Homeowners Adding Grid Soila Photvoltaic Systems

Homeowners Adding Grid Soila Photvoltaic Systems
As the population is constantly increasing the demand for energy is skyrocketing, resources are
diminishing, and pollution is intensifying. Embracing a renewable energy system is essential.
Homeowners can embrace a on the grid solar photovoltaic system that will diminish the
environmental footprint, and decrease the waste of energy. There are some obstacles to become
energy independent, however the payoff will benefit in preserving the environment, societies, and
future generations A solar photovoltaic system (PV) has been around for 174 years, the system was
first discovered in 1839 by a French physicist Alexandre Edmund Becquerel. He discovered the
effects of the system while testing with an electrolytic cell made up of two metal electrodes. Sense
his findings PV system has revolutionized through the year by various scientists, inventors, and
organization. Protovolactic system developed and become a much desired in the 1980, the system
was commonly used and found in calculators, wristwatches, radios, and other various electronic
gadgets. (Sunlight Electric, 2013) "Today, the industry's production of PV modules is growing at
approximately 25 percent annually, and major programs in the U.S., Japan and Europe are rapidly
accelerating the implementation of PV systems on buildings and interconnection to utility
networks." (Florida Solar Energy Center, 2007) The photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into
electricity and the power generated is free. The system is also
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Photovoltaic Cell And Its Effect On The Environment
1. [INTRUDUCTION] Photovoltaic cell is electric generating cells that convert sunlight energy into
electrical energy; it is the most important and sustainable electrical energy generating system, solar
electric cell energy has grown rapidly and a popular resource of energy. On like most electricity
generating system has footpath of (CO2) produce, either during construction of the system or when
in operation. Photovoltaic cell also known as the solar panel is one of the Morden means of
generating electricity without producing (CO2) although traces of Co2 could be emitted, due to the
mechanical application involves during the contraction of the Photovoltaic system which could be
ignored cause it's of less harm to the environment during the long term of its operation. Photovoltaic
cell is affected by two major external conditions which are irradiance and temperature, the two
factors have a great effect on the Photovoltaic cell and its output, the amount of power obtained
from the PV system is a function of the PV array voltage and current set point, which brings to note
why the output from the Photovoltaic cell has to be maximized with a DC booster. Photovoltaic cell
is of grate impart in the Morden market of electrical generating sector, commonly used by industries
and private home etc. as a source of electricity , which have been of existence since , 1950s
'Inventors at Bell Labs (Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson) developed a more
efficient PV cell (6%)

Solar Power : Plentiful And Clean Essay
Solar power: Plentiful and clean
Ahn Pruitt
Keiser University
Abstract
Explained within is the ways Earth can be changed from using fossil fuel based energies to a cleaner
more environmentally friendly source of power. Solar power will benefit many different areas of
human life from helping reduce the amount of greenhouse gases being produced daily, as well as
how it is slowly becoming more cost–effective to be used as the cost to locate and find fossil fuels
continues to rise. Solar energy may even expand the job market, to employ people to help maintain
the systems.
Solar power: Plentiful and clean
Imagine a world where the power plants are not producing any kind of toxic wastes. A world where
cars do not run out of gas. The fuels people use right now are eventually going to run out. However,
there is one source that will remain long after current generations of people have left this planet. The
sun, if it was not for the sun nothing on this planet would be here. Human, animal, and plant life
depend on the Sun for food, light, and warmth. Everything on this planet benefits from this burning
ball of gas that planet Earth travels around. Plants, animals, and weather it affects all in one way or
another. The sun lights the moon, so even at night it provides Earth with some form of light. Solar
Energy is the cleanest form of energy that humans could harness and use to power the modern
world, as more solar systems are produced costs would begin to decrease, and the benefit to

Solar Tracking System And Hybrid Power Generation
Gujarat Technological University Chandkheda, Ahmedabad Affiliated BIRLA VISHVAKARMA
MAHAVIDYALAYAA Project Report On SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM & HYBRID POWER
GENERATION BE IV, Semester VII Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Submitted By
ANKUR BUSA 130080112011 ABHISHEK SINGH 130080112011 MUGDHA JAIN
130080112033 MEGHA PATEL 140083112011 Internal Guide DR. MEHUL B. SHAH External
Guide GAURANG V. PATEL DR. MEHUL B. SHAH (Head of Department) Academic Year 2016–
2017 BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDYALAYA ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE
PROJECT ENTITLED WITH "SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM AND HYBRID POWER
GENERATION" HAS BEEN COMPLETED BY ANKUR BUSA, ABHISHEK SINGH, MUGDHA
JAIN AND MEGHA PATEL OF UNDER MY GUIDANCE IN FULFILMENT OF SEMESTER–
VII OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2016–2017. DR. MEHUL B.
SHAH GAURANG V. PATEL PROJECT INTERNAL GUIDE PROJECT EXTERNAL GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS  IDP FORM  ABSTRACT  INTRODUCTION  BLOCK
DIAGRAM  APPLICATION  WORK PLANNING IDP FORMS ABSTRACT The increasing
demand for energy, the continuous reduction in existing sources of fossil fuels and the growing
concern regarding

Efficient Power Processing Topology For Solar Module Using...
Efficient Power Processing Topology for Solar Module Using Power Plane Analysis N.Narmadhai 1,
R.Santhanadevi 2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College
of Technology, Anna University Coimbatore– 641013, Tamilnadu, India. 2 P.G Scholar, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore–
641013.Tamilnadu, India, Mobile: +91 9629110597. E–mail: narmadhai@gct.ac.in E–
mail:devi91.mdu@gmail.com Abstract– The aim of this paper is an efficient power processing
topology for solar module using power plane analysis has been proposed. The Parallel Power
Processing (PPP) topology is to process most of the power to ... Show more content on
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Keywords– Photovoltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Parallel power processing
(PPP),Power Plane Analysis(PPA), Direct energy Transfer(DET). INTRODUCTION In recent years,
Energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat. These
resources are renewable. Therefore, for all practical purposes, these resources can be considered to
be unlimited, unlike dwindling conventional fossil fuels. The renewable energy sources are known
to be much cleaner and produce energy without the harmful effects of pollution unlike their
conventional counterparts. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy and the electrical power
generation in PV systems is highly affected by the temperature and the insolation level which makes
it impractical to directly connect them to the load without any storage devices or utility grid
interface. The PV systems focused on the minimization of the installation costs and the
maximization of the energy capture and conversion efficiency. In order to maximize the conversion
efficiency, the PV system should be operated at its maximum power point (MPP). This power is
supplied to the load using parallel power processing topology to reduce the amount of power
processed through the converter and, hence, decrease the converter size and increase the efficiency
by means of direct energy transfer (DET).The concept of the PPP topology is shown in Figure.

