This document proposes a concept called Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion (M2P2) that would create a magnetic bubble around a spacecraft that is pushed by the solar wind, providing thrust with low power. It has the potential to transport payloads faster and farther than conventional propulsion. The document outlines the science behind M2P2, describes prototypes that generated strong magnetic fields and plasma, and demonstrated inflation and solar wind deflection. Future work includes verifying thrust efficiency and testing different propellants for possible applications like missions to Mars.
“The theoretical analysis result suggests that the impulsive electric field applied to the dielectric material may produce a sufficient artificial gravity to attain velocities comparable to chemical rockets.” ―Dr. Takaaki Musha
People: Al Bielek, Alcubierre, Andrew Bahnion, André Füzfa, Athanassios Nassikas, Biefeld, Bruce dePalma, Bud Rieken, Casimer, Cassenti, Dan Davidson, Daniel D. Home, David Cowlishaw, David Hammel, David Hooper, Dishington, Don Kelly, Douglas Torr, Dr. Albert Einstein, Dr. Berthart Heim, Dr. Charles F. Brush, Dr. Ed Witten, Dr. Edward Teller, Dr. Erwin Saxl, Dr. Eugene Podkletnov, Dr. Francis Nipher, Dr. Fredrick Alzofon, Dr. Ning Li, Dr. Richard Clark, Dr. Richard Clarke, Dr. Robert Dicke, Dr. Robert Forward, Dr. Schuman, Dr. Willaim Crookes, Dr. William Hooper., Ed Leedskelstein, Eric Laithwaite, Erich Halik, Floyd Sweet, Fran McCabe, Frost, Guido Fetta, Halvosky, Hans Nieper, Harold Aspden, Harold Puthoff, Harold Wilson, Hawasaka, Henry Wallace, Hoyassaka, James Clerk Maxwell, James Cox, James Hartman, James King Jr., James Woodward., Jefimenko, John Hutchingson, John Keely, John R. R. Searl, John Schnurrer, Kellogg, Le Sage, Leroy Cook, Lt. Col. Corso, Marcel Pages, Mark Tomion, Misner, Modanese, Moebuis (Faile), Montimen Delroy, Naudin, Neil Sorenzen, Nikola Tesla, Norman Dean, Oliver Heaverside, Otis T. Carr, P.M.S. Blackett, Paramahamsa Tewari, Patrick Bailey, Peter Kummel, Poliakov, Randall Mill, Richard Foster, Robert Collins, Robert Lazar, Sandy Kidd, Schnurer, Scpott Strachan, Shinicki Seike, T. Townsend Brown, Thorne, Tom Bearden, Travis Taylor, Viktor Schauberger, W. D. Clendonon, W. Peschaka, Wheeler, Wilbur Smith, William Littlejohn, William Rhodes, Yamashita Huaro
“Dr. Forward defines six different kinds of antigravity in his "Indistinguishable from Magic" book: Aside from the obvious "weightloss" in freefall as an astronaut in orbit; the first is to place a very heavy mass overhead to cancel the earth's gravity field. Secondly, we may use ultradense materials spaced very closely to the object we desire to be weightless. The last Newtonian idea, is to use various "guard" masses to reduce tidal forces on a test mass already in orbit on the space shuttle. From Einstein's theory, comes a fourth idea; that moving ultradense matter in a toroidal coil at high speed will generate a dipolar G-field. Fifth, the idea of dragging of inertial frames, which will pull objects along with them. Lastly, the sixth idea, is the possibility of negative matter (-m), just like negative charge, will reverse the direction of force; it moves towards you when you push on it! Negative, matter along with positive matter, will take off into space forming a space drive! Could the superconductor of Dr. Podkletnov be a form of negative matter?” ―James E. Cox
Alcubierre's drive allows to circumvent the speed of light limit. They are building a Negative Energy Generator to realize it.
