Biological weapon, also called germ weapon
“Any of a number of disease-producing agents such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi, toxins, or other biological agents that may be utilized as weapons against humans, animals, or plants”.
This document discusses various topics related to animal biotechnology including:
1. Animals provide many products for human use like milk, leather, wool, eggs, and meat.
2. Animals are used as models in laboratory experiments to study diseases and potential treatments without endangering humans.
3. Common animal models include living animals, animal tissues, non-living systems, and computer/mathematical models.
4. The document then discusses animal reproduction, development, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and transgenic animals.
Vaccines provide active acquired immunity against diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of microbes or their components that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the microbe if encountered in the future. There are three main routes of administration: intradermal, oral, and intranasal. When administered, vaccines are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, which activate T and B cells. Activated B cells become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory B cells. Common human vaccines include those for human papillomavirus, polio, measles, diabetes, hepatitis B, rabies, and various insulins.
Parasitology is the study of parasites, which can live internally or externally on a host. This document discusses different types of parasites including parasitic protists like Plasmodium spp. (which causes malaria), helminths like the roundworm Ascaris, and fungi. It defines terms like definitive host, intermediate host, and reservoir host. It also describes the life cycles and transmission of various parasites and the diseases they can cause.
This document outlines host-parasite interactions. It defines parasites and hosts, and describes different types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. It discusses parasitism and how parasites live in or on hosts, harming the host for their own benefit. The document also examines various parasite life cycles involving definitive, intermediate, and paratenic hosts. It explores modes of transmission between hosts and how infections establish within hosts.
This document provides information about tissue coccidia, specifically Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species. It outlines the objectives, life cycles, morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. Key points include that cats are the only known definitive host of T. gondii, which can cause severe disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Serological testing is used for diagnosis, while prevention involves hand washing and not eating undercooked meat.
Prepared for Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference: All Worms All Day -- by Dr. Niki Whitley. Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, December 9, 2017.
This document discusses several types of mycoplasma bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, and the diseases they cause. The most common pathogenic mycoplasma are M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. M. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia. M. hominis and M. urealyticum can cause infections in the urogenital tract and lead to infertility. M. genitalium is associated with urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture studies, biochemical studies, and serological tests like complement fixation and ELISA. Tetracycline and erythromycin are commonly used for treatment
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
This document discusses various topics related to animal biotechnology including:
1. Animals provide many products for human use like milk, leather, wool, eggs, and meat.
2. Animals are used as models in laboratory experiments to study diseases and potential treatments without endangering humans.
3. Common animal models include living animals, animal tissues, non-living systems, and computer/mathematical models.
4. The document then discusses animal reproduction, development, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and transgenic animals.
Vaccines provide active acquired immunity against diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of microbes or their components that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the microbe if encountered in the future. There are three main routes of administration: intradermal, oral, and intranasal. When administered, vaccines are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, which activate T and B cells. Activated B cells become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory B cells. Common human vaccines include those for human papillomavirus, polio, measles, diabetes, hepatitis B, rabies, and various insulins.
Parasitology is the study of parasites, which can live internally or externally on a host. This document discusses different types of parasites including parasitic protists like Plasmodium spp. (which causes malaria), helminths like the roundworm Ascaris, and fungi. It defines terms like definitive host, intermediate host, and reservoir host. It also describes the life cycles and transmission of various parasites and the diseases they can cause.
This document outlines host-parasite interactions. It defines parasites and hosts, and describes different types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. It discusses parasitism and how parasites live in or on hosts, harming the host for their own benefit. The document also examines various parasite life cycles involving definitive, intermediate, and paratenic hosts. It explores modes of transmission between hosts and how infections establish within hosts.
This document provides information about tissue coccidia, specifically Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species. It outlines the objectives, life cycles, morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. Key points include that cats are the only known definitive host of T. gondii, which can cause severe disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Serological testing is used for diagnosis, while prevention involves hand washing and not eating undercooked meat.
Prepared for Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference: All Worms All Day -- by Dr. Niki Whitley. Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, December 9, 2017.