The Generation Of Electricity By Photovoltaic Cells Essay
PHOTOVOLTAICS PIYUSH PIYUSH ID–101317400 ABSTRACT The report covers the
generation of electricity by photovoltaic cells. The main idea of this report is to provide knowledge
to the scholar about the photovoltaic power generation and how we can use PV cells for the
production of electricity. In this report there is an explanation of how PV cells can be used for the
production of electricity. The report consists of how concentrating collectors, thin film technology,
building integrated systems and flat plate collectors can be used. The material used for the
production of photovoltaic cells are polycrystalline silicon, thin film materials and single crystal.
The report consists of manufacturing technology used in the production of photovoltaic cells and
how we can improve the cell efficiency and other monetary aspects of photovoltaic technology.
However, the photovoltaic efficiency and production costs has not reached up to the highest level
because of the cost related issues and this technology is not able to replace the conventional sources
of energy such as coal, gas and nuclear powered generating facilities. Photovoltaic power is used in
remote applications such as communications, villages and homes in many developing countries. In
many areas the rooftop installation of solar panels is smaller but it is rapidly increasing at a great
pace. As the industrial sciences narrow down the cost gap, more applications are increasing and the
use of photovoltaic panel has increased.

Energy Self-Sufficiency in Building through Photovoltaic...
Energy Self–Sufficiency in Building through Photovoltaic Cells ABSTRACT Solar energy is a way
to acquire self–sufficiency of many residential buildings. The different forms of solar cells made
from different materials and in different ways are able to increase the efficiency of the solar cells
and allow solar energy to become more widespread. Due to the possibility of a shortage of fossil
fuels in the near future, solar power can serve as an integral component in solving the energy crisis
through developing energy self–sufficient buildings. However, after researching many already
published materials, the possibility of allowing the world's buildings to become self–sufficient is not
possible unless other solar cells become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To cause a current to flow through the cells and create an electrical current, the semiconductor
incorporates a p–n junction, which is when p–type silicon is placed next to n–type silicon. The
electrons will then flow towards the positive side of the solar cells instead of in random directions
(see figure 1). These semiconductors are usually made out of silicon, which, when in different forms
can have efficiency from 16% to 32%. The efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is measured by the ratio
of the amount of solar energy it converts to electrical energy to the total amount of solar energy that
hits the cell (Department of Energy 2004). Figure 1: The Photovoltaic Effect, Converting Light
Energy to Electrical Energy Source: Walker 2004 Photovoltaic Cells 4 The idea of photovoltaic cells
is based on Albert Einstein's photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect describes the effect of
certain energies of light on different materials. Photons are able to dislodge electrons from the
material when the energy of the photons exceeds the energy needed to dislodge an electron from the
material plus the kinetic energy of electron. However, if the photon does not have enough energy,
the electron is unable to escape and remains in the material. Bell Labs first put these cells to use in

With Reference to the Article by Ray Anderson, the Current...
7920IBA: Systems Thinking and Sustainability
Article Review
Question:
"With reference to the article by Ray Anderson, the current information on the Interface website,
what you have learnt on the course and have gained from your extended reading please answer the
following question: 'Is the Interface model a prototype company for the 21st Century? If so why, if
not why not?
Prototype companies are vital so industry can move forward with world sustainability in the 21st
Century. Interface is the role model of a prototypical company of the 21st Century as they promote
and employ elements of Zero Discharge, reduced benign emissions, open communication, efficient
transportation and logistics, and renewable energy concepts. Zero ... Show more content on
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As stated by Wang et al. (2006, p. 160) ... "environmental accidents, complaints, and concerns have
pressured industries to shift from the traditions end–of–pipe approaches to sound pollution
prevention strategies". Interface are reducing their smoke stacks. End of pipe solutions are no longer
accepted as a means of reducing pollution and remaining sustainable in the 21st Century (Waage
2003, p. 23). This has resulted in Interface reducing their 292 smoke stacks to 183. This is a 39%
reduction in smoke stacks from their operations. A reduction in smoke stacks equals a reduction in
pollutants and waste entering the earths atmosphere. As stated by Wang et al. (2006, p. 160)
"Pollution represents a loss in profits during manufacturing". By Interface reducing their pollution
through smoke stack minimisation, they will see a return in increased profits. Further looking into
the aspect of reducing emissions, Interface has acknowledged that "to prevent toxic emissions
altogether we must go upstream and prevent those toxic substances from entering our factories in
the first place. What comes in will go out–as a product, waste or emission" (Waage 2003, p. 23.). To
sum this statement, prevention is better than cure. By following a process of assessing what products
come into a manufacturing process and either substituting or eliminating pollutant products, the end
waste will be minimised. As Interface has set up a programme to reduce benign emissions they

Performance Improvement And Mppt Of An Autonomous Hybrid...
Performance Improvement and MPPT of an Autonomous Hybrid PV/Storage System Powering a
Dynamic Load Based on Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm Ahmed M. Kassem1 and Almoataz Y.
Abdelaziz2 1Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University, Sohag,
Egypt 2Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University,
Cairo, Egypt Abstract– This paper investigates the application of the Artificial Bee Colony
Optimization (ABCO) algorithm based on PID control to Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
of a PV system with energy storage powering DC motor–pump system during isolationand load
variations. First, the total model of the entire system is obtained, including the PV, the boost
converter, the storage system, and the DC motor–pump system. The controller performance with the
proposed system is studied with a DC motor load deriving a pump of certain mechanical power.
Moreover, the proposed system performance with the optimal approach in case of applying MPPT is
compared with the system in case of operating without MPPT. The simulation results show that the
performance of proposed system in case of operating at MPPT is improved by about 43% more than
at operating without MPPT condition. Index Terms – Photovoltaic; energy storage system; optimal
control; artificial bee colony optimization algorithm; DC motor pump system. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) / storage energy systems have increased interest in electrical power

