This document discusses cutting tool classification and characteristics. It describes single-point tools that have one cutting edge used for turning operations, and multiple cutting edge tools used for drilling and milling that achieve motion through rotation. Common cutting tool materials are also summarized, including high-speed steel, cast cobalt steel, carbide inserts, and tungsten and titanium carbides. Safety precautions for operating machines like lathes are also outlined.

1. Cutting Tool Classification
1.Single-Point Tools
• One cutting edge
• Turning uses single point tools
• Point is usually rounded to form a nose radius
2.Multiple Cutting Edge Tools
• More than one cutting edge
• Motion relative to work usually achieved by
rotating
• Drilling and milling use rotating multiple cutting
edge tools.

2. Cutting Tool Classification

3. 3
Milling Cutters
Side and Face Cutter Slab Mill

4. 4
Cutting Tool Characteristics
 Hardness at elevated temperature (hot hardness)
 Strength
 Wear resistance
 Permanent indentation resistance
 Toughness
 Repeated operations by retaining shape
 No breakage or chipping off
 Wear Resistance
 Increased tool life
 Chemical Stability or Inertness
 Work piece or coolant

5. 5
Cutting Tool Materials
 Carbon and medium alloy steels
 Easily shaped & reshaped -- no high hot
hardness
• Drill bits
• Taps
• Broaches
• Reamers
 High Speed Steel
 High speed cutting
 High toughness
 Resistance to fracture
• Tungsten/molybdenum tools

6. 6
Cutting Tool Materials
 Cast cobalt Steel
 Good wear resistance
 Hot hardness
 Carbide inserts
 Tungsten & Titanium carbides
 Very high hardness
 Very high resistance

7. 7
Metal Cutting Operations
Orthogonal & Oblique

8. 8
Metal Cutting Operation

9. 9
Heat Generation

10. 10
Cutting Conditions
 Relative motion between the tool and work
 The primary motion cutting speed
 The tool moved laterally across the work, slower motion, feed
 Penetration of the cutting tool below original work surface, depth
of cut
 Collectively, speed, feed, and depth of cut are called the cutting
conditions
 For certain operations, their product can be used to obtain the
material removal rate for the process:
RMR = vfd
where
— RMR the material removal rate in mm3/s, (in3/s),
— v the cutting speed in m/s, (ft/min),
— f the feed in mm, (in),
— d the depth of cut in mm, (in).

11. 11
Tool Orientation
 Operation Performed
 Straight turning
 Shoulder turning
 Facing
 Chamfering
 Forming
 Parting off

12. 12
Types of Lathe Tools

13. 13

14. 14
Classification of Lathe Machine
 Maximum diameter of work piece
machined or swing
 Maximum distance between head stock &
tail stock
 Length of the Bed

15. Components of Lathe Machines
1. Head stock (spindle, speed change
lever)
2. Tail stock (spindle, lock bolt)
3. Carriage (tool post, top slide, taper
attachment, compound rest, cross slide,
apron, lead screw etc.)
4. Bed
5. Legs

16. Tools of Lathe Machine
1. Left hand side tool (facing, turning & taper turning)
2. Right hand side tool
3. Outside threading tool (external threads)
4. Boring tool (internal facing, increasing hole &
smoothing)
5. Left side threading tool
6. Parting tool (separating work piece from other
material)
7. Knurling tool (hard work piece is pressed with it)
8. Revolving tool (supports work piece)
9. Drill chuck (to move the hole)

17. 17
Speeds for Turning Operation on Lathe
 Aluminium alloys 200 - 1000 rpm
 Cast iron 60 – 90
 Copper alloy 50 – 700
 Steels 50 – 500
 Stainless steel 50 – 300
 Titanium alloys 10 - 100

18. Accessories of Lathe
1. Gear box (lead screw, feed rod, clutch, coolant
pump)
2. 3 jaw & 4 jaw chuck
3. Face plate
4. Driving plate
5. Fixture
6. Travelling steady
7. Dead centre
8. Revolving centre

19. 19

21. 21
Centre Lathe

22. 22
Heavy Duty Lathe

23. 23
Tool Room Lathe

24. 24
Bench Lathe

25. CNC LATHE
Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machines are
being used in every kinds of manufacturing
processes. In a CNC machine, functions like program
storage, tool offset and tool compensation, program-
editing capability, various degree of computation,
and the ability to send and receive data from a
variety of sources, including remote locations can be
easily realized through on board computer. The
computer can store multiple-part programs, recalling
them as needed for different parts.

26. CNC LATHE

27. 27
Floor Type Boring Machine

28. 28
Single Column Vertical Boring Machine

29. 29
Double Column Boring Machine

30. 30
Shaper Machine

31. 31
Double Column Planning Machine

32. 32
Single Column Open Side Planner

33. 33
Shaping Machine

34. Bench Drill

35. 35
Hand Feed Drill Machine

36. 36
Power Feed Column Drilling Machine

37. 37
Radial Drilling Machine

38. 38
Multi Spindle Drilling Machine

39. 39
Turret Drill Head

40. 40
Types of Drill Points

42. 42
Horizontal Milling Machine

43. 43
Vertical Milling Machine

44. 44
Horizontal Spindle – Reciprocating Table Surface Grinder

45. Single-Spindle Automatic Screw
Machines

46. Few More Precautions for Lathe
Machine
1. Machine should be operated by authorized
person.
2. Checkup for elect connections and lubricant
before working on machine.
3. Don’t wear watch & ring during work.
4. Wear Leather apron and boots

47. 47
Machine Shop Safety (Contd)
5. Never work alone
At least two workers must be in the shop when
power tools are being used
6. Never work when you are impaired
This includes when you are too tired, stressed or
hurried to work carefully
7. Safe conduct in the machine shop
Your conduct in the workshop should be safe and
responsible and not hurtful or damaging to any
worker/operator Concentrate on what you are doing
and if you start getting tired, please stop and take a
small break. Never try to rush tasks

48. 48
Machine Shop Safety (Contd)
8. Always wear closed toe shoes in the shop
Tools, chips and fixtures are sharp and often hot. Shoes will
help protect your feet from injury. Leather shoes are preferred
when machining
9. Eye protection is essential
Always wear safety glasses when working or cleaning tools
10. Remove or secure anything that might get caught in moving
machinery
Rings, necklaces, wrist watches, long hair and loose clothes
that get caught in tools can drag you along

49. 49
Machine Shop Safety (Contd)
11. Keep your hands away from sharp tools
Make sure that nothing that you do will cause you to be cut.
Use safety gloves to handle hot or sharp objects
12. Dust, chemicals and smoke can be dangerous
Work in well ventilated areas. Minimize contamination and
use appropriate protective equipment
13. Ask for guidance and help
Have shop staff check you out on a tool the first time you use
one with which you are unfamiliar

50. 50
Machine Shop Safety
14. Be careful while working
If you do not know how to do some thing, ask. Before starting,
study the machine and know which parts are moving, which
are stationary and which are sharp and may be potentially
dangerous. Listen to the machine and never leave the
machine running unattended
15. Clean up after yourself
Before you leave the shop, all tools must be returned to the
toolbox, the machine cleaned and wiped down and the floor
swept