This document discusses several types of mycoplasma bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, and the diseases they cause. The most common pathogenic mycoplasma are M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. urealyticum, and M. genitalium. M. pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia. M. hominis and M. urealyticum can cause infections in the urogenital tract and lead to infertility. M. genitalium is associated with urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture studies, biochemical studies, and serological tests like complement fixation and ELISA. Tetracycline and erythromycin are commonly used for treatment
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
Viruses cannot be grown on culture media like bacteria, but require living host cells. They can be cultivated in vivo in whole organisms or in vitro in cell cultures. For bacteriophages, a bacterial lawn is used where plaques indicate viral growth. Common methods of culturing animal viruses involve embryonated eggs, live animals, and cell cultures. Cell cultures are now most widely used and include primary cells, diploid cells, and continuous cell lines that can be maintained indefinitely. Organ cultures also allow culturing while preserving cell morphology but are less commonly used now. Virus cultivation is important for diagnosing diseases, producing vaccines and research.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes leukemia by interfering with tumor suppressor genes. It was the first human retrovirus discovered. HTLV-1 infects T-cells and causes cancer by changing the action of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. The virus can also cause a severe form of leukemia called Adult T-Cell Leukemia. Additionally, HTLV-1 weakens the immune system by decreasing T-lymphocyte numbers, making the body vulnerable to other diseases.
Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to develop immunity to specific diseases without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live, attenuated live, inactivated, and genetically engineered vaccines. Vaccines can be administered through various routes such as subcutaneous, ocular, nasal, spray cabinet, and in-ovo injection. Common routes in poultry include subcutaneous, ocular, nasal spray, drinking water, and wing web puncture. Proper storage, handling, and administration of vaccines is required for effective immunization and disease prevention in poultry.
This document describes the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). It notes that the adult worm lives in the small intestine of humans and passes eggs in feces. Pigs become intermediate hosts by ingesting eggs, where the larvae (cysticerci) form cysts mainly in muscle. Humans are infected by eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci. Symptomatic cysticercosis can occur if eggs are ingested, causing lesions in brain, eyes or other tissues. Diagnosis involves serology, imaging and stool examination. Treatment includes praziquantel or albendazole to kill adult worms and cysticerci.
Recent advances in vaccine development
The document discusses recent advances in vaccine development technologies, including DNA vaccines, transgenic plant vaccines, sugar glass vaccines, skin patch vaccines, and combination vaccines. DNA vaccines work by delivering pathogen genes into the body to produce antigens and elicit an immune response. Transgenic plant vaccines produce antigens in edible plants that are eaten to deliver the vaccine. Sugar glass vaccines preserve vaccine potency by immobilizing antigens in a sugar glass matrix. Skin patch vaccines target skin immune cells for vaccination. Combination vaccines provide protection against multiple diseases in a single vaccine dose. The document also discusses challenges in vaccine development like inadequate preclinical data, lack of information on target populations, high development costs, and antigenic variation requiring constant vaccine
This document provides information about the life cycle and transmission of malaria parasites (Plasmodium species). It discusses:
- The four main Plasmodium species that infect humans and their geographic distributions.
- The full life cycle, which involves sexual reproduction in mosquitoes followed by asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells.
- Key stages of the life cycle including sporozoite formation in mosquitoes, infection of human liver cells, rupture and infection of red blood cells, and gametocyte formation.
- Molecular mechanisms of red blood cell invasion by merozoites, including receptor binding and vacuole formation.
This document discusses techniques for purifying viruses, specifically density gradient centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation separates particles based on their buoyant densities by layering solutions of decreasing density in a centrifuge tube, then centrifuging the virus sample on top for a short time. This allows different viruses to separate into discrete zones based on their sedimentation rates. Isopycnic centrifugation forms the density gradient during a long, high-speed centrifugation, allowing separation of particles that differ slightly in density but not size. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate or ethanol can also be used to purify viruses.
Trypanosoma are blood and tissue parasites of mammals that cause serious diseases. There are two types - Salivarian which infect via tsetse fly or kissing bug bites and include T. brucei that causes sleeping sickness, and Stercorarian which infect via contaminated feces including T. cruzi causing Chagas disease. They have different life cycles in the host and vector and clinical stages from acute to chronic. Diagnosis involves blood smears and serology, and treatment depends on the species and disease stage using drugs like suramin, pentamidine, or benznidazole. Control involves treating hosts, limiting vectors, and removing reservoir hosts.
Mosquitoes are found worldwide and transmit many diseases. They have three body parts - head, thorax, and abdomen. The female mosquito feeds on blood which it needs for egg production, while males feed on plant juices. Mosquitoes undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. The larvae live in water and the adult mosquito lives around 2 weeks. Different genera of mosquitoes transmit different diseases depending on their habitat and biting behaviors. Integrated control methods include eliminating breeding sites, using larvicides, biological controls, indoor residual sprays, and protective measures.
Fleas are laterally compressed insects with powerful hind legs adapted for jumping. Males have longer antennae than females, which they use to grasp females during mating. Fleas have a hardened exoskeleton and spined combs on their legs and bodies. Their life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae feed on organic debris while adults are parasitic, feeding on host blood. Fleas can transmit diseases like plague, murine typhus, tularemia, and tapeworms between hosts.
