Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. There are four species that cause malaria in humans. Symptoms vary in severity depending on species, immunity, and other host factors. Diagnosis involves microscopy of blood films or rapid diagnostic tests. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and primaquine. Control strategies center around surveillance, diagnosis, vector control through spraying and bed nets, and epidemic preparedness. Nurses play a key role in monitoring patients, preventing complications, providing education and reporting cases.

1. M
ALARIA

2. Introduction
about Malaria

3. MALARIA is a protozoal
disease caused by infection
with parasites of the genus
Plasmodium and transmitted
to man by certain species of
infected female Anopheles
mosquito.

4. ▶The clinical features of malaria vary
from mild to severe and
complicated according to the
species of parasite present , the
patient’s state of immunity, the
intensity of the infection and also
the presence of concomitant
conditions such as malnutrition or
other diseases .

5. Epidemiological
Determinants

6. •Agent Factors
Agent
Malaria in man is caused by
four distinct species of the
malaria parasite :
1. P
. vivax 2. P
.
Falciparum
3. P
. Malariae 3. P
. Ovale

7. ▶Reservoir of Infection
With the possible exception of
chimpanzees in tropical Africa,
which may carry the infection with
P
.malariae , no other animal
reservoir of human plasmodia is
known to exist . A human reservoir
is one who harbours the sexual
forms of the parasite .

8. Period of Communicbility
Malaria is communicable as long as
mature , viable gametocytes exist in
the circulating blood in sufficient
density to infect vector mosquitoes.
It is usual for vivax and ovale malaria
to relapse more than 3years after the
patient’s first attack

9. Host Factors
•Age • Pregnancy
•Sex • Socio Economic Status
• Housing
• Population Mobility
•Occupation
•Immunity

10. Environmental Factors
Season
Temperature
Humidity
Rainfall
Altitude

11. Lifecycle of
Malaria
Parasite

13. Mode of Transmission
▶Vector Transmission
▶Malaria is transmitted by the bite of certain
species of infected , female , Anopheline
mosquitoes. A single infected vector, during
her lifetime , may infect several persons. The
mosquito is not infective unless the
Sporozoites are present in its salivary glands .

14. ▶Direct Transmission
▶Malaria may be induced accidentally by
hypodermic intramuscular and intravenous
injections of blood or plasma
▶eg. Blood transfusion , malaria in drug
addicts.
▶Persons who have lived in an endemic
area and anyone who has malaria should
not be accepted as blood donor until 3
years afterwards.

15. Incubation Period
▶This is the length of time
between the infective mosquito
bite and the first appearance of
clinical signs of which fever is
most common. This period is
usually not less than 10 days.

16. ▶The duration for incubation
period varies with the species of
the parasite and in natural
infections this is :
▶12(9-14) days – falciparum
malaria
▶ 14 (8-17) days – vivax malaria
▶ 17(16-18) days – ovale malaria

17. Clinical
Features

18. ▶Early Symptoms
▶The common first symptoms –
▶Fever, headache, chills and
vomiting- usually appear for
10-15 days after a person is
infected.

19. How Malaria Present Clinically
▶Stage 1 ( Cold stage )
▶The onset is with lassitude,
headache, nausea and chilly
sensation followed in an hour or so
by rigors. The temperature rises
rapidly to 39-41degree celcius.
This stage lasts for ¼-1 hour

20. ▶Stage 2 ( Hot Stage )
▶The patient feels burning hot
and casts off his clothes .
The skin is hot and dry to
touch.
Headache is intense but nausea
commonly diminishes
This stage lasts for 2-6 hours.

21. ▶Stage 3 ( Sweating Stage )
▶Fever comes down with profuse
Sweating.
The temperature drops rapidly to
normal and skin is cool and moist.
The paroxyms occur every 48-72
hours.
This stage lasts for 2-6 hours.

22. ▶Most commonly the patient
presents with a combination
of the following symptoms :
• Fever
• Sweats
• Body aches
• Chills
• Headaches
• General malaise
• Nausea and vomiting

23. Diagnosis

24. Microscopy
Blood films are useful in searching
for and identification of malaria
parasite .
It helps in quantifying the parasite
load and also helps to distinguish
between the various species of
malaria parasite and their different
stages.

25. Serological Test
The malarial fluorescent
antibody test usually becomes
positive two weeks or more after
primary infection, by which time
the infection may have been
cured .

26. Rapid diagnostic test ( RDT )
Rapid diagnostic tests are based
on the detection of circulating
parasite antigens .
Some of them can only detect
P
.falciparum while others can
also detect other parasites also.

27. Treatment

28. Treatment of Vivax Malaria
Drug schedule
1. Chloroquine : 24 mg/ kg body
weight divided over three
days
2. Primaquine : 0.25 mg/kg
body weight daily for 14 days

29. Treatment of falciparum malaria
Dose Schedule

30. Approaches
and Strategies
of Malaria
Control

31. ▶Strategic Action Plan for
Malaria Control in India ,
2007 – 2012, 2012 – 2017 and
more recently 2017- 2022
were developed by
Directorate of National
Vector Borne Disease Control
Programme.

32. 1.Surveillance and case management
• Case detection
• Early diagnosis and complete
treatment
• Surveillance
2. Integrated Vector Management
• Indoor residual spray
•Insecticidal treated bed nets and
long lasting Insecticidal nets

33. •Antilarval measures including
source reduction
3.Epidemic preparedness and
early response
4. Supportive Interventions
• Monitoring and Evaluation
• Operational Research and
Applied Field Research

34. Role of Nurse
in
Management
of Malaria

35. ▶Assess the patient on admission
band daily thereafter for fatigue,
disorientation, myalgia
▶Endorse bed rest during periods
of acute illness
▶Protect the patient from
secondary bacterial infection by
following proper hand washing

36. ▶To reduce fever , administer
antipyretics as ordered
▶ Document the onset and duration
of fever as well as symptoms
before , during , and after each
episode.
▶ Keep strict record of intake and
output
▶Closely monitor I.V. Fluids

37. ▶Monitor urine output hourly
▶Watch for adverse effects of drug
therapy and take measures to
relieve them
▶Provide emotional support and
reassurance , especially in critical
illness
▶Report all cases of Malaria to local
public healh authorities

38. Thank
you !