This document discusses the design and implementation of a stand-alone remote terminal unit (RTU). The RTU consists of several key sections:
1. An analog inputs section that measures field parameters such as voltage, current, temperature and pressure. Testing was performed to check the accuracy of measurements from this section.
2. Digital inputs and outputs sections that provide feedback on the status of field devices and allow control of devices. These sections interface with relays in the field.
3. The RTU is controlled by a microprocessor and includes interfaces for communicating with a central control system. Testing validated that the analog input section accurately measured field parameters within an acceptable error rate.
Over view of Microprocessor 8085 and its applicationiosrjce
Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC), which fetches, decode and
executes instructions. It is versatile in application and is flexible to some extent.
Nowadays, modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated operations in areas such as
meteorology, aviation, nuclear physics and engineering, and take up much less space as well as delivering
superior performance Here is a brief review of microprocessor and its various application
Summer training project report on embedded system at BSNL ALTTC Ghaziabad. Submitted by RAM AVTAR (ECE Department of IMSEC) of 2016 Batch. Submitted in IMS Engineering College, Gaziabad
this is a complete summer training report on embedded sys_AVR. It aslo includes a project and its coding and other topics which are learnt in training.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Monitoring and Control System for Building Application Using Modbus Remote Te...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents the design of a monitoring and control system that will be installed in buildings and
used as a building management system for monitoring dan controlling mechanical and electrical devices
embedded in the building.
The system implements the master slave RS485 multidrop configuration. The system hardware consists of
sensor, controller, and actuator. Arduino board with AT Mega series microcontroller unit (MCU) is used
as controller. MCU’s ADC will be used as sensor. MODBUS remote terminal unit is used as protocol and
implemented inside the master and slave progam inside the MCU.
At the end of this paper, the result of transmission with various baud rate setting, various cable length,
multiple message frames and are presented.
Over view of Microprocessor 8085 and its applicationiosrjce
Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC), which fetches, decode and
executes instructions. It is versatile in application and is flexible to some extent.
Nowadays, modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated operations in areas such as
meteorology, aviation, nuclear physics and engineering, and take up much less space as well as delivering
superior performance Here is a brief review of microprocessor and its various application
Summer training project report on embedded system at BSNL ALTTC Ghaziabad. Submitted by RAM AVTAR (ECE Department of IMSEC) of 2016 Batch. Submitted in IMS Engineering College, Gaziabad
this is a complete summer training report on embedded sys_AVR. It aslo includes a project and its coding and other topics which are learnt in training.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Monitoring and Control System for Building Application Using Modbus Remote Te...IJITCA Journal
This paper presents the design of a monitoring and control system that will be installed in buildings and
used as a building management system for monitoring dan controlling mechanical and electrical devices
embedded in the building.
The system implements the master slave RS485 multidrop configuration. The system hardware consists of
sensor, controller, and actuator. Arduino board with AT Mega series microcontroller unit (MCU) is used
as controller. MCU’s ADC will be used as sensor. MODBUS remote terminal unit is used as protocol and
implemented inside the master and slave progam inside the MCU.
At the end of this paper, the result of transmission with various baud rate setting, various cable length,
multiple message frames and are presented.
This presentation is about the following points -
GPIO Driver development,
LED Interfacing (blinking pattern),
LCD Interfacing (8 bit mode,4 bit mode),
Seven Segment Interfacing(single and multiple seven segment),
Keypad Interfacing (Integration with LCD),
Timer Driver Development,
Timer (all functionality with polling and Interrupt),
Counter (all functionality with polling and Interrupt),
UART Serial communication(polling and interrupt),
Watch dog Timer programming,
External interrupt,
Motor/Relay Interfacing,
ADC Interfacing(8 bit resolution),
I2C communication protocol(Bit bang Implementation),
(EEPROM/RTC Interfacing ),
Our project “GSM based Garbage Disposal” is mainly intended to control the ON/OFF operations of the irrigation motor by using a mobile phone. The mobile phone present in the system uses auto answer function to lift the call. Each key in the mobile phone transmits two tones with different frequencies when pressed. These transmitted frequencies are decoded using DTMF decoder and the decoded value is fed as input to micro controller which in turn operates switches like Relay and Triac to which the irrigation motor is connected. The input value to the micro controller will be checked and respective operation of that key will be performed like switching ON/OFF the irrigation motor. The system also gives feed back through buzzer alarm system.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
Network Based Data Acquisition and Logging System using PIC MicrocontrollerCSCJournals
This paper presents the design and implementation of a multi-channel data acquisition and logging system which can be used in a variety of applications. The designed data acquisition and logging system uses analog multiplexer, a bipolar analog to digital converter, a voltage reference and an SD card. The device is developed around PIC Microcontroller. The most important feature of the device which makes it different from other data acquisition devices is the presence of the Ethernet port. This feature enables it to work in networked environment. The performance of the device is tested and crosschecked. The present data acquisition and logging system is expected to be very useful to varieties of our own developmental projects, given its ability to locally store data and availability of general purpose digital I/O.