This document provides an overview of chapter one and two from a veterinary parasitology course. It defines key parasitology terms and concepts like parasite, host, parasitism, life cycles, and classification of parasites. It describes different types of parasite associations including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It also outlines the direct and indirect life cycles of parasites and how parasites can affect their hosts. Finally, it discusses immunity and resistance to parasites as well as the nomenclature and taxonomy used for parasites.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of human parasites. It begins by explaining that parasites are scientifically classified using binomial nomenclature with their genus and species. Parasites are further classified into taxonomic groups like phylum, class, order, family and genus based on their life cycles and morphological characteristics.
The document then provides examples of how major groups of human parasites are classified, including protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates), fungi, platyhelminthes (cestodes, trematodes), nematodes, acanthocephala, and arthropods. It notes that classifying parasites can be difficult due to lack of specimens, morphological variations, and differences
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Parasitology is the study of parasites, which can live internally or externally on a host. Parasites include parasitic protists, worms, fungi, and arthropod vectors of disease. Parasites have complex life cycles involving different host organisms. Definitive hosts support the sexual reproduction of a parasite, intermediate hosts allow asexual replication but not sex, and reservoir hosts maintain parasite populations when not infecting other species. Common parasitic protists include Plasmodium, which causes malaria, and protozoans like Giardia. Major parasitic helminths are flatworms, tapeworms, and roundworms such as hookworms and pinworms.
Enterobius vermicularis is more common in families and institutions like orphanages and schools than the general population because it spreads easily in crowded, unsanitary conditions where personal hygiene is poor. The pinworm lays its eggs around the anus, most often at night, and the eggs can spread through contaminated hands, clothes, bedding or other objects. Transmission is facilitated by close contact between infected and uninfected individuals in crowded living environments.
This document discusses virus transmission and the various modes by which viruses can spread from person to person or host to host. It explains that transmission depends on viral concentration and route, with higher concentration leading to higher transmission chances. Some key transmission routes mentioned are respiratory secretions, blood, saliva, feces, and various entry points into the host like skin, eyes, and respiratory or alimentary tracts. The document also outlines some inherent barriers hosts have against viral infection, such as skin, lack of receptors, mucus, ciliated epithelium, and low pH levels.
This document provides an introductory overview of parasitology including:
1. Definitions of key terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, and vectors.
2. Classifications of parasites by cellular organization, habitat, duration of infection, and more.
3. Explanations of parasite life cycles, modes of transmission, common sites of infection in the body, and examples of parasitic diseases.
4. The learning objectives cover parasite and host taxonomy, host-parasite interactions, laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, and major parasites that infect people in Bangladesh.
This document summarizes information about Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses Type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). It describes their taxonomy as retroviruses, morphology and composition, replication and pathogenesis. HTLV-1 can cause Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, while HTLV-2 is rarely associated with disease. Transmission occurs through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child. While no treatment exists for the viruses, some therapies may help related diseases. Diagnosis involves blood tests and DNA detection by PCR.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and parasitic diseases. It discusses different types of parasites including protozoa like Plasmodium and helminths like nematodes. Key points covered include the life cycles of important parasites, how they infect and damage hosts, methods of diagnosis and important treatment options. Diseases discussed in depth include malaria, amebiasis, giardiasis and various helminth infections.
The document discusses various aspects of bioterrorism including:
- Categories of biological agents (A, B, C) based on their threat to public health and dissemination potential. Category A agents pose the highest risk.
- Types of biological weapons including anti-personnel, anti-agriculture, and anti-livestock agents. Diseases like anthrax, plague, and smallpox have been weaponized.
- Defensive measures against bioterrorism including surveillance systems, stockpiling vaccines and antibiotics, decontamination technologies, and educating healthcare workers and the public to prevent panic. Ongoing research aims to develop early detection of attacks and identify populations at risk.
This document discusses biological disasters and biological weapons. It defines biological disasters as the spread of infection among susceptible populations when virulent organisms enter congregations of people. It notes that some biological agents have destructive potential similar to nuclear weapons. The document outlines categories of biological agents, methods of dissemination, historical events involving biological weapons, and the large impacts biological disasters can have through loss of life and economic damage. It concludes with discussing prevention methods like vulnerability analysis, environmental management, disease surveillance, and biosafety/biosecurity measures.