Keller Econ 545 Project
Solar Panel Services Keller Graduate School of Management Business Economics (ECON–545)
March 21th, 2015 Introduction My neighbor Cindy is asking my advice about her new idea of
running a contracting business for the installation of solar panels. She is interested about the cost
savings that households and business can take advantage of as a competitive advantage to promote
the investment. In addition, she thinks that consumers will be willing to invest in solar panel
services due to the reality that these days individuals are concerned about the environment and also
they wish to reduce pollution somehow. However, Cindy is concerned about risking her life savings
on a venture that might not succeed or become profitable enough. In the ... Show more content on
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(p.74) According to the Energy Information Administration (2013), in the chart about electricity
generation by fuel, for 2040 sixteen percent of the electricity is going to come from renewable
sources. EIA. (2013) http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/early_elecgen.cfm 4 Tastes According to
Shahan (2014) "in the state of Florida going solar cost around to $24,692 resulting in monthly
savings around to $139. Over time you could save $33,284, with a repayment period of about 16
years". (n.d.) The economic analysis varies state to state due to solar power incentives, permitting
requirements, federal tax deductions, and some other solar regulations. Government incentives for
installing solar panels are changing tastes and preferences of consumer. As Energy Sage (n.d.)
stated, "You can reduce the upfront cost of your solar panel system by 30% to sometimes more than
50% by using all the rebates, tax credits and incentives available to you. By taking full advantage of
these financial incentives, the annual returns on your investment will improve significantly". (n.p.)
For example, my father went solar two year ago in my home country. He reduced his electricity bill
in over 85% investing around $15,000. He is happy about it, but his tastes has changed dramatically
about renewable energy. Now he is committed to reduce pollution as a good social purpose.
According to Hubbard & O'Brien (2013), "Taste is a catchall category

Environmental And Health Hazards Of Burning Coal
2. Environmental And Health Hazards of Burning Coal
Coal is the primary fuel for electricity production in India and its usage is continuously growing to
meet the energy demands of the country. Emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants are
growing in India with the increasing demand for electricity. The aspiration for fast economic growth
lead to grow rapid industrialization coupled with accelerated urbanization and mechanization of
agriculture has been responsible for this increasing need of electricity ever since the independence.
The electricity consumption grew from 375.39 (billion kWh) in 2000 to 600.65 (billion kWh) in
2008 at an annual growth rate of 6.67% , while the electric power production grew from 529.12
billion kWh in 2000 to 835.27 billion kWh at an annual growth rate of 5.78% .
Main gases are emitted from coal fired and lignite based thermal power plants are CO2, NOx, SOx,
and air–borne inorganic particles such as fly ash, carbonaceous material (soot), suspended
particulate matter (SPM), and other trace gas species. Thermal power plants, using about 70% of
total coal in India4 (Garg et. al., 2002), are among the Large Point Sources (LPS) having significant
contribution (47% each for CO2 and SO2) in the total LPS emissions in India.
Large difference between electric power production and consumption are due to transmission and
distribution losses. In India, the losses are extremely high and they are varying between 30 to 45%.
Burning coal releases

Materials Engineering Of Photovoltaic Cells
Materials Engineering in Photovoltaic cells
In today's world when we think about energy sources, there are 2 classifications they can be split
into: renewable and non–renewable sources of energy. Fossil fuels are the backbone for most of the
energy we use today. We need this fuel for almost all of our daily routine, from lighting a fire to
running heavy machinery, but with increase in population there has been an increasing demand of
such energy. Fuels like these tend to give massive amount of energy but also affect the environment
by producing harmful gases and residue. With the depletion of the fossil fuels such as coal and
petroleum we needed to switch to alternate form of energy which and there has been an ever greater
need for a cleaner and renewable form of energy. Humans have tried to find many alternative (and
renewable) forms of energy such as wind and water but not at a very large scale. With an abundance
of solar energy available to harvest, it is one of the most widely cultivated renewable forms of
energy.
Solar cells or photovoltaic are the primary devices that are able to harvest the sun's energy in a form
that can be used every day. Semiconductors are one of the more widely used materials in the solar
cells industry; however other materials such as organic photovoltaic, solution–processed solar cells
and dye–sensitized solar cells are also used in the market. To understand the basic principle behind
the working of a solar cell, we have to look down into the

Photovoltaics in the United Kingdom
Chapter 2 – Literature Review
The purpose of this chapter is to analyse previous publications and opinions of Photovoltaics in the
UK. The chapter will aim to address the issues highlighted in the objectives of this paper. This
chapter will form an essential basis for the research in which comparisons can be made.
2.1 – What are Photovoltaics?
Photovoltaic energy generation is the direct conversion of sunlight into energy. It offers one of the
few ways of generating electricity in urban areas that is free of noxious emissions and noise.
Photovolaic materials, commonly known as solar cells, generate direct current electrical energy
when exposed to light. Mott Green & Wall state that 'solar cells are constructed from certain semi–
conducting materials that absorb solar radiation; electrons are displaced within the material, thus
starting a flow of current through an external connected circuit.' (Mott Green & Wall, 2002, p43)
Figure 1 shows the basic process of how photovoltaic panels produce electricity.
Fig 1 – The Power Producing Process (Battle, 1998)
The ability to generate electricity from sunlight is a relatively new and exciting technology that
offers many new opportunities in generating 'green' electricity. This technology is called solar
photovoltaics or more simply, PV. PV offers the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet and
renewable way. It makes use of the abundant energy from the sun, to generate electricity without the
production of

Energy Crisis Interrelated to Global Warming....
Energy Crisis Interrelated to Global Warming. Photovoltaic Cell – A Possible Solution Abstract–
The world's energy crisis has worsened in recent years, as oil prices dramatically increased due to
the limited amount of available oil. Global warming is considered as a byproduct of energy crisis,
because as oil continues to burn in the refining process, CO2 is constantly emitted to the atmosphere
at a fast rate and in heavy concentrations, which in turn, worsens the global warming situation.
Photovoltaic cell technology converts sunlight into direct current electricity. This source can be a
possible solution to solve the energy crisis as well as the global warming issue. Introduction–
Energy crisis has remained a top concern in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the possible solutions to solve these problems is the replacement of renewable energy, solar
energy, which converts sun energy directly to usable energy such as electricity. This will possibly
slow down the process of energy crisis and global warming. 3 Results and Discussion– Almost
everything in our daily lives depends on oil as a major energy source, automobiles, freeways,
commutes, air travel, food and heater/air conditioning. Since the production of oil is considered
cheap and convenient in economic terms, people rarely consider alternative sources of energy. Until
recently, the energy crisis has worsened. This is indicated by the rising of oil prices. The world,
especially the U.S. is highly depending on the Middle Eastern oil because oil productions in other
places are constantly declining. Not only city residents are dependent on oil, but also the farmers.
Farmer represents 2% of the American population, but they can produce enough food for the rest of
the 98% of the population due to the help from the oil–powered machineries. It is estimated that it
takes approximately one ton of oil to produce one steer. (The Coming World Energy Crisis, 2005).
Since oil is a non–renewable energy source, the oil production will definitely be depleted. The world
has already consumed about half of the endowment of oil, and the discovery rate for new oil has
decreased in the past 40 years. As the world population increases, the corresponding