Performance Evaluation for Production of 5000kgHydraulic JackIOSR Journals
The report submitted presents detailed performance evaluation analysis for production of 5tonne
hydraulic jack. The main task is to produce it using two approaches namely conversional and reverse
engineering. Conversional design team were able to design the jack with all the necessary tolerance and limits,
those involve design calculations, producing standard drawing and cost analysis on each part involve. While
reverse engineering team were able to produce the jack through reverse engineering procedures and approach,
this involve selection of materials needed to produce the parts with our machines in the workshop, test analysis
for each component, assembling and testing to ensure effective performance
Documentaries use for the design of learning activitiesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Documentaries used in the training field constitute the rich sources of information. They have the
advantage to associate the elements of knowledge with events which request the episodic memory of the
learner.Thus, these documentaries increase the probability of retention of knowledge they convey. However, the
logical sequence of knowledge does not guarantee an efficient construction which can be mobilized in situations
of action. In this paper, we seek how to benefit from the potential of these documentaries to promote the
construction and mobilization of knowledge by the learner in an elearning platform. Particularly, we propose a
method allowing segmenting the contents of a documentary to design learning activities. Based on a case study
related to the field of mechatronics, we begin by segmenting the content of a documentary in terms of elements
of knowledge (facts, concepts, procedures, and rules) then we connect with each of these problems they seek to
find answers. We reorganize learning activities to promote the acquisition and mobilization of knowledge by the
learner. We conclude by proposing a pedagogical scenario to implement these activities in elearning platform.
Keywords: LMS, IMS-LD, Documentary, Design, Elearning
This presentation is about the following points -
GPIO Driver development,
LED Interfacing (blinking pattern),
LCD Interfacing (8 bit mode,4 bit mode),
Seven Segment Interfacing(single and multiple seven segment),
Keypad Interfacing (Integration with LCD),
Timer Driver Development,
Timer (all functionality with polling and Interrupt),
Counter (all functionality with polling and Interrupt),
UART Serial communication(polling and interrupt),
Watch dog Timer programming,
External interrupt,
Motor/Relay Interfacing,
ADC Interfacing(8 bit resolution),
I2C communication protocol(Bit bang Implementation),
(EEPROM/RTC Interfacing ),
Our project “GSM based Garbage Disposal” is mainly intended to control the ON/OFF operations of the irrigation motor by using a mobile phone. The mobile phone present in the system uses auto answer function to lift the call. Each key in the mobile phone transmits two tones with different frequencies when pressed. These transmitted frequencies are decoded using DTMF decoder and the decoded value is fed as input to micro controller which in turn operates switches like Relay and Triac to which the irrigation motor is connected. The input value to the micro controller will be checked and respective operation of that key will be performed like switching ON/OFF the irrigation motor. The system also gives feed back through buzzer alarm system.
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
Network Based Data Acquisition and Logging System using PIC MicrocontrollerCSCJournals
This paper presents the design and implementation of a multi-channel data acquisition and logging system which can be used in a variety of applications. The designed data acquisition and logging system uses analog multiplexer, a bipolar analog to digital converter, a voltage reference and an SD card. The device is developed around PIC Microcontroller. The most important feature of the device which makes it different from other data acquisition devices is the presence of the Ethernet port. This feature enables it to work in networked environment. The performance of the device is tested and crosschecked. The present data acquisition and logging system is expected to be very useful to varieties of our own developmental projects, given its ability to locally store data and availability of general purpose digital I/O.
