Macromolecules Overview
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The document defines matter and elements, and explains that compounds are made of two or more elements. It also defines organic compounds as those found in living things, noting that carbon is important for life because it can form stable bonds to create large molecules. The document outlines that organic molecules fall into four categories - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - and provides examples and functions of each.
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Molecules
Atoms can join together through chemical bonds to form molecules. Molecules come in different shapes and sizes, ranging from small groups of just a few atoms to large chains of many atoms. For example, oxygen gas is made of molecules with two oxygen atoms each, while carbon dioxide molecules contain one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. Compounds can also form when atoms line up continuously without forming distinct molecular units, such as in sodium chloride where sodium and chlorine atoms alternate in a chain. Polymers are long chains of molecules with carbon backbones that were first developed by scientists in the 1800s and widely used after World War II, for example in plastics, food packaging, and foams.
Organic compounds
Organic molecules in living organisms are made up of four main types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, proteins include enzymes and antibodies, lipids include fats, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. All life on Earth is made of these organic molecules, which contain carbon as a basic building block. Carbon is uniquely able to form four bonds with other atoms, allowing it to link to other carbons and create a diverse array of carbon skeletons essential for life.
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Organic compounds are composed of carbon and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. They can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or both, and may contain functional groups like hydroxyl groups. Examples include macromolecules like antifreeze and acetone, as well as fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating polymer chains formed from monomer units through dehydration reactions that link monomers together by removing a water molecule. Hydrolysis reactions break polymers back down into monomers by adding a water molecule.
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Carbon plays a central role in living organisms because it can combine in many ways with itself and other elements like hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Living things are made up of molecules consisting largely of these elements. Carbon forms the backbone of these molecules, allowing them to link together into the large and complex molecules that make up structures and carry out functions in organisms. Examples of large molecules found in living things include DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, while small molecules include water and salt.
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Atoms can join together through chemical bonds to form molecules. Molecules come in different shapes and sizes, ranging from small groups of just a few atoms to large chains of many atoms. For example, oxygen gas is made of molecules with two oxygen atoms each, while carbon dioxide molecules contain one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. Compounds can also form when atoms line up continuously without forming distinct molecular units, such as in sodium chloride where sodium and chlorine atoms alternate in a chain. Polymers are long chains of molecules with carbon backbones that were first developed by scientists in the 1800s and widely used after World War II, for example in plastics, food packaging, and foams.
Organic compounds
Organic molecules in living organisms are made up of four main types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, proteins include enzymes and antibodies, lipids include fats, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. All life on Earth is made of these organic molecules, which contain carbon as a basic building block. Carbon is uniquely able to form four bonds with other atoms, allowing it to link to other carbons and create a diverse array of carbon skeletons essential for life.
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Organic compounds are composed of carbon and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. They can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or both, and may contain functional groups like hydroxyl groups. Examples include macromolecules like antifreeze and acetone, as well as fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating polymer chains formed from monomer units through dehydration reactions that link monomers together by removing a water molecule. Hydrolysis reactions break polymers back down into monomers by adding a water molecule.
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Carbon plays a central role in living organisms because it can combine in many ways with itself and other elements like hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Living things are made up of molecules consisting largely of these elements. Carbon forms the backbone of these molecules, allowing them to link together into the large and complex molecules that make up structures and carry out functions in organisms. Examples of large molecules found in living things include DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, while small molecules include water and salt.
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The document discusses the building blocks of life and the chemical elements essential for living organisms. It states that 92 elements occur naturally, but life is primarily made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. These elements comprise over 95% of living matter. Other important elements include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, silicon, and sodium. Trace amounts of other elements like cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium and zinc are also required. The structure and properties of atoms, isotopes, chemical bonding, and functional groups are explained in the context of their fundamental roles in biological molecules and chemical reactions within living cells.
Biochemistry
This document provides an overview of key concepts in biochemistry including:
- Water has high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, forming hydration layers around charged molecules.
- Hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions involve adding or removing a water molecule.
- Salts contain cations and anions, while electrolytes conduct electricity in solution.
- Acids donate protons and bases accept protons, with pH measuring hydrogen ion concentration on a scale from acidic to alkaline.
- Organic compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that make up living tissues.
Biochemistry 2015
Here are the answers to the questions:
- Carbohydrates are the most readily used source of cellular fuel.
- Sucrose is classified as a disaccharide.
- Glucose is classified as a monosaccharide.
- A chemical reaction in which two smaller molecules unite to form a larger molecule (with the loss of water) is called dehydration synthesis.
- A solution with a pH of 3 is considered acidic.
- The molecules important in cell membranes include phospholipids and cholesterol.
3.1
1) Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Air contains elemental gases like nitrogen and oxygen as well as compound gases like carbon dioxide.
2) Water and organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are essential compounds found in living things. Water dissolves nutrients and helps regulate cell functions and temperature.
3) Proteins are compounds made of amino acids that form structures and carry out functions within cells. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic instructions for cells and play important roles in protein production.
Lesson 8 Introduction to Biological Molecules
This document discusses biological molecules, including their classification, structure, and functions. It covers the main types of biological molecules:
1) Inorganic molecules like water, acids, bases, electrolytes, and carbon dioxide which are essential for life processes. Water acts as a solvent and is crucial for chemical reactions in the body.
