"Malaria: A Persistent Global Health Challenge" Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, continues to be a major public health concern worldwide. This presentation sheds light on the multifaceted nature of malaria, addressing its prevalence, transmission, impact on global health, and ongoing efforts towards prevention and treatment. Despite significant progress in recent years, malaria remains prevalent in many parts of the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where it disproportionately affects vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes, making vector control a crucial aspect of malaria prevention. Efforts to combat malaria encompass a range of strategies, including the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and the development of effective antimalarial drugs. Additionally, ongoing research focuses on innovative approaches such as genetic modification of mosquitoes and the development of vaccines to further advance malaria control efforts. The burden of malaria extends beyond its immediate health impact, affecting socioeconomic development in endemic regions and exacerbating health disparities. Achieving malaria eradication requires a concerted effort involving governments, international organizations, healthcare providers, researchers, and communities. By raising awareness, advocating for increased funding and resources, and implementing evidence-based interventions, we can work towards the ultimate goal of eradicating malaria and ensuring health equity for all. Together, we can make significant strides in reducing the global burden of this preventable and treatable disease.

1. MALARIA
M.Mariselvam B.Sc.,
H.K.R.H College,
Uthamapalayam-625533.
Theni district.

2. HISTORY

3. Charles Alphonse Laveran Demonstrated
parasites in patient’s blood, 1880. “Role of
protozoan is causing disease”.

4. RONALD DISCOVERED ANOPHELES
MOSQUITOES VECTOR,1897.

5. GIOVANNI BATISTA GRASSI
DEMONSTRATED LIFE CYCLE FROM
MOSQUITO TO MAN,1898-1899.

6. INTRODUCTION
 Malaria is a mosquitoes-Borne febrile Disease caused
Malaria Parasites.
 Malaria (mala Means Bed and Aria Air) is a Protozoa
infection.
 A disease caused by members of the protozoan genus
plasmodium, a wide group of sporozoans that parasites
affect the human liver and red blood cells.
 Human are infected with plasmodium protozoa when
bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito vector.
 Symptoms may appear with in weeks to months or even
years.

7. THE HUMAN PARASITES IS CAUSED BY PROTOZOAN PARASITES.
There are 4 species of Malaria parasites:
i. Plasmodium falciparum
ii. Plasmodium vivax
iii. Plasmodium ovale
iv. Plasmodium malariae
 Malaria found in about 100 countries in the worlds.
 Mostly seen in July to November in India .
 Optimal Temp & Humidity for the Development of
parasite is 20 -30 and about 60% Humidity.

8. P.falciparum
Causes MALIGNANT TERIAN MALARIA.
Malignant - it is severe from of malaria.
Terian - fever occurs every after 3rd day.
Infected RBCs from clusters called ROSETTES.
P.vivax
Causes BENIGN TERTIAN MALARIA.
Benign - as it rarely fatal
Teritian - an fever is on every 3rd day (48).
may occur because dormant hypnozoites reside in
liver.

9. P.Ovale
Infection has periodicity and relapse
similar to p.vivax but is milder and can be
curds.
P.Malariae
-It has 72 Hours cycles
-No exo-erythrocytic stage but relapse
may occur.

10. INCUBATION PERIOD

11. LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIA PARASITES

14. STRUCTURE OF PARASITES

15. EPIDEMIOLOGY
AFRICA, ASIA, LATIN AMERICA, CARIBBEAN Tropics, subtropics, fringes of
temperate forests.

16. TRANSMISSION
 Man is the only important reservoir.
 Vector is female Anopheles mosquito.
Transmission also possible through:
1. Blood transfusion
2. Contaminated needle
3. Organ transplant
4. Congenital

17. PATHOGENESIS
 The fever and chills of malaria are
associated with the rupture of
erythrocyticstage schizonts.
 In severe falciparum malaria, parasitized
red cells may obstruct capillaries and
postcapillary venules, leading to local
hypoxia and the release of toxic cellular
products.
 Obstruction of the microcirculation in the
brain (cerebral malaria) and in other vital
organs is thought to be responsible for
severe complications

18. SYMPTOMS
 High fever with Headache
 Restlessness, Anorexia , Diarrhoea
 Arthralgia (joint pain)
 Vomiting,Anemia (caused by hemolysis)
 Chills with Rigors
 Hepatatospleenomegaly
 Coma ( If Severe )
Child with cerebral malaria
Child with severe
malarial anaemia

20. PRESENTATION
 Fever 96%
 Chills 96%
 Headache 79%
 Muscle Pain 60%
 Palpable liver 33%
 Palpable Spleen 28%
 Nausea or vomiting 23%
 Abdominal pain/diarrhea 6%

21. ACUTE SYMPTOMS
Classical cyclic paroxysm:
 Cold stage : chills and shaking
 Hot stage : warm, headache, vomiting
 Sweating stage : weakness

22. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
OF MALARIA

23. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR HUMAN
INFECTION WITH MALARIA
Blood film examination (microscopy)
QBC system
Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs)
PCR

24. MICROSCOPY
 Malaria parasites can be identified by
examining under the microscope a drop of the
patient’s blood, spread out as a “ blood smear ” on
a microscope slide.
 Prior to examination the specimen stained
(must often with the Giemsa stain) to give to the
parasites a distinctive appearance.
 This gold standard for laboratory confirmation
of malaria.

26. QBC SYSTEM
The QBC Malaria method is the simplest and
most sensitive method for diagnosing the
following diseases.
 Malaria
 Babesiosis
 Trypanosomiasis ( Changes
disease,Sleeping,Sinckness )
 Filariasis (Elephantiasis,Loa-Loa)
 Relapsing(Borreliosis)

27. RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST
 Various test kits are available to detect
antigens derived from malaria parasites and
provide result in 2-15 minutes.
 RDTs are immunochromatographic tests
based on detection of specific parasite
antigens.
 Detect histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) are
specific for P.flciparum while those that
detect parasite lactate
dehydrogenase(pLDH)-OptiMAL.

28. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
Parasite nucleic acids are detected
using polymerase chain reaction
(PCR).
The technique is more accurate than
microscopy.
However, it is expensive, and required
a specialized laboratory.

29. TREATMENT

30. TREATMENT
 CHLOROQUINE
 Quinine and DOXYCYCLINE
 MEFLOQUINE
 PRIMAQUINE

32. MEFLOQUINE
first line prophylaxis
Mefloquine 250 mg po q week, 1-2 weeks
prior to 4 weeks after
DOXYCYCLINE
as second line drug
Doxy 100 mg po qd, 2 days prior to 4 weeks
after
PRIMAQUINE
30 mg* po qd x 14 days terminal prophylaxis
*15 mg per FDA and drug product
information insert.

33. CONTROL MEASURE

37. Thank
you