Performance Evaluation for Production of 5000kgHydraulic JackIOSR Journals
The report submitted presents detailed performance evaluation analysis for production of 5tonne
hydraulic jack. The main task is to produce it using two approaches namely conversional and reverse
engineering. Conversional design team were able to design the jack with all the necessary tolerance and limits,
those involve design calculations, producing standard drawing and cost analysis on each part involve. While
reverse engineering team were able to produce the jack through reverse engineering procedures and approach,
this involve selection of materials needed to produce the parts with our machines in the workshop, test analysis
for each component, assembling and testing to ensure effective performance
Documentaries use for the design of learning activitiesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Documentaries used in the training field constitute the rich sources of information. They have the
advantage to associate the elements of knowledge with events which request the episodic memory of the
learner.Thus, these documentaries increase the probability of retention of knowledge they convey. However, the
logical sequence of knowledge does not guarantee an efficient construction which can be mobilized in situations
of action. In this paper, we seek how to benefit from the potential of these documentaries to promote the
construction and mobilization of knowledge by the learner in an elearning platform. Particularly, we propose a
method allowing segmenting the contents of a documentary to design learning activities. Based on a case study
related to the field of mechatronics, we begin by segmenting the content of a documentary in terms of elements
of knowledge (facts, concepts, procedures, and rules) then we connect with each of these problems they seek to
find answers. We reorganize learning activities to promote the acquisition and mobilization of knowledge by the
learner. We conclude by proposing a pedagogical scenario to implement these activities in elearning platform.
Keywords: LMS, IMS-LD, Documentary, Design, Elearning
Nutritional Analysis of Edible Wild Fruit (Zizyphus Jujuba Mill.) Used By Rur...IOSR Journals
Wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in Himalayas. People of Hamirpur District are very close to Nature wild fruits like Zizyphus jujuba Mill. are one of the important natural resources in the district. The indigenous people of the district have direct dependence on the wild plants for their sustenance. Hundreds of wild edible plants are present in the north- western Himalayas, out of which the ‘Ber’ Zizyphus jujuba Mill. has its religious as well as nutritional advantage over the others. Because of the easy accessibility the fruits are very commonly eaten by the rural populace and the travellers. Biochemical analysis of the dried fruits showed remarkable presence of Carbohydrates 69.12%, Total sugars 27.75%, Phosphorus 133mg/100g, Calcium 199.19mg/100g, Magnesium 84.69mg/100g and Iron 4.15mg/100g on dry weight basis. In other words an important supplementary diet for giving strength to otherwise poor and deprived lot. The present communication aims to highlight the fruits eaten by the inner country side people and what nutritional components are they getting in return
Mouth dissolving tablets- A unique dosage form curtailed for special purpose:...IOSR Journals
The concept of mouth dissolving tablets known as MDTs has emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance. Methods to improve patient’s compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) have obtained an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patent life. These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate in contact with saliva even within <60 seconds, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for paediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and in travelling may not have access to water. This special dosage form has some prerequisite criteria for formulation and this also involves the use of special techniques for large scale industrial production. The aim of this article is to review the advantages and disadvantages of MDTs, common excipients used in the formulation especially highlighting the use of superdisintegrating agents and taste masking agents in formulation and finally the popular methods used to produce large scale tablets for commercial purpose.
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...IOSR Journals
The current investigation is aimed to simulate the three-dimensional complex internal flow in a
centrifugal pump impeller with five twisted blades by using a specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software ANSYS /FLUENT 14code with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model.
A single blade passage will be modeled to give more accurate results for velocity vectors on (blade, hub, and
shroud). The potential consequences of velocity vectors associated with operating a centrifugal compressor in
variable rotation speed.
A numerical three-dimensional, through flow calculations to predict velocity vectors through a
centrifugal pump were presented to examined the effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors of
the centrifugal pump . The contours of the velocity vectors of the blade, hub, and shroud indicates low velocity
vectors in the suction side at high rotational speed (over operation limits )and the velocity vectors increases
gradually until reach maximum value at the leading edge (2.63×10 m/s) of the blade
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
Simulation of pressure drop for combined tapered and nontapered die for polyp...IOSR Journals
Abstract: the pressure drop in combined sections tapered and circular for the flow of polypropylene were
studied both analytical and simulation under isothermal and no-slip condition in the die wall. The predicted
pressure drop values are compared with three-dimensional (3D) finite element simulation to identify effect of
contraction angles, die land and radius on pressure drop. The governing equation of pressure drop was first
derived to angle of tapered section, for circular section the pressure drop was studied using different die lands
and radii .The three parameters were varied in the ansys Polyflow at specified polymer flow rate and the results
are compared with analytical results .For the tapered section the best angle is analytically and for
the simulation. For circular section of the die the results for die lands variations are almost the same but when
varying the varying the radius the results differ at radii less than 2 cm and approach each other at 2 cm and
above. Index Terms: Tapered die, circular section, pressure drop, Polyflow.