Viruses cannot be grown on culture media like bacteria, but require living host cells. They can be cultivated in vivo in whole organisms or in vitro in cell cultures. For bacteriophages, a bacterial lawn is used where plaques indicate viral growth. Common methods of culturing animal viruses involve embryonated eggs, live animals, and cell cultures. Cell cultures are now most widely used and include primary cells, diploid cells, and continuous cell lines that can be maintained indefinitely. Organ cultures also allow culturing while preserving cell morphology but are less commonly used now. Virus cultivation is important for diagnosing diseases, producing vaccines and research.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes leukemia by interfering with tumor suppressor genes. It was the first human retrovirus discovered. HTLV-1 infects T-cells and causes cancer by changing the action of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. The virus can also cause a severe form of leukemia called Adult T-Cell Leukemia. Additionally, HTLV-1 weakens the immune system by decreasing T-lymphocyte numbers, making the body vulnerable to other diseases.
Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to develop immunity to specific diseases without causing illness. There are several types of vaccines including live, attenuated live, inactivated, and genetically engineered vaccines. Vaccines can be administered through various routes such as subcutaneous, ocular, nasal, spray cabinet, and in-ovo injection. Common routes in poultry include subcutaneous, ocular, nasal spray, drinking water, and wing web puncture. Proper storage, handling, and administration of vaccines is required for effective immunization and disease prevention in poultry.
This document describes the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). It notes that the adult worm lives in the small intestine of humans and passes eggs in feces. Pigs become intermediate hosts by ingesting eggs, where the larvae (cysticerci) form cysts mainly in muscle. Humans are infected by eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci. Symptomatic cysticercosis can occur if eggs are ingested, causing lesions in brain, eyes or other tissues. Diagnosis involves serology, imaging and stool examination. Treatment includes praziquantel or albendazole to kill adult worms and cysticerci.
Recent advances in vaccine development
The document discusses recent advances in vaccine development technologies, including DNA vaccines, transgenic plant vaccines, sugar glass vaccines, skin patch vaccines, and combination vaccines. DNA vaccines work by delivering pathogen genes into the body to produce antigens and elicit an immune response. Transgenic plant vaccines produce antigens in edible plants that are eaten to deliver the vaccine. Sugar glass vaccines preserve vaccine potency by immobilizing antigens in a sugar glass matrix. Skin patch vaccines target skin immune cells for vaccination. Combination vaccines provide protection against multiple diseases in a single vaccine dose. The document also discusses challenges in vaccine development like inadequate preclinical data, lack of information on target populations, high development costs, and antigenic variation requiring constant vaccine
This document provides information about the life cycle and transmission of malaria parasites (Plasmodium species). It discusses:
- The four main Plasmodium species that infect humans and their geographic distributions.
- The full life cycle, which involves sexual reproduction in mosquitoes followed by asexual reproduction in human liver and blood cells.
- Key stages of the life cycle including sporozoite formation in mosquitoes, infection of human liver cells, rupture and infection of red blood cells, and gametocyte formation.
- Molecular mechanisms of red blood cell invasion by merozoites, including receptor binding and vacuole formation.
This document discusses techniques for purifying viruses, specifically density gradient centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation separates particles based on their buoyant densities by layering solutions of decreasing density in a centrifuge tube, then centrifuging the virus sample on top for a short time. This allows different viruses to separate into discrete zones based on their sedimentation rates. Isopycnic centrifugation forms the density gradient during a long, high-speed centrifugation, allowing separation of particles that differ slightly in density but not size. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate or ethanol can also be used to purify viruses.
Trypanosoma are blood and tissue parasites of mammals that cause serious diseases. There are two types - Salivarian which infect via tsetse fly or kissing bug bites and include T. brucei that causes sleeping sickness, and Stercorarian which infect via contaminated feces including T. cruzi causing Chagas disease. They have different life cycles in the host and vector and clinical stages from acute to chronic. Diagnosis involves blood smears and serology, and treatment depends on the species and disease stage using drugs like suramin, pentamidine, or benznidazole. Control involves treating hosts, limiting vectors, and removing reservoir hosts.
Mosquitoes are found worldwide and transmit many diseases. They have three body parts - head, thorax, and abdomen. The female mosquito feeds on blood which it needs for egg production, while males feed on plant juices. Mosquitoes undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. The larvae live in water and the adult mosquito lives around 2 weeks. Different genera of mosquitoes transmit different diseases depending on their habitat and biting behaviors. Integrated control methods include eliminating breeding sites, using larvicides, biological controls, indoor residual sprays, and protective measures.
Fleas are laterally compressed insects with powerful hind legs adapted for jumping. Males have longer antennae than females, which they use to grasp females during mating. Fleas have a hardened exoskeleton and spined combs on their legs and bodies. Their life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae feed on organic debris while adults are parasitic, feeding on host blood. Fleas can transmit diseases like plague, murine typhus, tularemia, and tapeworms between hosts.