Alternative Energy : The Pros And Cons Of Wind And Solar...
Most consumers use heat, cooling, and other appliances in their homes. But have you ever thought
the cost of running these appliances, or the way the fossil fuels that are produced effect the
environment. Alternative energies (–– removed HTML ––) are a possible solution to the issues of
cost and damage to our environment. You, as a consumer of energy, can benefit from these
financially through small scale photovoltaic solar and wind turbines. They both use "free fuel" to
create clean energy. When you harness this energy and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
in the atmosphere you actually save money in the long run. Throughout this lesson you will learn
more about the ways photovoltaic solar and wind turbines could benefit you as a consumer!
Students will learn...
To learn and demonstrate knowledge of consumer level alternative energies
To learn and demonstrate the pros and cons of wind and solar
To be able to identify areas suited for wind and solar energy
To learn the tax incentives that support renewable
To be able to determine return on investment
There are many reasons why consumers want to create their own energy. The majority of consumers
want to use alternative energy to save or even make money they are also concerned with reducing
their carbon footprint (–– removed HTML ––) Some people in remote areas don't have a choice and
have to rely on renewable energy (–– removed HTML ––) to have access to power. Alternative
energy is a popular choice for emergency shelters just incase of a complete blackout of the grid.
If taken advantage of to its fullest exent, sunlight that beams on the earth for one hour could meet
the world's energy demand for one year. This energy can be harnessed by using Photovoltiac (––
removed HTML ––) solar panels. Each solar panel consists of many modules, modules are made up
a cells. If a cell goes bad, instead of replacing the whole panel, you can replace the module. Each
module weighs about 40 pounds and can produce up to 360 watts per hour, enough energy to power
36 LED light bulbs. The lifetime of the solar panels vary, but most producers rate their products to
last 25 to 30 years in normal circumstances.
Pros and Cons of Photovoltiac Solar
Pros

Cons
Little

Photovoltaic Based Stabilising The Load Distribution...
Photovoltaic Based Stabilising The Load Distribution Feeders Using LPC. SUNKA DIVYA
G.NARESH M.Tech Student,EEE, Asst.Prof,EEE, Aarushi Engineering college, Aarushi
Engineering college, Warangal, Telangana, India. Warangal, Telangana, India.
Mail.id:divyasunka@gmail.com Mail.id:nareshsce@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Balancing load of
distribution feeders is significant for falling of power loss and mitigating power flow. As the loop
power controller is implanting for the active power and reactive power flows by change in voltage
ratio and phase shift. So that the balancing of the load distribution feeders can be achieved. However
it can include photovoltaic power producing in feeder balancing load, as a Taipower distribution
feeder consisting of two feeders with large amount of photovoltaic equipment considered. The
balancing load can be determine in distribution feeders with photovoltaic set up by using the loop
power controllers as the changing of solar energy and power loading of feeders. With implanting the
control algorithm in MATLAB for loop power controller by changing the voltage ratio and phase
shift connecting to the feeder the proper amount of active power and

The Pros And Cons Of Solar And Wind Energy
According to President Barack Obama, "There is one issue that will define the contours of this
century more dramatically than any other, and that is the urgent threat of a changing climate." The
main reason for global warming is the increment of using fossil fuels as a key source of energy
across the board, so some developed countries have started to transform the non–renewable power
sources to renewable resources. Solar and wind energy systems are two kinds of renewable source
of energy. Even if solar and wind power differ in methods of generating power, they bring similar
benefits to the society and environment.
Solar and wind energy have different processes to produce electricity. Solar energy creates
electricity by making large amounts of heat, which is conducted through electrical conductors and
changed into electrical power. In most solar systems, solar panels mounted on the roof. These panels
contain photovoltaic cells made from silicon that convert incoming sunlight into electricity instead
of heat. "("Photovoltaic" means electricity from light – photo = light, voltaic = electricity.)" The
photons of the sunlight knock the electrons from the silicon, as a result, the negatively electrons
accumulate in one side of the silicon cell to create electrical voltage. This current form photovoltaic
array and flows through PV array cables, which are terminated in one fused array combiner box. It is
designed to protect the PV cell cables, and to deliver DC (Direct Current)

Renewable Energy Vs. Solar Thermal Power Plants
2.1. Introduction The limited resources of non–renewable energy and the fluctuation of fuel price
have forced the world to find clean and economical natural energy resources by means of renewable
energy. Solar energy is a sustainable alternative option that can be utilized in various ways and can
be used in many applications. The world has experienced enormous enlargement in energy and fuel
consumption with lacking of energy resources. Moreover, the finite fossil fuel resource could not
cope up with the increasing energy demand. According to the World Health Organization, air
pollution is now the world's largest single environmental health risk. Lately, the statistics have
shown that air pollution is responsible for approximately two million deaths a year [1].
Conventional power plants are the major source of air pollutions due to toxic emissions such as
carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Alternative power plants that work on renewable resources
have been dedicated for this purpose. Different types of renewable energy and solar thermal power
plants will be presented in this chapter.
2.2. Renewable Energy Recently, the constraints of reducing fuel consumption and pollution have
improved the efforts toward renewable energies. Renewable energy resources such as sunlight, wind
and water are eventually unlimited and are much more eco–friendly than fossil fuel. It can be used
directly as solar ovens and geothermal heating, or indirectly by creating another form of energy