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Micellar Aided Chromogenic Reagents for Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Deter...IOSR Journals
Simple and novel spectrophotometric method is described for simultaneous determination of
aluminium and iron. The method is based on the metal ions - complexes formed by aluminium and iron with
mixed chromogenic reagents of 1, 10 phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine). The derivatives have
absorption maxima at 400 nm and 510 nm respectively in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
(CTAB) as micellar media (surfactant) maintained at pH 5. Reaction conditions were optimized and the linear
dynamic ranges for determination of aluminum and iron were found be 0.8 – 12.0 μg/mL and 0.6 – 8.0 μg/mL
respectively. The standard deviation (S.D) and coefficient of variation (CV) for the simultaneous determination
was 0.018 and 0.45% for aluminium and 0.03 and 1.5% for iron (II). The recoveries were between 102 % and
106 %, 101.2 % and 104 % for aluminium and iron respectively at 95 % confidence level (p≥0.05). The
proposed method was successfully applied to the assay of aluminium and iron in rock minerals, lubricating oil
and water samples. The results and paired t-test for the analyzed samples were found to be in satisfactory
agreement (shows no significant difference) with those acquired by the flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometric (FAAS) technique.
A low cost short range wireless embedded system for multiple parameter controleSAT Journals
Abstract It is well established fact that the process atomization offers the advantages like high accuracy, power saving, manpower saving, reduction in wastage, high & efficient production volumes. In the modern industries precise monitoring, & controlling of temperatures & fluid level of various chemicals in storage tanks at various places is an essential requirement. This paper describes the development of Wireless Embedded System by using Atmel’s 89C51 microcontroller for monitoring & control of process parameters from remote site .The system utilizes ASK transmitter & receiver for transmission and reception of reference values i.e., temperature and fluid levels from transmitter to receiver. Interaction with transmitter is done through matrix keypad. A TRIAC AC power controller circuit is used in the receiver which controls the flow of power to the heater. The fluid level is maintained by a water feed pump .User friendly Software is developed using 8051’s Assembly language to control the transmitter and receiver units. Keywords: ASK/RF transceiver, Temperature sensor, Triac, Fluid level sensor and Microcontroller etc…
A low cost short range wireless embedded system for multiple parameter controleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A microprocessor controlled automatic door opener including means for detecting the velocity and direction of travel of the door. The micro-controller evaluates detected changes in either the velocity or direction of travel to determine the cause, and either reverses door travel direction or ignores the detection. The settings of the door are stored in the memory of the microprocessor. The microcontroller will regulate the opening and closing speed and the direction of door travel depending upon a preprogrammed sequence. The door control mechanism is able to differentiate between these internal factors and external obstructions.
Development of Distributed Mains Monitoring and Switching System for Indus Co...iosrjce
Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron
radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses
to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed
for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It
includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This
work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication
protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and
switching of MCBs from main control room.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
Design and Implementation of a Stand-Alone Remote Terminal Unit
1. www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 7, Issue 1 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 74-83
www.iosrjournals.org
Design and Implementation of a Stand-Alone Remote Terminal
Unit
Prachi Sharma1
, Mr. Mandeep Singh2
1
(M.E Student, Electrical & Instrumentation Deptt., Thapar University, Patiala, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, Electrical & Instrumentation Deptt., Thapar University, Patiala, India)
Abstract: A Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) plays a vital role in substation automation. It consists of various
sections that can handle different types of field parameters. This paper discusses a stand-alone RTU on a
single board and its various sections: analog inputs section, digital inputs section and digital outputs section.
The main objective of this paper is to check the accuracy of measurement of field inputs by the controller. A
number of testing is done on each type of analog input to prove its accuracy.
Keywords: Analog Inputs, Current Transformer, Digital Inputs, Digital Outputs, Potential Transformer,
Remote Terminal Unit, Substation automation.
I. Introduction
In the present scenario, the world is moving towards automated systems. RTUs, in a system, gather
information and are responsible for sending/receiving and executing the commands issued from the control
centre. A remote terminal unit is a microprocessor-controlled electronic device that interfaces objects in the
physical world to a central unit or SCADA by transmitting the required data to the system and sometimes by
using messages from the central unit to control connected objects [1].