This document provides an overview of chapter one and two from a veterinary parasitology course. It defines key parasitology terms and concepts like parasite, host, parasitism, life cycles, and classification of parasites. It describes different types of parasite associations including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. It also outlines the direct and indirect life cycles of parasites and how parasites can affect their hosts. Finally, it discusses immunity and resistance to parasites as well as the nomenclature and taxonomy used for parasites.
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It has both a trophozoite and cyst stage. The trophozoite lives in the small intestine where it attaches to epithelial cells and feeds on mucus, interfering with absorption. It can cause diarrhea and malabsorption. The cyst forms when trophozoites pass through the large intestine and are excreted in feces. Cysts are hardy and infect new hosts when ingested. Giardiasis is common worldwide and transmitted through contaminated water. Treatment involves metronidazole antibiotics.
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of human parasites. It begins by explaining that parasites are scientifically classified using binomial nomenclature with their genus and species. Parasites are further classified into taxonomic groups like phylum, class, order, family and genus based on their life cycles and morphological characteristics.
The document then provides examples of how major groups of human parasites are classified, including protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates), fungi, platyhelminthes (cestodes, trematodes), nematodes, acanthocephala, and arthropods. It notes that classifying parasites can be difficult due to lack of specimens, morphological variations, and differences
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Parasitology is the study of parasites, which can live internally or externally on a host. Parasites include parasitic protists, worms, fungi, and arthropod vectors of disease. Parasites have complex life cycles involving different host organisms. Definitive hosts support the sexual reproduction of a parasite, intermediate hosts allow asexual replication but not sex, and reservoir hosts maintain parasite populations when not infecting other species. Common parasitic protists include Plasmodium, which causes malaria, and protozoans like Giardia. Major parasitic helminths are flatworms, tapeworms, and roundworms such as hookworms and pinworms.
Enterobius vermicularis is more common in families and institutions like orphanages and schools than the general population because it spreads easily in crowded, unsanitary conditions where personal hygiene is poor. The pinworm lays its eggs around the anus, most often at night, and the eggs can spread through contaminated hands, clothes, bedding or other objects. Transmission is facilitated by close contact between infected and uninfected individuals in crowded living environments.
This document discusses virus transmission and the various modes by which viruses can spread from person to person or host to host. It explains that transmission depends on viral concentration and route, with higher concentration leading to higher transmission chances. Some key transmission routes mentioned are respiratory secretions, blood, saliva, feces, and various entry points into the host like skin, eyes, and respiratory or alimentary tracts. The document also outlines some inherent barriers hosts have against viral infection, such as skin, lack of receptors, mucus, ciliated epithelium, and low pH levels.
This document provides an introductory overview of parasitology including:
1. Definitions of key terms like parasite, host, symbiosis, and vectors.
2. Classifications of parasites by cellular organization, habitat, duration of infection, and more.
3. Explanations of parasite life cycles, modes of transmission, common sites of infection in the body, and examples of parasitic diseases.
4. The learning objectives cover parasite and host taxonomy, host-parasite interactions, laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, and major parasites that infect people in Bangladesh.
This document summarizes information about Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses Type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). It describes their taxonomy as retroviruses, morphology and composition, replication and pathogenesis. HTLV-1 can cause Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and Tropical Spastic Paraparesis, while HTLV-2 is rarely associated with disease. Transmission occurs through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child. While no treatment exists for the viruses, some therapies may help related diseases. Diagnosis involves blood tests and DNA detection by PCR.
This document provides an overview of parasitology and parasitic diseases. It discusses different types of parasites including protozoa like Plasmodium and helminths like nematodes. Key points covered include the life cycles of important parasites, how they infect and damage hosts, methods of diagnosis and important treatment options. Diseases discussed in depth include malaria, amebiasis, giardiasis and various helminth infections.
The document discusses various aspects of bioterrorism including:
- Categories of biological agents (A, B, C) based on their threat to public health and dissemination potential. Category A agents pose the highest risk.
- Types of biological weapons including anti-personnel, anti-agriculture, and anti-livestock agents. Diseases like anthrax, plague, and smallpox have been weaponized.
- Defensive measures against bioterrorism including surveillance systems, stockpiling vaccines and antibiotics, decontamination technologies, and educating healthcare workers and the public to prevent panic. Ongoing research aims to develop early detection of attacks and identify populations at risk.
This document discusses biological disasters and biological weapons. It defines biological disasters as the spread of infection among susceptible populations when virulent organisms enter congregations of people. It notes that some biological agents have destructive potential similar to nuclear weapons. The document outlines categories of biological agents, methods of dissemination, historical events involving biological weapons, and the large impacts biological disasters can have through loss of life and economic damage. It concludes with discussing prevention methods like vulnerability analysis, environmental management, disease surveillance, and biosafety/biosecurity measures.