The Solar Of Solar Energy
Luke Schwartz Environmental ethics Final Paper Photovoltaic Panels Have you ever been to a house
or business that uses Solar? Solar power is a great way to save money as well as conserve energy.
Solar panels convert sunlight into usable energy for housing, businesses, sections of properties, and
even stuff like pool equipment. I want to discuss out the three important points about photovoltaic
panels starting with the history of solar panels to understanding panels and how they are built, and
finally the environmental aspects of photovoltaic panels. For those who don 't know, solar energy is
radiant energy produced by the sun and can be captured through semi conductors to use the energy.
Solar energy is used in many parts of the world and has become very poplar today. The history of
solar energy goes back to the 1769's when a "Swiss scientist named Horace–Benedict de Saussure
created the first solar collector which was an insulated box covered with three layers of glass to
absorb heat energy. Saussure's box became widely know as the first solar oven, reaching
temperatures of 230 degrees fahrenheit."(7). This complex system of collecting sunlight to create
power for all sorts of things became extremely popular and the industry started to boom. An article
from solar energy history states that, "In 1947 following the second World War, solar power
equipment started being popular among many people in the USA. There was a huge demand of solar
equipment."(7). After this boom

Earth is the Planet of the Plants
"Earth is the planet of the plants" – David Biello
According to the Biology Online dictionary, photosynthesis is the synthesis of complex organic
material using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, and light energy from sunlight, captured by
light–absorbing pigments, such as chlorophyll. This in other words, is the process through which
plants use carbon dioxide and water to grow, produce their food, and release ex–cess of oxygen into
the air.
"Plants versus Photovoltaics: Which Are Better to Capture Solar Energy?" is an article written by
David Biello, and published in May 12, 2011. With this article, Biello's purpose was to determine
that the relative efficiency of photosynthesis and photovoltaics is not a simple problem. Biello's
main purpose with this article is to open up a question to the reader of whether plants are better at
capturing solar energy than photovoltaics or vise versa, and how each process contributes to nature.
In this essay, 3 main points will be discussed – how each model convert energy, what can each
model bring to nature, and how can photosynthesis be improved and still conserve real nature
animals, like insects (no enhanced bugs or plants).
David Biello discusses the difference between plants and photovoltaics, and how each model uses
and gives energy. The question opens the discussion of which model is better at cap–turing solar
energy. Photovoltaic cells turn the solar energy into flowing electrons, meanwhile, plant cells turn it
into plant

The Energy Consumed By The United States
Roughly 81% of the energy consumed in the United States in 2015 was produced by fossil fuels
including coal, natural gas, and petroleum oil (EIA, "U.S. Energy Facts Explained"). A study on the
consequences of coal revealed that the burning of coal produced over 100 million tons of solid
waste, and the readying of coal to be burned creates nearly 90 million gallons of slurry, a muddy
waste product, in the United States every year (Sierra Club 2011). In 2015, 2,413 petroleum oil
spills were reported to have spilled a total of just over 300,000 gallons in U.S. waterways (U.S.
Department of Transportation). Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, for oil and natural gas can
contaminate groundwater, induce earthquakes, and release air pollutants. ... Show more content on
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Wind energy, one of the oldest forms of renewable energy used by humans, is produced simply by
harnessing the power of the wind with wind turbines and generating electricity. Geothermal energy
is energy from the heat of the Earth, and is drawn from locations with naturally heated water like hot
water reservoirs and geysers or areas deep within the Earth accessed by drilling (NREL, "Learning
About Renewable Energy"). Hydroelectric power, in simplest terms, uses the power of water
rushing downwards to rotate a propeller attached to a generator that in turn produces electricity
(Perlman). Another form of renewable energy is biomass, such as wood, biofuel, and bio–waste,
which is burned to produce energy; however, it is not clean energy.
Shifting the majority of energy consumption in the U.S. to clean energy would affect people and
businesses both in and outside of the nation. This inevitably creates concern surrounding the topic
and causes delays due to necessary controversy and questioning. While plenty of concerns are valid,
others have been answered by studies and reports by various organizations but have yet to reach the
public in masses.
One of these concerns is that the cost transitioning to clean energy would be too expensive. It is true
that shifting to green energy would have notable start–up costs; however, generating energy from
these

Evaluating The Suitability Of Solar Powered Led Lighting...
C.K.K. Sekyere, F.K. Forson, F.O. Akuffo, "Technical and economic studies on lighting systems: A
case for LED lanterns and CFLs in rural Ghana". Published On 2012. In this study is designed to
assess the suitability of solar–powered LED and CFL lighting systems as replacement for kerosene
lanterns. The Ghana 22,900,927 population are using kerosene as fuel for the sources of lighting
purpose. They are nearly 75.6 % of rural population and 19.9 % of the urban population are use
kerosene as fuel for lighting purpose. As he conducted survey among the 113 non – electric
households in 16 rural communities in that six regions or located in Ghana that use kerosene
lanterns he was observed the 69 % of the households established the kerosene lanterns in the
morning. He was done the technical analysis measuring the each lighting system on flat surface
measuring 1 m by 1.2 m using a portable lux meter. In this analysis he is observed the within two
years, he will save lot of money after using solar led and cell systems Therefore, the most significant
deduction from the study is that the solar–powered LED and CFL lighting systems are a viable and
cost effective off–grid lighting alternative for fuel–based lighting systems in rural Ghana. Biswajit
Biswas, Sujoy Mukherjee, "A comparative study of low cost solar based lighting system and fuel
based lighting system for remote off grid location in India" Published on Sep–Oct 2013, Energy is
the integral part of life. Energy demand

Renewable Energy : Hydropower And Solar Power Essay
1. What does the term "renewable" mean?
The term "renewable" in relation to energy refers to a natural power source which can be
replenished on a human time scale. For example, coal and oil may both be replenished but cannot be
considered "renewable" sources as the process is not easily replicated artificially and therefore takes
millions of years to replace what has been extracted from the earth. The use of sunlight, tides,
waves, wind, geothermal heat and biomass are examples of natural power that are considered
renewable sources.
2. Which two renewable energy forms did you choose?
I have chosen to discuss two prominent and well known forms of renewable energy in Australia are
hydropower and solar power.
Hydropower
Hydropower or hydroelectricity is one of the more mature forms of renewable energy technology
and can be found in some form in over 160 counties ("Hydro Energy", 2016). Power is generated
when the kinetic energy of flowing water from sources such dams, rivers or waterfalls is directed
through water turbines which in turn create electrical energy. There are over 120 hydropower
stations though out Australia generating 8% of total energy generation ("Hydropower", 2016).
Solar power
In Australia is not uncommon for homeowners to install solar panels on their roof tops which have
the potential to supply surplus energy back into the grid and subsidise the homeowners electrical
costs. In some cases the entire energy bill maybe completely offset by the amount