An RTU monitors the field digital and analog parameters and transmits data to the Central Monitoring Station.
It contains setup software to connect data input streams to data output streams, define communication
protocols, and troubleshoot installation problems.
An RTU may consist of one complex circuit card consisting of various sections needed to do a
custom fitted function or may consist of many circuit cards including CPU or processing with communications
interface(s), and one or more of the following: (AI) analog input, (DI) digital input, (DO/CO) digital or control
(relay) output, or (AO) analog output card(s) [2]. It consists mainly from three major parts (sensors,
microprocessor or controller, Communications parts). Each RTU is composed from the sensors that provide the
required data for a certain application, the microcontroller which is the most important part of the RTU that
collect the data from the sensors, process it and give it to the communication part for delivering it to the
central unit [2].
II. Literature Review
RTUs were once “dumb” devices that served as an extension of the central computer to the local
Input/output. They had no intelligence but could only read the inputs and activate the control outputs. With the
development and use of 8 -bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers, RTUs are now dedicated microcomputers
with stand-alone capability [3]. With the RTUs sharing data base management with the central computer, the
central computer becomes an operator interface device.
Chen Qi.et.al developed a low-power remote terminal unit (RTU) based on GPRS/GSM (general
packet radio service / global system for mobile communication) hybrid communications for data acquisition
and transmission from distributed monitoring points in industrial environments. During the GPRS network
congestion problem, the Short Message Service (SMS) mode is used for data transmission with guaranteed
integrity. The ultra-low powered MSP430 microprocessor is used in this RTU. Thus, power consumption
obtained during the working cycle was 200 milliWatts (mW) and 0.2 mW during the low power mode.
Also, no data losses were obtained with the hybrid communication system during a 48 h test [4].
Chen Peijiang and Jiang Xuehua designed and implemented a remote monitoring system based on
GSM. The system includes two parts: monitoring centre and the remote monitoring station. The communication
between these two parts is done using a TC35 communication module of GSM. MSP430F149 MCU is used in
the monitoring station. The result of demonstration showed that the system can monitor and control the
remote communication between the monitoring centre and the remote monitoring station [5].
Chang.et.al developed a DNP3.0 protocol based on the high performance remote terminal unit (RTU)
which was applied to the feeder automation system of substations. The Harvard architecture advanced
microcontroller using pipeline processing technology would be used as the control core, to improve the system
efficiency. The RTU proposed in this paper could measure the voltage and current of the feeder, monitor the
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feeder line branch switch status, digital relay, and utilize DNP3.0 and feeder automation host machine [6].
Aamir.et.al has done a comparative study of two different selections of CPU for designing an
RTU based on performance measurement in view of energy management applications. The two CPUs are
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The study showed that
FPGA based RTU possesses unique features like encryption support, radio support and large memory area
while PLC based RTU exhibits limited features. An optimized RTU was proposed based on the significant
parameters that facilitate the optimized design [7].
3.1 Digital Inputs (DI) Section
III. Descriptionof RTU Sections
This section is made to provide feedback to the controller about the status of various field devices.
These digital inputs can be the status of circuit breaker, isolator and sequence of events. Hence, this section
takes inputs from field relays that are connected to various devices. These inputs are either “1” or “0”. Thus,
these are called digital inputs. In this project, there are 12 digital inputs with 1 common terminal. This section
works upon +24V and can also be called as Feedback Section.
As can be seen in Figure 1, there are a number of relays connected to various devices in the field. The
outputs of these relays are given as digital inputs to the DI section. These inputs are passed through some
protecting devices like MOV, TVS etc. for handling transients and surge currents. It is required to isolate
controller from field signals, so optoisolators are necessary to provide such isolation. As shown, now, outputs
of isolators are sent to the controller using Serial Peripheral Interface.
The connection of field relays to sensors and to the DI section is shown in Figure 2. Relays are operated
according to the status of the sensors and are then given to the controller by passing them from
optoisolators. The figure 2 also shows the equivalent circuit of DI section for only one channel of digital
inputs. It shows the protection device (MOV or TVS diodes) and necessary passive components to be used in its
circuitry.