A biological attack, or bioterrorism, is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops. Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack.
The document discusses harmful microbes and biological weapons. It describes biological agents that can be used as weapons, including bacteria, viruses, toxins and more. It covers the history of biological weapons dating back to crude forms used in ancient times, as well as more modern developments and uses in warfare. The document also discusses the production and delivery of biological weapons, diseases they can cause, and recent technological advances that have increased threats from biological warfare.
The document discusses bioterrorism preparedness in India. It provides details on India's national agencies for disaster management, including the National Disaster Management Authority and National Disaster Response Force. It also outlines India's disease surveillance network and biosafety levels for handling microorganisms. The document notes India's biodefense research centers and the country's strengths and weaknesses in addressing potential bioterrorism threats.
This seminar exactly fits the present-day situation, where present situations pose a great threat to human life and food security, animal security, the topic covers all the sectors and related organizations involved in the protection of biosecurity . example and strategic planning and predictive measures
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism. It begins with definitions of bioterrorism and a brief history of biological weapons use. It then describes various biological agents that could potentially be used for bioterrorism, classified by the CDC into Categories A, B, and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. The document discusses India's existing preparedness measures against bioterrorism and the roles of dentists. It emphasizes the importance of prevention, early detection, and treatment in combating bioterrorism. Laboratories play a key role in the detection and identification of biological agents.
Disease or bio-warfare? The usage of various pathogens in bioterrorisminventionjournals
The document discusses the usage of pathogens in bio-terrorism and bio-warfare. It provides an overview of various biological agents that could potentially be used as weapons, as categorized by the CDC based on their threat level. These include anthrax, plague, smallpox, and others. The criteria for selecting biological agents as weapons include infectivity, toxicity, stability, ease of production and dissemination, and ability to cause disease and death. While some agents have been historically used as weapons, their continued development and potential use poses challenges for governments in prevention and response.
Disease or bio-warfare? The usage of various pathogens in bioterrorisminventionjournals
Although it is a general belief that epidemics of plague, smallpox or yellow fever are highly unlikely nowadays due to the existence of antibiotics and immunization shots, the agents causing the disease have remained a threat due to the possibility of them being weaponized and spread on a large scale. Contemporary terrorism is no longer confined to detonating bombs in buildings of great importance, suicide attacks or airplane hijacking. It can also comprise the usage of pathogens/ biological agents to cause massive health disturbances. The preference expressed towards the usage of such agents is justified by the easy access and primary skills needed in manufacturing a weapon, as well as the high rates of morbidity and mortality among the affected population. Additionally, states are confronted with high healthcare risks due to the fact that such agents are difficult to be detected and often pass as common diseases, such as influenza, until the greater scale of the epidemic is acknowledged by the authorities
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
This document discusses bioterrorism and biological weapons. It outlines categories of biological agents from A to C based on their ease of dissemination and mortality rates. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox, and Ebola are highly contagious and deadly. The document also covers signs of a bioterrorism attack and the importance of early preparation, detection systems, and public awareness programs to prevent and respond to biological threats.
Biological terrorism dates as far back as ancient Roman civilization. This early version of biological terrorism was used to destroy enemy forces. It continued on into the 14th century.
This document discusses Category A biological agents, including anthrax, botulism, and plague. It provides information on the causative organisms, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and public health considerations for each. Anthrax causes lethal inhalation infection and was a threat in the 2001 attacks. Botulinum toxin is extremely lethal and causes paralysis. Pneumonic plague is highly contagious and fatal without treatment. All three agents could cause mass casualties if used as bioweapons and require careful public health response planning.
This document discusses bioterrorism and countermeasures against it. It defines bioterrorism and describes ideal biological agents for bioweapons. It outlines the categories of biological agents that pose threats from categories A to C. It discusses the history of bioweapons use from ancient times to the 21st century. It also describes India's defenses against bioterrorism, including surveillance programs, laboratories, and medical preparedness. Key response measures involve deterring attacks, preventing access to pathogens, rapidly diagnosing outbreaks, and treating affected populations.
Biological Warfare.....
Straight and Short Information on Biological Warfare.....
Now In 2020, The COVID-19(The Novel Corona Virus) is the best example of Biological Warfare.......
