The document discusses the potential of machine learning (ML) in image compression, highlighting its advantages over traditional methods in terms of quality and efficiency. However, it notes that ML techniques require higher computational resources and lack flexibility, making them less suitable for general use without specific applications. Overall, while ML-based compression shows promise, it is not yet fully ready for widespread adoption.

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Machine Learning Based Image
Compression: Ready for Prime Time?
Michael Gormish
Clarifai
May 2019

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What is Clarifai?
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Machine Learning is replacing traditional CV techniques
by using examples instead of equations
Image Classification
Image Segmentation
Object Detection
Image Matching
Pose Estimation
What about
Image Compression?
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Difference of Gaussian, Histograms of Oriented
Gradients, Approximate Nearest Neighbors,
Fundamental Matrix
Label the input with the desired output

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Traditional Image Compression
Component Transform allows independent channel processing
Decorrelating transform - DCT for JPEG, Wavelet for JPEG 2000
Quantization - Quality Loss/Reduced File size
Entropy Coding - fully lossless
All very carefully selected and hand optimized to work together
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Traditional Image Compression Systems
GIF - string compressor on palletized image samples
PNG - string compressor on palletized or full range pixels
JPEG - block coder, Discrete Cosine Transform, Huffman Coding
JPEG 2000 - Tile coder, Wavelet Transform, Binary Entropy coder
H.264 - video block codec, supports stills
HEVC (H.265) - video block codec, supports stills
BPG - image block coder (HEVC subset)
XVC - proprietary video codec - with indemnification, supports stills
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Image Compression is a natural topic for ML
Vector quantization used in late 1980s
Auto-encoders are a common neural net topic
Don’t need to label millions of training samples (desired output = input)
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Modern ML methods show much better quality
But would you want these images?
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GANs

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“Generative Compression” provides really small files
Compression changes content not
“quality” !!
But the system only works on
64x64 images and no code is
available
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140:1
708:1
1416:1
[Santurkar, PCS 2018]

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TensorFlow provides Research models for compression
Improved Lossy Image Compression with Priming and Spatially
Adaptive Bit Rates for Recurrent Networks
Excellent Writeup and CODE!!!
Google: Nick Johnston, Damien Vincent, David
Minnen, Michele Covell, Saurabh Singh, Troy Chinen, Sung Jin
Hwang, Joel Shor, George Toderici
https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.10114
https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research
/compression/image_encoder
http://download.tensorflow.org/models/
compression_residual_gru-2016-08-23.tar.gz
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[Johnston CVPR 2018]

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JPEG artifacts
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0.125 bpp
0.250 bpp
ML artifacts
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0.375 bpp

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ML provides more quality per bit
Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) -
Higher is better
Structural Similarity (SSIM)
- Even bigger win for ML
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Bits per pixel (bpp)
PSNR (Quality)
ML-Compression
JPEG-Compression

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ML Compression Has Better (and More) Basis Functions
More basis functions match the real world better
Higher level basis functions map to concepts
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2-D 8x8 Discrete Cosine Transform
Four Levels of ML basis functions

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Computational Cost for More Basis Functions
2D DCT can be done with about 2 multiplies per (grayscale) pixel including quantization
A single 11x11 convolution layer with stride 4 will have 7.5 multiplies per pixel per channel per
kernel
A 4096 input 4096 output FC layer for a 224x224 input image is 326 multiplies per pixel
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1D 8 Point DCT tranform 1D 8 Point 3 Layer Fully Connected

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JPEG 10,000x faster in totally unfair comparison
JPEG using one CPU core, ML code using 4 CPU cores of CPU
JPEG has been highly optimized, ML code was for demonstration purposes
Bit rates and quality were not matched
GPU/TPU/ASIC will speed up ML but how much energy savings will there be?
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JPEG JPEG 2000 ML based
Encode Time
(ms)
26 217 292169
Decode Time
(ms)
12 157 208363

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CLIC 2018 - Workshop on ML image compression
Ranked by MS-SSIM (different from PSNR)
Top codec is 113x slower than jpeg (xvc and BPG are block coders)
Top codec is 97 Megabyte decoder (jpeg library might be 48K)
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…
…

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Image Compression is often an interchange format
but…
Train on a different data set means need a new model at decoder
Many papers don’t have source code
Some only work on 64x64 images!!
Often only work at one or two bitrates
Some leave training as an exercise for the reader
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What can be done with ML in Embedded Systems
Embedded Camera? Do Machine Learned post-processing
Embedded Display? Do Machine Learned Preprocessing
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ML can be used to preprocess or post process
Machine learned image saliency can
guide a traditional block coder
(image top, saliency below)
Machine learned post processing
can improve block coded images
(jpeg decoded left, enhanced right)
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[Galteri, ICCV 2017]

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Conclusion: Is ML based compression ready for prime
time?
Best quality per bit requires ML techniques especially at low bit rates
but
Computation/energy usage, and memory requirements are much higher
and
ML systems lack flexibility and interchange specification
therefore
NO.
Unless you have special use cases, e.g. special purpose ML HW available, but
very limited bandwidth (transmission cost/bandwidth)
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For Further Info
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Papers
Preprocessing: Semantic Perceptual Image Compression using Deep Convolution Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08712
Post Processing: Deep Generative Adversarial Compression Artifact Removal
http://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_ICCV_2017/papers/Galteri_Deep_Generative_Adver
sarial_ICCV_2017_paper.pdf
Evaluation of Compression
Kodak PhotoCD dataset.
http://r0k.us/graphics/kodak
CLIC - Workshop and Challenge on Learned Image Compression
http://www.compression.cc/
MS SSIM - Multi-scale structural Similarity for Image Quality Assessment
http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~zwang/files/papers/msssim.pdf

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Backup Material
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References
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Clarifai Platform
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About Clarifai
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Clarifai Models
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