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3.2 Digital Outputs (DO) Section
As DI section was for monitoring, the purpose of DO section is for controlling the field devices like
circuit breaker etc. After continuous monitoring of field devices by DI section, if there is any need arises to
control any of the field devices a t a particular time, the controller will give command to the corresponding
relays in the DO section and then these relays will send commands, in the form of digital outputs, to the field
devices connected to them and so, in this way, field devices are controlled. In this section, 8 digital output
channels are used. The relays used have 3 terminals: Common, NO (Normal Open), NC (Normal Closed).
Hence, the relays are SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw).
As shown in Figure 3, after taking feedback from the DI section, controller wants to control the field
devices directly by on-board relays. For this purpose, a Serial-In-Parallel-Out (SIPO) register is required to
convert serial data from the controller into the parallel one for operating the relays connected in parallel. The
Controller and SIPO register works on +3.3V and +5V respectively. Thus, a voltage translator is needed to
convert these voltage levels. Now, as shown in this figure, a relay driver is always required for driving the
relays which will then control the field devices connected to them. In this way, control action takes place.
3.3 Analog Inputs (AI) Section
This section is the most complex and critical one. It gives information about on site physical parameters,
line voltages, line currents to the controller continuously. This section consists of various inputs according to the
application:
1. Auxiliary Inputs.
2. Voltage Inputs.
3. Current Inputs.
4. DC Inputs.
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In Figure 4, processing of all four types of inputs is shown. According to the figure, processing of each type
of input is explained one-by-one.
3.3.1 Auxiliary Inputs
In the field, physical parameters like pressure, temperature etc. is sensed by various sensors. These
sensors provide their output in the range of 4-20 mA. After passing through resistor network, these current
signals are converted into voltage signals. Here, 3 auxiliary input channels are used. From Figure 4, these
signals are given to schottky barrier diodes for protection against transients. Now, these signals are given to
amplifiers which act as buffer and provide noise free signal. These analog signals are then digitized with the help
of Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). These digitized signals are given to the controller with the help of serial
peripheral interface as shown in the figure.
3.3.2 DC (Direct Current) Inputs
In this section, two DC input channels are used: DC1 and DC2. DC inputs are coming from DC source as
shown in Figure 4. Here, DC inputs range from 80V to 290V. These signals undergo the same procedure as the
auxiliary inputs do. In this way, these DC inputs are continuously measured and monitored.
3.3.3 Voltage and Current Inputs
Voltages and currents in the transmission lines are of very high value. These high values can’t be
measured directly. They have to be converted into some lower values which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. For this purpose, current transformers (CT) and potential
transformers (PT) are used for line currents and line voltages respectively.
Potential transformers (PT) (also called voltage transformers (VT) are a parallel connected type of
instrument transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an
accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering. The PT is
typically described by its voltage ratio from primary to secondary (E.g. 600:120). Burden and accuracy are
usually stated as a combined parameter due to being dependent on each other. In current transformer, the
primary winding is the main conductor passing through the centre of the core. The secondary winding is
uniformly distributed around the toroidal core. Essentially, all the flux which links the primary conductor also
links the secondary winding.
The rating of current transformers used on transmission lines is approx. 800/1200A to 1A or 5A and
rating of potential transformers is approx. 220 KV to 110 KV. The output of these transformers is then given to
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another current and voltage transformers of lower rating as shown in Figure 4. The ratings of these current and
voltage transformers are 1A/5A to ~ 200mV and 110 KV to ~ 200mV. According to the figure, the output of
PT is amplified and then converted into digital form with the help of ADC. Finally, these signals are given to
the controller.
IV. Testing Methodology and Results
4.1 Test 1: Testing of Auxiliary Inputs of Analog Section
There are 3 auxiliary input channels. Figure 5 shows whole processing of these auxiliary input
channels. This test is performed to know how accurately the status of field sensors is measured and detected
by the controller using ADC.
Here, the physical quantity can be temperature, pressure etc. These physical quantities are sensed by field
sensors which gives their output in the range of 4 to 20mA. These signals, after converting them to voltage
signals, are given to a buffer to get a noise free signal. These signals are then applied as inputs to ADC which
sample and digitize these signals as the controller accept only digital signals. For monitoring the analog
parameters, there are various sensors in the field.
4.1.1. Channel 1 Measurements
The steps for this testing of input channel 1 are concluded as:
Step1: A variable resistor is used, which works on +24V and has various resistances to provide current in
the range of 4 to 20mA. The input channel 1of AI card is tested by connecting it to the variable resistor
and set its resistance accordingly to provide 4mA.
Step2: The 4mA current is passed to the resistor network in the AI card which converts it into voltage (mV).