Science Search Using The Rit Ieeexplore On Solar Cells And...
Q1) Perform the literature search using the RIT IEEEXplore on solar cells and photovoltaics. Read
[1–3] and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_solar_cells ; The voltage generated by single PV
cell is low so we connect single PV cells in series when we need high voltage and in parallel when
we need high current and thus we can get the high power or desired output. We generally use a
series connection and this arrangement is called as Photovoltaic module or PV module. PV module
generally consists of front side, back side and encapsulated PV cell. The front side of the material is
made up of tempered glass and low iron. Efficiency is less in PV module because some of the
radiation is reflected by glass cover. Basic PV cell can be seen below Hierarchy of Photo Voltaic
cells can be seen below Photovoltaic array is a photovoltaic system which is a interconnection PV
modules. Sometimes the power generated by single PV module does not meet the requirements of
commercial usage.so PV modules are connected to form PV array. To get high or increased voltage
we connect the PV modules in series and to get high or increased current. We connected PV
modules in parallel. To convert DC (Direct current) power to AC (Alternating Current) which runs
motors, loads etc. an inverter is used. Working of PV Cell. PV cell works on the principle of
photoelectric current. When the light strikes the surface of a semiconductor material, some of the
energy is absorbed by semiconductor material

Research Project : Drivers, Barriers And Constraints And...
ME3 LITERATURE RESEARCH PROJECT Microgeneration is not living up to expectations: A
report that will first review the drivers, barriers and constraints and then refine the outlook of small
scale power generation. AUTHOR: AYOBAMI FALANA SUPERVISOR: Dr. MIKE RISTIC
Abstract Microgeneration is the small–scale production of heat and electricity, traditionally from
low–carbon sources. A study suggested that by 2050, microgeneration could provide 30–40% of the
UK 's electricity needs and help reduce annual household carbon emissions by 15%. (DTI, 2005).
Microgeneration addresses some of the fundamental problems with the centralised system that we
presently use to generate power, and some commentators (Greenpeace, 2006; Greenpeace, 2005)
have claimed that distributed generation should be the basis of any low–carbon economy. This view
was shared by many environmental activists and government bodies however uptake has not
matched the initial enthusiasm. This paper will first review the technologies encompassed by
microgeneration. Then analyse the drivers, barriers and constraints that have restricted the growth of
Microgeneration, before concluding by refining the future outlook of small scale power generation.
Table of Contents Introduction 4 Energy in the UK 5 I. State of the energy markets 5 II.
Composition of supply and demand 5 Microgeneration 5 Background 5 I. What is microgeneration?
5 II. Scale 5 Technologies 5 I. MicroCHP 5 II. Fuel Cells 5

Advancements Of Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Advancements in Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells Stephen J. Faulkenberry, Graduate Assistant
(GA) Department of Engineering Technology, Middle Tennessee State University Abstract Organic
photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells are becoming an increasingly pragmatic alternative to first and
second generation cells when it comes to existing augmentation and future rollouts. Cheap to
construct due to a simplified printing process, they can even be made in consumer level 3D printing
processes. Unlike previous generations, they are much more flexible in design and practical usage
thanks to the wide variety of dyes, polymers, and natural elements that can be used in construction.
Pitfalls of OPV cells include their low lifespan and solar efficiency, but in 2013 Heliatek finished
research on a cell that achieved a 12% efficiency rating, above the target mark of 10% for second
generation amorphous silicon cells. Further research and development in OPV cells will likely bring
them into direct competition with previous generations. I. Introduction Solar photovoltaic cells are
catogorized into three generational groups. First generation cells are made from crystalline silicon,
expensive to construct, and offer little flexibility. Second generation cells are made from amorphous
(non–crystalline) silicon, cheaper to make than crystalline, offer some flexibility, yet still utilize rare
and often toxic materials. Consequently, the maturation of the build process for 1st and 2nd
generation

Energy : The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wind Energy
In addition to being a virtually inexhaustible renewable resource, wind energy has the advantage of
being modular; that is a wind farm's size can be adjusted by simply adjusting the number of turbines
on the farm. A major disadvantage of wind is that the amount of energy available from the generator
at any given time is dependent on the intensity of the wind resource at the time which is very
difficult to predict. This intermittency of intensity reduces the wind generator's value both at the
operational level and also at the system capacity planning level where the system planner needs
information about how much energy they can depend on from a generator at a future planning date,
i.e., when the wind intensity cannot be perfectly predicted. Another disadvantage of wind energy is
that good wind sites tend to be located far from main load centers and transmission lines. Concerns
have also been raised about the death of birds and bats flying into wind turbines, the possibility of
turbines causing radar interference, and potential adverse effects of the shadow flicker5 on people
living in close proximity.
According to the estimates, onshore utility scale wind power plants have the lowest capital cost
among the renewables at $2,213/kW. In addition, wind has a lower capital cost than nuclear and
pulverized coal power plants. Offshore wind power plants, on the other hand, have an estimated
capital cost that is higher than all other generating technologies except municipal solid

Digitally Controlled Single Phase Inverter For...
Digitally Controlled Single Phase Inverter for Photovoltaic Energy System Mr. Suraj Muley1, Mr.
Abhijit Padgavhankar2 E&TC Department, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering,pune–41
1suraj.muley9@gmail.com E&TC Department, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Engineering
,pune–41 2 avpadgavhankar@sinhgad .edu Abstract–This paper is concerned with the basic theory
of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation, considering different designing parameters and various
uncertainty. The project will start by a basic understanding of the circuit of the pwm Inverter, the
components used in the design and the reason for selecting such components in this circuit. After
this, tried to simulate a model circuit on any simulating software e.g. MATLAB and analyze the
output waveforms for various values of the elements used in the circuit and hence study the system
response and instabilities. key words: PV cell , SPWM. I. INTRODUCTION An inverter is basically
a device that converts electrical energy of DC form into that of AC. The Purpose of DC–AC inverter
is to take DC power from a battery source and converts it to AC. For example the household inverter
receives DC supply from 12V or 24V battery and then inverter converts it to 240V AC with a
desirable frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz. These DC–AC