Contents-
#Historical Events
#Biological Warfare
#Bio-Weapons
#Biological Agents
#Weapons Development Cycle
#Advantages
#Disadvantages
#Conclusion
#References
#Case Study
This document discusses bioterrorism and biological weapons. It defines bioterrorism and categories of biological agents. It describes the ideal characteristics of biological agents for use in bioterrorism and historical examples of bioterrorism. It outlines categories of bioterrorism agents, routes of administration, countermeasures against bioterrorism including deterrence, prevention and medical management. It provides details on specific agents like anthrax, their diagnosis and treatment.
1. The document discusses microbial threats to health in the United States from both natural and manmade sources.
2. It reviews some historical threats like smallpox and newly emerging infections like anthrax.
3. Key strategies for addressing threats are recognition through surveillance of new diseases and coordinated intervention efforts like vaccine development, research, and public education.
This document discusses bioterrorism response strategies. It defines bioterrorism as terrorism involving the intentional release of biological agents like bacteria, viruses, toxins, or other harmful materials. Biological agents can be spread through air, water, or food. The document outlines the history of bioterrorism and categorizes biological agents into three categories based on their ability to spread and cause harm. It identifies strategic planning as a key bioterrorism preparedness approach, including detection, laboratory analysis, response coordination, and education. Response strategies aim to limit the spread of communicable diseases through vaccination, treatment, quarantine, isolation, and movement restrictions.
Similar to Major agents and their characteristics which has been (20)
Leptospirosis: Its Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control Chandrani Goswami
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria transmitted through contact with infected animal urine. It is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions including parts of India. The disease affects both animals and humans. In animals, it can cause reproductive issues like abortions. In humans, symptoms range from flu-like illness to severe symptoms involving multiple organ failure. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples, culture, serological tests and PCR. Control relies on rodent control, sanitation measures, vaccination of animals, and personal protective measures for humans.
Global travel and spread of COVID 19: Current epidemiological statusChandrani Goswami
International departures and arrivals across the world have increased significantly in just 10 years, contributing to the rapid spread of coronavirus globally
OVERVIEW OF coronavirus
Epidemiology CoVs:
COVID-19 Transmission
COVID-19 Distribution
SARS-CoV-2 Strain
Soil pollution can be caused by both natural and anthropogenic sources. There are two main types of soil pollution: point-source pollution, which has an identifiable source, and diffuse pollution, which is spread over a wide area from multiple sources. Major anthropogenic sources of soil pollution include industrial activities, mining, urban and transportation infrastructure, waste and sewage disposal, military activities, and agriculture. Common soil pollutants include heavy metals, salts, pesticides, and other chemicals that can harm soil quality, ecosystems, and human health.
Heart failure (HF), often used to mean chronic heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the needs of the body.
It is defined simply as a technique to efficiently and stably introduce foreign genes into the genome of target cells.
The insertion of unrelated, therapeutic genetic information in the form of DNA into target cells
Somatic cells are mainly epithelial cells that has been shed from the epithelial lining of the gland and White blood cells (leukocyte) has entered the mammary gland in response to injury or infection.
Refers to inflammation of the mammary gland, which is characterized by physical, chemical as well as bacteriological changes in the milk and pathological changes in the udder tissues.
This document discusses natural toxic substances found in foods of plant and animal origin. It describes 10 categories of natural plant toxins including glycoalkaloids in potatoes, phenolic substances in citrus fruits, cyanogenic glycosides in seeds and kernels of fruits, and mycotoxins in cereals and nuts. It also discusses 6 types of natural marine toxins produced by algae including phycotoxins, ciguatoxin, and tetrodotoxin poisoning. Cooking does not reduce the risk of toxins that are heat-stable, so prevention focuses on proper handling and storage of seafood and avoiding toxic parts of plants and animals.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Major agents and their characteristics which has been
1. MAJOR AGENTS AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS WHICH HAS BEEN USED
IN THE PAST AND THOSE WHICH CAN BE
USED IN FUTURE AS BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
BY :
DR. CHANDRANI GOSWAMI
2015-VMK-72
2. INTRODUCTION
■ Biological weapon, also called germ weapon
■ “Any of a number of disease-producing agents such
as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi, toxins, or other biological
agents that may be utilized as weapons against humans, animals,
or plants”.
■ Most countries have agreed to ban the entire class :
Indiscriminate nature,
Potential for starting widespread pandemics,
Difficulty of controlling disease effects, and
Simple fear that they inspire—most countries have agreed to ban
the entire class
3. Biological Weapons
Convention (BWC)
■ As of 2013, a total of 180 states
and Taiwan had signed
■ Under the terms of the BWC,
member states are prohibited
from using biological weapons in
warfare and from :
Developing,
Testing,
Producing,
Stockpiling, or
Deploying them Source: Biological Weapons Convention
Website
4. BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS IN
HISTORY■ 12th Century – Romans, Greeks, Persians; Polluted drinking water
with decaying animals.