Step3: To make the signal noise free, this voltage is then passed through a buffer.
Step4: The output of the buffer is an analog signal. This analog signal is given as an input to the ADC.
Step5: The ADC count corresponding to 4mA is calculated according to the formula given by equation
(1), given in the datasheet as:
ADC Count = (2N× AIN× GAIN)/VREF (1)
Step6: After applying voltage to the ADC, the analog signal is converted into the digital one by taking samples
and then, ADC calculates the voltage from these samples. The applied formula is given in (2):
Calculated Voltage = (ADC count × 2.5) / (224 × 2) (2)
Step7: Applied input is 4mA and voltage is also calculated with the help of samples, so now resistance can be
calculated with the help of ohm’s law.
Step8: Now, according to this calculated resistance, current is calculated. It should be equal to the input
current which tells the accuracy of the AI card.
Step9: In the end, error percentage between input current and calculated current is determined by using the
following formula as:
Error %= ((Calculated current – Input current) / Calculated current) × 100 (3)
Step10: All the above steps are followed for 8mA, 12mA, 16mA and 20mA for the same input channel.
Step11: A graph is plotted between Input current and calculated output current as shown in Figure 6 as shown
below.
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This figure shows a linear graph between input current and calculated output current. It means the output
current follows the input current accurately which is the desired result.
4.1.2. Channel 2 Measurements
The same steps are followed as for channel 1 and so a graph is plotted between input and output as shown in
Figure 7.
This figure shows a linear graph between input current and calculated output current. It means the output
current follows the input current accurately which is the desired result.
4.1.3. Channel 3 Measurements
The same steps are followed for this channel 3 as followed for channel 1 and 2. The graph obtained for this
input channel is shown in Figure 8 below.
This figure shows a linear graph between input current and calculated output current. It means that the output
follows the input accurately which is the desired result.
4.2 Test2: Testing of current inputs with the help of current transformer
This testing is done to know at which value of input current, CT gives accurate output voltage (~
200mV) and at which input, the output voltage of CT starts saturating. There are 3 current input channels in AI
section. Figure 9 explains the whole processing of current inputs.
This figure shows that the 1A/5A current coming from the high rating current transformers, installed in
series with the transmission line, are converted into some lower valued signal. The value of this signal depends
upon the burden resistor. Now, the obtained mill volt (mV) signal is passed through a unity gain amplifier or a
buffer to get a noise free signal. This analog signal is then digitized using ADC and the output of that ADC is
sent to the controller. Figure 10 shows the circuit diagram for the current transformer.
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In this testing, current of 1 A and 5 A is given to the CT inputs with the help of Omicron. Omicron is a
device which provides current, voltage and frequencyat different ranges.
As shown in Figure 10, the output of current transformer depends upon burden resistor (R1). If input is
1A, then only R1 has to be set. If we want to measure 5A current, then the switch (SW) should be closed and
resistor R2 has to be set. These resistors are set to get the required output of 200mV.
4.2.1. Measurement of 1A current
The steps for this testing are concluded as follows:
Step1: At the input of CT, the current starting from 0.2A is applied with the help of Omicron.
Step2: The output voltage, across a burden resistor, corresponding to the applied input current is measured.
Step3: The expected voltage across the burden resistor is also calculated for each value of input current.
Step4: Here, these calculations are continued up to the input current of 4.5A.
Step5: The accurate output voltage of CT is obtained at 1A input current and the output waveform of CT starts
saturating at the input current of 3A when seen through the oscilloscope.
Step6: After following all the above steps, a graph is plotted between input current and measured voltage at
burden resistor as shown in Figure 11.
This figure shows that the graph between input current and the measured voltage is linear up to an input current
of 3A, after that is starts saturating. Thus, the CT accurately converts the coming field input into a value that
can be measured by the controller.
4.2.2. Measurement of 5A current
The range of input current taken is from 5A to 10A. The only difference, in this case, is that the output is
calculated across the parallel combination of R1 and R2 rather than only R1. This testing follows the same steps
as those for 1A input current. A graph is plotted between input current and the output voltage as shown in
Figure 12.
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This figure shows that, in this case, the graph between input current and the measured voltage is
a straight line which is the desired result. Here, the starting input current is high (i.e. 5A) and the output is in
mV, so it can not be a linear graph as was expected. But, here also, the CT accurately converts the coming field
input into a value that can be measured bythe controller.