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
“The theoretical analysis result suggests that the impulsive electric field applied to the dielectric material may produce a sufficient artificial gravity to attain velocities comparable to chemical rockets.” ―Dr. Takaaki Musha
People: Al Bielek, Alcubierre, Andrew Bahnion, André Füzfa, Athanassios Nassikas, Biefeld, Bruce dePalma, Bud Rieken, Casimer, Cassenti, Dan Davidson, Daniel D. Home, David Cowlishaw, David Hammel, David Hooper, Dishington, Don Kelly, Douglas Torr, Dr. Albert Einstein, Dr. Berthart Heim, Dr. Charles F. Brush, Dr. Ed Witten, Dr. Edward Teller, Dr. Erwin Saxl, Dr. Eugene Podkletnov, Dr. Francis Nipher, Dr. Fredrick Alzofon, Dr. Ning Li, Dr. Richard Clark, Dr. Richard Clarke, Dr. Robert Dicke, Dr. Robert Forward, Dr. Schuman, Dr. Willaim Crookes, Dr. William Hooper., Ed Leedskelstein, Eric Laithwaite, Erich Halik, Floyd Sweet, Fran McCabe, Frost, Guido Fetta, Halvosky, Hans Nieper, Harold Aspden, Harold Puthoff, Harold Wilson, Hawasaka, Henry Wallace, Hoyassaka, James Clerk Maxwell, James Cox, James Hartman, James King Jr., James Woodward., Jefimenko, John Hutchingson, John Keely, John R. R. Searl, John Schnurrer, Kellogg, Le Sage, Leroy Cook, Lt. Col. Corso, Marcel Pages, Mark Tomion, Misner, Modanese, Moebuis (Faile), Montimen Delroy, Naudin, Neil Sorenzen, Nikola Tesla, Norman Dean, Oliver Heaverside, Otis T. Carr, P.M.S. Blackett, Paramahamsa Tewari, Patrick Bailey, Peter Kummel, Poliakov, Randall Mill, Richard Foster, Robert Collins, Robert Lazar, Sandy Kidd, Schnurer, Scpott Strachan, Shinicki Seike, T. Townsend Brown, Thorne, Tom Bearden, Travis Taylor, Viktor Schauberger, W. D. Clendonon, W. Peschaka, Wheeler, Wilbur Smith, William Littlejohn, William Rhodes, Yamashita Huaro
“Dr. Forward defines six different kinds of antigravity in his "Indistinguishable from Magic" book: Aside from the obvious "weightloss" in freefall as an astronaut in orbit; the first is to place a very heavy mass overhead to cancel the earth's gravity field. Secondly, we may use ultradense materials spaced very closely to the object we desire to be weightless. The last Newtonian idea, is to use various "guard" masses to reduce tidal forces on a test mass already in orbit on the space shuttle. From Einstein's theory, comes a fourth idea; that moving ultradense matter in a toroidal coil at high speed will generate a dipolar G-field. Fifth, the idea of dragging of inertial frames, which will pull objects along with them. Lastly, the sixth idea, is the possibility of negative matter (-m), just like negative charge, will reverse the direction of force; it moves towards you when you push on it! Negative, matter along with positive matter, will take off into space forming a space drive! Could the superconductor of Dr. Podkletnov be a form of negative matter?” ―James E. Cox
Alcubierre's drive allows to circumvent the speed of light limit. They are building a Negative Energy Generator to realize it.
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
2013 Briefing Update
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES By James E. Cox
It is proposed that the various types of antigravity devices be categorized into the following seven groups:
I. MECHANICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These are purely mechanical devices generally involving high speed rotation and forced precessional features using different materials in some cases. Example members are from Laithwaite, Wallace, Kidd, McCabe, Stratchen, Delroy, Foster, Dean, Forward, dePalma, Hayasaka and Cowlishaw.
II. ACCOUSTICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have no moving parts but employ vibration to alter nuclear interactions with gravity such as the work of Keely, Tibetan's stone levitation, Leedskelstein, and some inventors of acoustical levitation devices.
III. CHARGED STATIC/ROTATING DISC/CONES ANTIGRAVITY:
These are electrostatic/magnetic devices using stationary electrodes at high voltage such as T.T. Brown/Bielfeld and Bahnson, Naudin, Hartman, Nipher, Pages, Kelly, Rieken as well as rotating components such as Searl, Hammel, Davidson, Saxl, Halik, Schauberger, Carr, Hooper, Huaro, Smith and Vril/Schumann.
IV. AC/RF OR MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
In this group are devices with no moving parts having high frequency electromagnetic fields such as Alzofon, Tesla, Littlejohn, Sweet, Nielson, Seike, Hutchinson, Farrow, Bielek, Zinsser, Peshka, Schlecker, and Smith, etc.
V. SOLID STATE ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have their seat of antigravitic/shielding action within the atomic/lattice structure in both steady-state and transient modes such as the BaICuO superconductors used in the Podkletnov and Schnurer devices, (and those who have replicated their effects) as well as excitons in doped crystals.
VI. NUCLEAR ANTIGRAVITATION:
This entails the alteration of the interactions with the nucleus or its modification, to yield a change in weight or generation of gravity beams, or breakdown of Newton's third law such as in the work of Bearden, Wallace, Dan Fry, Gilber Jordan, extraterrestrial spacecraft (Lazar's element 115), Celtan, white powder (monoatomic elements), Dr. Charles Brush, and possibly cold fusion with ZPE interaction.
t
VII. BIOLOGICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These involve the human or animal element to obtain levitation, or weightless, psychokinetic action or inertia modification as in the Dr. William Crookes work on Home, Clark's party levitation, yogi masters, religious saints, Russian mirror chamber research, bumblebee flight as well as the Rhino Beetle.