■ 14th Century – Ukraine city of Kaffa; Tartar forces catapulted bodies
of plague victims.
■ 18th Century – British Troops, North America; Blankets of smallpox
victims were given to Native Americans.
5. RECENT HISTORY
■ 1973 - Biopreparation sites, Russia; 52 sites; 30,000 people
affected - Engineered agents and delivery systems - 30 tons of
Anthrax spores
■ 1979 -Sverdlovsk, USSR; Accidental release of anthrax spores - 75
deaths
■ 2001- USA; 22 cases of Anthrax (5 deaths)
Source: CDC
6. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS
■ Biological weapons can be derived from:
Microorganisms
Biologically Derived Bioactive Substances (BDBS)
Artificially Designed Biological-Mimicking Substances
■ A pathogen can be obtained from three major ways :
Its natural environment
Microbiology laboratory or bank (Eg. American Type Culture
Collection ,ATCC)
A Creating them
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
■ The agent selected should be lethal or incapacitating to man and
animals or result in destruction or reduction of crops.
■ It should be economically producible in adequate quantities from
available materials.
■ It should maintain its virulence or infectivity during production,
storage, and transportation.
■ It should be easily and efficiently disseminated.
■ It should be an agent for which there is no widespread natural or
acquired immunity.
■ Readily grown and produced in large quantities.
8. 5 DIFFERENT CATEGORIES
■ Bacteria—single-cell organisms that cause diseases such as
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax), Yersinia pestis (Plague), Francisella
tularensis (Tularemia), Brucella spp. (Brucellosis)
■ Rickettsiae—microorganisms that resemble bacteria but differ
in that they are intracellular parasites that reproduce inside
cells. Eg. Typhus and Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)
9. ■ Viruses—intracellular parasites, about 1/100 the size of
bacteria, that can be weaponized to cause diseases such
as Variola virus (Smallpox), Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Virus (VEE)
■ Fungi—pathogens that can be weaponized for use against
crops to cause such diseases as rice blast, cereal rust,
wheat smut, and potato blight.
■ Toxins—poisons that can be weaponized after extraction
from snakes, insects, spiders, marine organisms, plants,
bacteria, fungi, and animals. Eg. Ricin, Botulinum Toxins,
Mycotoxins.
11. Category A
■ High-priority agents include organisms
or toxins
■ Easily spread or transmitted
■ High death rates
■ Potential for major public health
impact
■ Cause public panic and social
disruption
■ Require special action for public
health preparedness.
■ Includes eg. Bacillus anthracis
(anthrax); Yersinia pestis (plague);
Clostridium botulinum toxin
(botulism); Francisella tularensis
(tularemia) etc.
■ Most of the Category A agents are
considered especially dangerous due
to the potential for airborne
Image: Plague lesion
Image: Tularemia lesion
12. Category B
■ These agents are the second
highest priority
■ Moderately easy to spread
■ Result in moderate illness rates
and low death rates
■ Includes eg. Coxiella burnetti(Q
fever); Brucella species
(brucellosis); Burkholderia mallei
(glanders); Rickettsia prowazekii
(Typhus fever); Ricinus communis
(ricintoxin from castor beans); etc
Image: Ricinus communis,
castor oil plant
13. Category C
■ Third highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that
could be engineered for mass spread in the future because:
■ They are easily available
■ They are easily produced and spread
■ They have potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and
major health impact
■ Includes eg. nipahvirus, hantaviruses, tick borne hemorrhagic
fever viruses, tick borne encephalitis viruses, yellow fever, and
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
14. ZIKA VIRUS
■ The UN's global health agency
declared the Zika epidemic a
global health emergency in
February 2016.
■ Researchers warned that at
least 2.6 billion people, over a
third of the global population,
live in parts of Africa, Asia and
the Pacific
■ 1.2 billion at risk in India alone
Source : WHO, 2016
15. PREVENTION
■ Development of :
Rapid detection and
Public education and awareness campaign
A high index of suspicion must be maintained, in cases with
what are often relatively nonspecific symptoms
Control : Initiation of immediate therapy, supportive care
provides the best chance for survival from these devastating
infections.
16. CONCLUSION
■ Biological weapons recently attracted the attention and the
resources everywhere.
■ The terrorist activities will continue to involve bombs and
firearms, also include weapons of mass destruction,
including biological agents.
■ Weapons Convention (BWC) prohibits the acquisition of
biological materials for hostile purpose and armed conflict.
■ Emergency services must build and maintain their ability
to manage large scale biological weapon attacks
■ Continued education, training and forethought.