4.3 Test 3: Testing of Voltage Inputs using Potential Transformer (PT)
This testing is done to check at which particular input voltage, output voltage at the secondary side
is accurate and from which input voltage, output voltage of PT starts to saturate. There are 3 voltage channels
in this project. Figure 13 shows the processing of voltage inputs.
Fig. 13 Block Diagram representing processing of voltage inputs
In this figure, the PT converts high voltage coming from the high rating potential transformer installed in
parallel with the transmission lines, into a low-valued signal of some mV range. This signal is then given to a
unity gain amplifier or a buffer which results in a noise free signal. The ADC then digitizes the incoming analog
signal and sends it to the controller. The steps regarding this test can be concluded as follows:
Step1: At the primary side of PT, a number of voltages are applied starting from 0V until that input voltage at
which the output waveform starts saturating.
Step2: After 128.05V input current, the output voltage starts saturating and at 110.3V input, accurate result is
obtained.
Step3: A graph is plotted between primary and secondary voltage of the PT as shown in Figure 14 as shown below.
Fig. 14 Graph between Vsecondary & Vprimary of PT
This figure shows that the graph between primary and secondary voltages of a PT is linear. It means the
secondary output voltage is following the primary input voltage which is the desired result. Thus, PT accurately
converts the coming input into that value that can be measured bythe controller.
4.4 Testing of DC1 and DC2
DC measurement is very important as it has to continuously measure that what dc is being
received from the dc source and what dc value is required for the particular operation. According to this
measurement and monitoring, dc value coming from the source can be changed. That’s why, this testing is done.
Here, there are two DC input channels: DC1 and DC2. These two input channels are processed through the
procedure given in Figure 15 below.
Fig. 15 Block Diagram representing processing of DC inputs
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This figure shows that a DC source is continuously providing DC signal to the AI section. These
signals are then passed through buffer and digitized with the help of ADC. These digitized signals are then sent
to the controller. These signals are continuously measured and monitored.
4.4.1. DC1 and DC2 Measurement
This testing is done to check whether the DC signal supplied by the DC source is measured correctly
by the controller or not. The corresponding steps for DC voltage measurement are as follows:
Step1: A number of DC input voltages are applied at the input of AI section from DC source.
Step2: The ADC count, corresponding to the applied input, is calculated by using the formula given in (1).
Step3: At the output of the ADC, the DC voltage is observed which should be equal or nearly equal to the
applied input voltage.
Step4: The %age of error is calculated between applied input DC voltage and the observed DC output
voltage for each input case.
Step5: Graphs are plotted between Input Voltage and output voltage for both DC1 and DC2 channels as shown in
Figure 16.
Fig. 16 Graphs between Observed & i/p voltage for DC1 and DC2 measurement
These figures show that the graph between applied input voltage and the observed output voltage is
linear. It means the observed DC output voltage follows the applied DC input voltage which is the desired
result. Thus, the controller accurately measures the coming DC voltage input.
V. Conclusion
A stand alone RTU has been proposed whose each section analog, digital, communication and power supply are
on a single PCB. This results in less wiring, low cost and small size. Analog section is the most critical one.
In it, the inputs coming from the field have to be converted in a value that can be detected and measured by the
controller accurately. The testing is done for auxiliary inputs, current inputs, voltage inputs and DC inputs.
From these testing, following conclusions can be made. The controller measures auxiliary inputs (4-20mA)
coming from the field accurately in terms of voltage or current accordingly for all the 3 input channels
with minute difference that can be neglected. PT has been used for converting high voltage of 110V, coming from
the field, into 0.2V (threshold value that can be detected by the controller). PT testing showed that after setting
the proper values of resistor network, 110V can be accurately detected by the controller using ADC. Testing has
also been done for both 1A and 5A current inputs (coming from the field) that have to be converted into at least
0.2V using CTs. The results indicate that after selecting the correct values of burden resistor R1 for 1A input and both
R1, R2 resistors for 5A input, 0.2V was obtained accurately for both 1A and 5A using ADC. Also, DC voltage (80-
290V) is continuously supplied to the system which the controller cannot directly measure. The
testing of both the DC1 and DC2 channels showed that the controller accurately measures these inputs also
using ADC with minute difference that can be neglected.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Dr. Suraj Pardeshi (CGL, Mumbai) and Er. B. S. Singla (SLDC, Patiala) for their kind
cooperation, guidance and help in this work.
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