapses in Vivax and Ovale malaria
 Liberated merozoites are known as ‘Phanerozoites’

8. MOSQUITO CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
1. Completion of gametogomy
 Exflagellation of microgamete and maturation of gametes
 Fusion of gametes form Zygote; Zygote matures to Ookinite
2. Sporogony
 Ookinite develops into oocyst
 On 10th day of infection, oocyst ruptures, relasing
sporozoites; sporozoites reach salivary glands
 Mosquito at this stage is capable of transmitting infection.

9. Once inside the erythrocyte, the parasite transforms
into the ring form, which then enlarges to become a
trophozoite.
These latter 2 forms can be identified with Giemsa
stain on blood smear, the primary means of
confirming the diagnosis of malaria

11.  Paroxysms coincide with the rupture of schizonts that occurs
 every 48 hr with P. vivax and P. ovale, resulting in fever spikes
every other day- tertian malaria
 every 72 hr with P. malariae, resulting in fever spikes every 3rd
or 4th day- quartan marlaria
 Periodicity is less apparent with
 P. falciparum and mixed infections
 travelers from nonendemic regions

12. Symptoms Signs lab
Fever Splenomegaly Anemia
Headache hepatomegaly Thrombocytopenia
Drowsiness Pallor Normal/ low TLC
Anorexia Elevated ESR
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea

13. DIAGNOSIS
 The diagnosis of malaria
Giemsa-stained smears of peripheral blood or
rapid immunochromatographic assay.
 Stains used for diagnosis
Giemsa stain >Wright stain or Leishman stain.
Thick and Thin blood smears
 The concentration of erythrocytes on a thick smear is 20-40 times
that on a thin smear and is used to quickly scan large numbers of
erythrocytes.
 The thin smear allows for positive identification of the malaria
species and determination of the percentage of infected
erythrocytes and is useful in following the response to therapy

14. DIAGNOSIS
 A single negative blood smear does not exclude
malaria.
 Most symptomatic patients with malaria will have
detectable parasites on thick blood smears within
48 hr.

15. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
 viral infections such as influenza and hepatitis,
 sepsis,
 pneumonia,
 meningitis, encephalitis,
 endocarditis,
 gastroenteritis,
 pyelonephritis,
 babesiosis, Brucellosis, leptospirosis,
 tuberculosis,
 relapsing fever,
 typhoid fever,
 yellow fever,

16. PREVENTION
 Malaria prevention consists of
 Reducing exposure to infected mosquitoes and
 Chemoprophylaxis
 Chemoprophylaxis is necessary for
 all visitors to and
 residents of the tropics who have not lived there since
infancy, including children of all ages.
 Health care providers should consult the latest information
on resistance patterns before prescribing prophylaxis for their
patients.