Carbohydrates and lipids are both made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides that can bond to form disaccharides or polysaccharides. They serve as energy sources and structure. Lipids are made of fatty acid subunits that form triglycerides for energy storage or phospholipids that make up cell membranes. Both play important structural and energy-related roles in the body.

1. Mini-lecture 2
UNIT 2 SECTION 1.3-1.4

2. Carbohydrates (Review)
 Examples of Carbohydrates in the body:
 All Sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose)
 All Starches
 Made up of just THREE types of atoms:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Does THREE main jobs(functions) for the cell:
 Provides energy for the cells
 Stores energy for the cells (quick energy)
 Forms major body structures

3. Carbohydrates
 Subunit- A building block of something larger
 The Subunits of Carbohydrates are called:
 MONOSACCHARIDES (individual sugar molecules)
 Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Lactose…
CH2OH
C O
H OH
H
C C
OH OH H H
C C
H OH

4. Carbohydrates
 Two of these subunits can bond together and
form a :
 DISACCHARIDE (DI = 2)
 Examples: Maltose,
H 2O
CH2OH H + OH CH2OH
CH2OH CH2OH
C O C O
C O C O
H OH H OH
H OH H H O H
H C C C
C C C C
C
OH OH H H OH OH H H
OH OH H H H OH H H
C C C C C C C C
OH H OH
H H OH H OH

5. Carbohydrates
 When more than two of these subunits bond
together in a chain it forms a:
 POLYSACCHARIDE (POLY = Many)
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
C O C O C O
H OH H OH H OH H 2O
H H H
C C C C C C
OHOH H H OHOH H H OHOH H H
C C
O C C
O C C CH2OH CH2OH
H H H OH CH2OH
H H H + OH
C O C O C O
H O O OH
H H H
C C C C C
C
OHOH H H H OH H H H OH H H
C C C C C C
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
H OH H OH H OH
C O C O C O
H O OH H OH
H H H
C C C C C C
OHOH H H H OH H H OHOH H H
C C C C C C
O O H OH
H H

6. Carbohydrate
 Polysaccharides can be made up of three to
thousands of monosaccharides.
 Polysaccharide is synonym(a word that means
the same thing) as Carbohydrate.

7. Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates
 One or two ring of Sugar  More than 2 rings of sugar
 (Monosaccharide or together
disaccharide)  (polysaccharide)
 Example: Glucose or  Example: Starch, glycogen,
Fructose Cellulose
 Starch is used by PLANTS to
 Glucose is used by the cell for store energy
energy
 Glycogen is used by ANIMALS
 Fructose is found in plants to store energy
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH
C O H + OH C O C O
HH OH C O
HH O H O H OH
C C C C
C C C C
OHOH H H
C C OHOH H H H OH H H H OH H H
H OH C C C C C C
H OH H OH H OH

8. Lipids (Review)
 Examples of Lipids in the body:
 Fats
 Oils
 Made up of just THREE types of atoms:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Does THREE main jobs(functions) for the cell:
 Stores energy (long term energy)
 Forms cell membranes
 Carries messages

9. Lipids
 The subunits that make up Lipids are called:
 Fatty Acids
 Long zig zagging chains of C, H and O
 Often times interact with other molecules to create the
fat or oil molecules.
 Can either be considered:
 Saturated Fatty Acids
 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
C C C C C C C C C COO
CH3 C C C C C C C C C H

10. Lipids
Saturated Fatty Acid Unsaturated Fatty Acid
 All Carbons are attached  Not all carbons are attached
to as many Hydrogen to all the hydrogen atoms
atoms as possible possible.
 Forms a bent looking
 Form a straight shape
molecule
for the molecule
 Liquids at room
 Form solids at room temperature
temperature
 Used for energy storage in
 Used for energy storage Plants
in Animals

11. Lipids
 Major Examples:
 Triglyceride:
 Use- The main storage molecule of energy in animals
1 Glycerol Molecule
3 Fatty Acid Chains
 Phospholipid:
 Use- The main component of cell
membranes in ALL cells Phosphate Head
2 Fatty Acid Chains
 Steroids: Fatty Acid Chain
 Use- Carries messages around the cell