2) Organic macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which are polymers formed from smaller organic subunits. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are synthesized through dehydration reactions between monomers.
3) The four main classes of biological macromolecules each have distinct monomeric subunits and play critical structural or functional
Biology a chapter four powerpoint
This document discusses matter and its composition. It begins by defining matter as anything that has volume and mass. It then discusses the basic units that make up all matter - elements and atoms. Atoms are the smallest particle of an element. When two or more atoms combine, they form molecules. Molecules can be inorganic compounds that do not contain carbon, or organic compounds found in living things that do contain carbon. Organic compounds include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document provides examples of common elements, molecules, inorganic compounds, and the four types of organic compounds.
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
This document discusses biological molecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on lipids, describing their structure, properties, and main groups including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are described as the main form of fat, with fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Phospholipids are discussed as making up cell membranes. Cholesterol is given as a common steroid molecule that has both water-soluble and water-insoluble ends. Saturated and unsaturated fats are also briefly covered.
PPT in Science 7 Week 2.pptx
This document defines elements, compounds, and mixtures. It provides examples of common elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Elements are made of atoms and cannot be broken down further. Compounds are formed when elements chemically combine in molecules. Compounds have different properties than their constituent elements. Mixtures contain elements or compounds mixed together but not chemically combined. Mixtures can be either homogeneous, with a uniform composition, or heterogeneous, containing distinct substances or phases.
PPT in Science 7 Week 2.pptx
This document defines elements, compounds, and mixtures. It provides examples of common elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. Elements are made of atoms and cannot be broken down further. Compounds are formed when elements chemically bond together to form molecules. Compounds have distinct properties from their constituent elements. Mixtures contain elements or compounds mixed together but not chemically bonded. Mixtures can be either homogeneous, with a uniform composition, or heterogeneous, containing distinct substances that can be seen separately.
The Chemistry of Life
The document discusses the four states of matter - solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. It describes the properties of each state and how they differ in terms of particle movement and energy. It then explains that changing between states requires the addition or removal of energy, giving examples like ice melting into water. The document also briefly covers the nature of matter, chemical bonds, water properties, and organic compounds.
Organic Compounds
This document provides information about organic compounds and their components. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon bonded to itself, hydrogen, and other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur. Examples of organic compounds that make up living things are described, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These compounds are composed of combinations of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sometimes sulfur. The document emphasizes carbon's unique ability to form many diverse molecules by bonding to itself and other elements.
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Macromolecules Overview
- 2. Matter- Anything that has a mass and takes up space. Ex. Air, Chair, Bear…
- 3. Element- A type of matter that is only made up of ONE type of atom › All elements can be found on the periodic table of elements. › EX. Hydrogen Oxygen Helium Carbon
- 4. Match the following Elements to their Symbol: 1. Carbon A. H 2. Hydrogen B. P 3. Oxygen C. S 4. Nitrogen D. O 5. Sulfur E. N 6. Phosphorous F. C
- 5. Compound- A type of matter that is made up of TWO or MORE types of atoms. Ex. Water (H2O), Sugar (C6H12O6), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) CH2OH C O H OH H C C OH OH H H C C H OH
- 6. Chemical Bonds Chemical Bond- A force that holds molecules together Chemical Reaction- A process that changes one substance into a different one.
- 7. Organic Compound- Compound found mainly in living things › These molecules help living things carry out important processes. › All contain Carbon Carbon is important to life… › Because it is able to form stable connections (BONDS) with other atoms. › Because it can form a stable bond it can create large molecules that are able to do unique things for the cells of living things.
- 8. All Large Carbon Molecules fall into one of FOUR categories of Organic Molecules: › Carbohydrate › Lipid › Protein › Nucleic Acid
- 9. Examples of Carbohydrates in the body: › All Sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose) › All Starches Made up of just THREE types of atoms: › Carbon › Hydrogen › Oxygen Does THREE main jobs(functions) for the cell: › Provides energy for the cells › Stores energy for the cells (quick energy) › Forms major body structures
- 10. Examples of Lipids in the body: › Fats › Oils Made up of just THREE types of atoms: › Carbon › Hydrogen › Oxygen Does THREE main jobs(functions) for the cell: › Stores energy (long term energy) › Forms cell membranes › Carries messages
- 11. Examples of Proteins in the body: › Antibody (helps protect us from infection) › Hormone (helps carry messages) › Enzyme (Helps speed up reactions) Made up of just FIVE types of atoms: › Carbon › Hydrogen › Oxygen › Sulfur › Nitrogen Does the majority of the work in the cell. Examples include: › Helps cells keep their shape › Makes up muscle › Speeds up chemical reactions › Carries messages and material
- 12. Examples of Nucleic Acids in the body: › DNA › RNA Made up of just FIVE types of atoms: › Carbon › Hydrogen › Oxygen › Nitrogen › Phosphorous Does THREE main jobs(functions) for the cell: › Contains the instructions for how to build proteins › Passes the instructions from parents to offspring › Helps make proteins
- 13. Write a summary at the bottom of your notes about what we discussed during this mini- lecture. Your summary should be 2-3 sentences long and include important vocabulary.