Solar Power Importance
Solar power is an important aspect of life that people should consider putting in their homes. Solar
power is the process of obtaining the energy from the sun and converting it to multiple uses. It can
be used to light, heat, and cool homes for cheaper than electric companies. Solar power is created by
using a device called a solar panel. Solar panels are used to soak up the sun's rays to create
renewable energy for homes and businesses. Solar power is saved during the daylight so that it can
be used during the night. If it is a cloudy day; enough energy can be preserved. If it isn't, the solar
panel can still get the energy it needs if the sun's rays shine through the clouds. On a cloudy day, the
thicker the clouds the less energy obtained(U.S. Department of Energy,2009).
Solar power is mostly used in places with the most sunshine. For example, they are majorly used in
places in the United States like California, New Mexico, and Arizona. Another good place to have
solar panels is in other countries, especially close to the equator. Close to the equator is a good spot
for the use of solar panels because the sun's rays are stronger there.
The process of creating the Solar panel is not an easy process. Solar panels are made up of mostly
different types of silicon and glass–like substances. The process of making them and installing them
is costly, but after that they are done, they are fine. A photovoltaic cell is a cell that converts solar
energy into electrical energy(

Power Electronics For Renewable Energy Utilization
Power Electronics Application in Renewable Energy Utilization Kyle Felthauser
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, United States of America kyle.felthauser@ttu.edu Abstract–This paper covers the need
and use of power electronics in the application of renewable energy utilization. Covered in this
paper is wind energy with variable speed drives and their controlling power electronics. Solar
energy, specifically photovoltaics and their controlling power electronics. High–voltage direct
current transmission lines and the power electronics that allow for this technology to exist.
Keywords–Power Electronics; Wind Energy; Solar Energy, High–Voltage Direct Current
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy demands are on the rise across the world and in many modernized countries the push for
renewable energy is rising. Two of the main renewable energy sources that are getting a lot of
attention are wind and solar. One of the difficulties presented with some renewable energy sources
are their inherent inconsistency. Wind intensities change from hour to hour and from one season to
the next. Solar radiation can be strong one minute and be nearly blocked out the next by a cloud. To
make renewable energy more reliable and coincide with strict utility standards the use of power
electronics is needed. The advancement in power electronics has also greatly improved in efficiency
and allows more energy to be captured by natural resources. Another difficulty with

The Effects Of Fossil Fuels And High Levels Of Greenhouse...
Introduction
The phrase sustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. To create an impact on
lowering the usage of fossil fuels and high levels of greenhouse gases there are several different
forms of renewable energy available for worldwide use today. This includes biofuels (bioethanol and
biodiesel), biomass, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power stations, solar powered cells, and wind
turbines to name a handful of sources of energy. Solar energy from the sun can also be derived to
produce photochemical, photoelectric, and photovoltaic energy to diversify its format.
By increasing uses of fossil fuels we endanger ourselves with the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The protocol agreement suggested countries were required to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
to 5% against levels produced in 1990. A further extension was agreed to depreciate the emissions
by 18% below the levels in 1990 during an eight year time period from 2013 to 2020.
The triple bottom line (TBL) effect is taken into consideration when used to describe the
sustainability of an industry. This is an accounting framework measuring the economic,
environmental, and social aspects over a specific period of time. With the diversity of renewable
energy and its different formats, it is an effective method to impose and produce a TBL. These
results in accelerating profits and decelerating emissions of greenhouse gases produced by fossil
fuel combusting power stations and also nuclear power stations.
Creating renewable energy projects result in more jobs for qualified people for installation and
labour processes. Although the initial cost of installation for renewable sources of energy is high, the
maintenance costs are low and are easily accessible, for example solar panels and wind turbine
farms. The production of wind turbine farms has drawn eyebrows for many local communities
complaining about them to be visually displeasing. However, many renewable energy projects
increase domestic revenues on tourism. A prominent example being the Hoover Dam situated on the
border of

The Pros And Cons Of Solar Energy
Did you know that the sun is one of the most key sources of renewable energy today? Solar Energy
could be the answer to the world's problems if we use it right. Solar energy is a very clean renewable
source of energy, that could stop global warming. Solar energy is created from the sun's light and
heat. It has many positive aspects of usage. One of the most positive aspect of solar energy is how
clean it is, it's one hundred times better than using fossil fuels. Solar can be used in many different
shapes, ways and forms. There are two main ways of converting the sun into energy. The first
method works through the use of photovoltaics, which creates electricity directly from sunlight
through a photovoltaic cell. The second main source of solar power is called Solar Thermal
Technology. In this process, the heat from the sun's rays are captured, harnessed, and then used to
conduct energy for a selected source. The sun heats and lights a solar panel and it converts it to DC
current, then the inverter converts the DC energy to AC and then you have electricity for your home;
the extra electricity gets credited on the grid. A lot of people have no idea how much amazing things
solar can do. Solar can power cars, run a steam engine, power cities etc. A lot of ignorant people in
this world who only care about money and don't care about the future of our earth are totally
oblivious to what solar can do. I picked this as my project to try and spread awareness on how vital
solar energy really is to us. I also don't think people understand how clean solar energy is, it doesn't
emit any greenhouse gases when producing thermal energy and electricity. The heat that comes from
solar and is turned into electricity and hot water is called Thermal Energy. Our Sun's rays heat up a
fluid then the steam given off from the heated fluid gives power to a generator that makes electricity.
Instead of using propane, solar hot water is one of the cheapest and easiest ways to get you started
with solar and it's amazing benefits.
Solar energy has many positive aspects of usage. The first positive usage of solar energy is that this
type of energy is 100% clean and there's no pollution involved. It is better than using fossil fuels
because

An Investigation Into Photovoltaic Cells
An Investigation into Photovoltaic Cells Karolina Kot, U1356111 University of Huddersfield School
of Art, Design and Architecture An Investigation into Photovoltaic Cells INTRODUCTION: In this
report I will be investigating into photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells, and "solar battery" (in
early days). I will look at the purpose of them, the technologies in which they are being used, how
they work and how they are used based on the actual examples. The other parts of the report will
show the example of how they are used in the existing building and what function they have in it. I
will also be looking at the advantages and disadvantages of using photovoltaic cell technologies and
compare it to alternative technologies available on market that can be used, taking in consideration
the aspects of both technologies. At the end of the report I will also look at the sustainable issues as
well as the cost issues that come along with using this method in small and large buildings. I will
look forward to generally summarize the use of photovoltaic cells and their aspects within the
buildings. EXPLANATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY, WHAT IT IS: Photovoltaic cells, are used in
buildings in the way of photovoltaic panels also known as "Solar PV Panels" to provide and deliver
electricity directly into the building. They are often being mixed up with "Solar Thermal Panels", as
they are both put on the roofs of the buildings and look very similar, however they provide