Copyright Antigravity News and Space Drive Technology
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-February 1998, p. 4.
All Rights Reserved.
Permission is Granted to Copy, Forward, or Post with this Unaltered Notice kept intact.
The AGN Website is at: http://www.padrak.com/agn/
The Phase-shift Turbine consists of a set of concentric coils, axially rotated from each other, and feed by phased RF sources, producing radial and longitudinal sequences, which results in helical moving force, ionizing intake gas/particle/ion, generating continuous unidirectional thrust. It was designed in order to operate in atmospheric environments, mainly during takeoff, and in space to reuse exhaust gases from chemical rockets to booster the overall ISP, enhancing utilization of both energy and propellant.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/thruster
2013 Briefing Update
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES By James E. Cox
It is proposed that the various types of antigravity devices be categorized into the following seven groups:
I. MECHANICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These are purely mechanical devices generally involving high speed rotation and forced precessional features using different materials in some cases. Example members are from Laithwaite, Wallace, Kidd, McCabe, Stratchen, Delroy, Foster, Dean, Forward, dePalma, Hayasaka and Cowlishaw.
II. ACCOUSTICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have no moving parts but employ vibration to alter nuclear interactions with gravity such as the work of Keely, Tibetan's stone levitation, Leedskelstein, and some inventors of acoustical levitation devices.
III. CHARGED STATIC/ROTATING DISC/CONES ANTIGRAVITY:
These are electrostatic/magnetic devices using stationary electrodes at high voltage such as T.T. Brown/Bielfeld and Bahnson, Naudin, Hartman, Nipher, Pages, Kelly, Rieken as well as rotating components such as Searl, Hammel, Davidson, Saxl, Halik, Schauberger, Carr, Hooper, Huaro, Smith and Vril/Schumann.
IV. AC/RF OR MICROWAVE ELECTROMAGNETIC ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
In this group are devices with no moving parts having high frequency electromagnetic fields such as Alzofon, Tesla, Littlejohn, Sweet, Nielson, Seike, Hutchinson, Farrow, Bielek, Zinsser, Peshka, Schlecker, and Smith, etc.
V. SOLID STATE ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These devices have their seat of antigravitic/shielding action within the atomic/lattice structure in both steady-state and transient modes such as the BaICuO superconductors used in the Podkletnov and Schnurer devices, (and those who have replicated their effects) as well as excitons in doped crystals.
VI. NUCLEAR ANTIGRAVITATION:
This entails the alteration of the interactions with the nucleus or its modification, to yield a change in weight or generation of gravity beams, or breakdown of Newton's third law such as in the work of Bearden, Wallace, Dan Fry, Gilber Jordan, extraterrestrial spacecraft (Lazar's element 115), Celtan, white powder (monoatomic elements), Dr. Charles Brush, and possibly cold fusion with ZPE interaction.
t
VII. BIOLOGICAL ANTIGRAVITY DEVICES:
These involve the human or animal element to obtain levitation, or weightless, psychokinetic action or inertia modification as in the Dr. William Crookes work on Home, Clark's party levitation, yogi masters, religious saints, Russian mirror chamber research, bumblebee flight as well as the Rhino Beetle.
Copyright Antigravity News and Space Drive Technology
Vol. 2, No. 1, January-February 1998, p. 4.
All Rights Reserved.
Permission is Granted to Copy, Forward, or Post with this Unaltered Notice kept intact.
The AGN Website is at: http://www.padrak.com/agn/
The Phase-shift Turbine consists of a set of concentric coils, axially rotated from each other, and feed by phased RF sources, producing radial and longitudinal sequences, which results in helical moving force, ionizing intake gas/particle/ion, generating continuous unidirectional thrust. It was designed in order to operate in atmospheric environments, mainly during takeoff, and in space to reuse exhaust gases from chemical rockets to booster the overall ISP, enhancing utilization of both energy and propellant.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/thruster
Ion propulsion
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The Square Kilometre Array (SKA), even in its first phase (SKA Phase 1, or SKA1) will be the largest ground-based astronomical facility ever built, with unprecedented sensitivity in the frequency ranges for local to highly redshifted HI, and future expansion up to 25 GHz. The range of science cases that the SKA telescopes will cater for will also be the largest of any research facility, from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) and the Cosmic Down (CD), to tests of Einstein’s General Relativity, to finding all detectable pulsars in the Milky Way, and helping with the Cradle of Life case for Astrobiology. In this talk we will go through the different science cases, with emphasis in those with the most cosmological significance, such as EoR, CD, and probing General Relativity. (Talk presented at CosmoAndes 2018.)
1. Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion
(M2P2)
R. M. Winglee, T. Ziemba, J. Slough, P. Euripides,
Univ. of Washington
D. Gallagher, P. Craven, NASA, MSFC
W. Tomlinson, J. Cravens, J. Burch, SwRI
Create a magnetic bubble around and attached to a spacecraft
that will be pushed by the solar wind to produce a substantial
enhancement in the thrust on the spacecraft for a given power
2. The Solar System : A Large Unexplored Region
Voyager 1:
Launched 1977
3. The Need for Advanced Propulsion Systems
Advanced
Electrical
(MPD)
Ion Engines
(Deep Space 1)
M2P2
Specific Impulse (sec)
Thrust (N)
Chemical Propellants
10
1
.1
.01
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
4. The Dynamic
Sun:
Visible UV soft X-Rays
Electrical Storms raising the solar corona
(solar atmosphere to 2 million degrees)
15. M2P2
• Seeks to create a magnetosphere around the spacecraft
• Enhanced the size of the magnetosphere by the injection of low energy plasma
• Size needs to be about 20-30 km radius
•Advantage is that the inflation is done fully electromagnetically, and
deployment of large scale structures in space
21. M2P2 Milestones:
Prove Feasibility through Computer Simulations
Generation of High Density, Strongly Magnetized Plasma
1011 cm-3 plasma density
300 G magnetic field
1 kW of Power
~ 0.25 to 1 kg/day fuel consumption
Demonstrate Inflation of Magnetic Field
Demonstrate Deflection of an external Plasma Wind
Test Performance of Different Propellants
Measure Thrust and verify Efficiency
22. M2P2 Capabilities
Mini-Magnetosphere (Single Unit) : 20-30 km Radius
Inflation is Purely Electromagnetic
No Large Mechanical Struts have to be deployed
Intercept
~ 1-3 N of Solar Wind Force
~ 0.6 MW of Solar Wind Energy using only ~ 1kW
Scientific Payload of 100 to 200 kg would attain
50- 80 km/s in 3 month acceleration period
Economies of Scale for Multiple Units
24. Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion:
Prototype Development and Performance
Electronics Box Gas Feed Support Strut
• Prototype Specifications
– 11 cm radius magnet, 300-1000 G
– Antenna, small (1.5 cm radius) and large
( 2.5 cm radius), ~ 1kW
• Prototype Performance
– Sustained densities of 1013 cm-3
– Temperatures of 4 – 12 eV
– Small Antenna: 0.4 kg/day (5.4 mg/s) @
25% gas efficiency, for 3.3 amps of
plasma and 4 mN
– Large Antenna: 0.8 kg/day (11 mg/s)
@50% gas efficiency, for 12 amps and
16 mN
•Variety of Propellants Possible
–Argon or Helium (for lab use)
–Nitrogen/Hydrogen
–Water – refueling in space
–Other light weigh fuels : CH4, NH3
CO2,
RF Antenna
Magnetic Field Coil
27. NASA/MSFC
Test Area 300
Vacuum Chamber
32 ft high by 18 ft
Objectives:
• Demonstrate Magnetospheric
Inflation
•Demonstrate Magnetospheric
Plasma Deflection
28. Demonstration of
Plasma Expansion of a
Mini-Magnetosphere:
•Large Chamber Tests at MSFC
Helium plasma @ 350 G
–Vacuum field solution shows no
closed field lines within ~ 3ft
–Plasma emissions initially seen to
closely match the vacuum
field solution
–Expansion seen as plasma β
approaches unity.
–Expansion out to at least 30 times
the magnet radius
demonstrated.
–Main limitation due to
recombination with chamber
neutrals
30. Demonstration of
Plasma Deflection by a
Mini-Magnetosphere:
M2P2 vs SEPAC
•SEPAC (right hand side)
– 4 Amp Xenon ion source
– 800 W @ 1 eV
•M2P2 (left hand side)
– ~ 4 Amps of Argon @ 400 W
– the two sources separated by about
14 ft (only 6ft field of view
around M2P2 shown in figures)
•Deflection
–Permanent barrier (magnetopause)
seen better the two plasmas
–Barrier moves to the right as the
magnetosphere is inflated
–Barrier moves to right with increase
magnetic field
(a) 400 G (Shot P)
(b) 800 G (Shot Q)