Essay about The Alternative Energy Source to Oil
The Alternative Energy Source to Oil
Introduction
1.0 "Renewable Energy" is the term used to describe those energy flows that occur naturally and
repeatedly in the environment, e.g. from the sun, wind and the oceans, and from plants and the fall
of water. It also refers to the energy available from wastes and to the emerging clean technology of
fuel cells.
There are wide ranges of renewable energy sources/technologies, varying in technical and
commercial viability. These include:
Solar Power (Photovoltaic)
Hydro – electric Power
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Geothermal
Wind Power
Nuclear Power
1.1 The modern drive to harness renewable energy began in the 1970's. It was promoted by ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Much of the world's required
energy can be supplied by solar power.
2.1 The first practical solar cell was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1954. With the advent of the
space program, Photovoltaic cells made from semi–conductor grade silicon quickly became the
power source of choice for use on satellites. The systems were very reliable, and cost was of little
concern. In the early 1970s, the disruption of oil supplies to the industrialized world led to serious
consideration of Photovoltaic as a terrestrial power source. This application focused research
attention on improving performance, lowering costs and increasing reliability.
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy
generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector simply collects the
radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and
heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non–constant nature of solar energy;

at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. The storage unit can hold the
excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the
productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is added, too,

Physics for Industries
INTRODUCTION
Physics attempts to describe the fundamental nature of the universe and how it works, always
striving for the simplest explanations common to the most diverse behaviour. For example, physics
explains why rainbows have colours, what keeps a satellite in orbit, and what atoms and nuclei are
made of. The goal of physics is to explain as many things as possible using as few laws as possible,
revealing nature 's underlying simplicity and beauty. Physics has been applied in many industrial
fields, which include the air industry, construction industry, automobile industry, manufacturing
industry and many others. All these industries apply physics in one way or another. For example a
car that moves from one point to another has to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fluid moving over the top travels a greater distance than the moving just under the bottom of the
wing. Consequently, the fluid moving over the top must travel faster in order to conform to the
shape of the wing and still maintain the natural streamline. The shape of the wing also crowds the
streamlines together above the wing, just as in the case of a constructing pipe. The result is that of
the region immediately above the wing. Because the downward force on the top of the wing is less
than the upward force on the bottom, a net upward force, or lift, arises from the airflow. (Beyond the
airfoil the flowing air has a downward component of velocity. By Newton 's third law, the reaction
force to the net downward force exerted on the air is the lift.) For lift to occur, a flow of air is
required relative to the wing. The lift occurs equally well for a wing moving through stationary air
or for moving past a stationary wing.
In general, as the flow of air past the wing increases, both the lift force and the drag force (the
resistance to forward motion) increases. According to Breithaipt (2000), aircraft wings are designed
so that pilots can change the wing shape during flight, producing greater lift for the slower speeds of
takeoff and landing and producing less drag at cruising extended

Notes On Renewable Energy Systems
1 | P a g e 7405ENG Renewable Energy Systems 7405ENG Renewable Energy Systems Assignment
2 Submitted to Prasad Kaparaju Course convenor By submitting this report I hereby state:  That all
items included in this report are solely my own work, unless I have clearly stated or referenced
them.  I am aware of the university's policies regarding academic integrity and the penalties that
could be enforced if I fail to comply. Submitted by Chirantan Patel S2930078 2 | P a g e 7405ENG
Renewable Energy Systems TABLE OF CONTENT: 1.
Summery.............................................................. 3 2.
Introduction.........................................................4 3. Design Criteria
......................................................5  Photovoltaic...................................................5 
Invertor.........................................................5 4. Cost Analysis........................................................6 
Feasible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this software five step for analysis which are energy analysis, cost analysis, emission analysis,
financial analysis, and sensitivity/risk analysis. This software cover global database of climate
change condition which is provided by the NASA's Satellite, hydrology database and product
database, benchmark database, ; project database, legal toolkits and large amount of multilingual
and multimedia free training material. 4 | P a g e 7405ENG Renewable Energy Systems
INTRODUCTION: The industrial revolution has clearly shown that the use of renewable energy
sources like wind, hydraulic and solar are archaic due to fact that they have been used centuries ago.
They need to focus on current renewable energy trend like petroleum has led to the abandoning of
wind, hydraulic, and solar source. Due to the huge amount of fuel consumption fuel prices and
environmental problems like global warming so that we need to returning back to renewable energy
sources. Renewable energies are infinite, clean and we can use them at same place where they are
produced. Solar cell Converting the sun radiation directly into the electricity. Al the solar cells are
made of semiconducting material. It is same material as we used in the computer chip. When
sunlight fall on the solar cell, electrons is exited from its atoms, allowing the electrons to flow
through the material to produce electricity. The electricity generation from light (photon) is known
as photovoltaic (PV) effect. Solar cell

System Advisor Model Is Developed By The National...
Gerardo M Gallardo Independent Study EEL 4905–Spring 2015 03/09/15 System Advisor Model
(SAM) or System Advisor Model is developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) and is available for free download. Its main function is to predict the performance and cost
of residential and commercial projects. SAM has different options for predicting the performance of
photovoltaic systems. The model requires that the user choose from different photovoltaic system
models, and depending on that choice, possibly choose from different modules and different inverter
component models. The software offers a package of performance and financial for projects with
different financial structures. SAM's reports use consistent assumptions for the different models to
facilitate comparing technology and financing options. SAM is one of many photovoltaic system
models available, but is unique in the way it integrates a photovoltaic performance model with a
detailed financial model for a given project, and in its ability to compare photovoltaic systems to
other renewable energy systems. SAM has three different choices for the user to choose from to
modeling a photovoltaic system; The PVWatts System model which is an implementation of NREL
's online photovoltaic calculator, the Flat Plate PV model which combines and separates module's
component models that are available for the user to select and; and the High–X Concentrating PV
model which is for concentrating PV systems. All three

Alternative Energy for Future
Alternative Energy for Future
Nowadays the most common energy resources come from Fossil Fuel, which according to research
it shows that more of 85% of all energy that is consumed in the United States. It takes millions of
years for the Fossil Fuel to actually develop and ready to be used, and the main concern of Fossil
Fuel is that it cannot be consumed over and over again or reused. Through this analysis it can be
assumed that because it takes millions of years for the fossil fuel to develop, and we came up with
two assumptions that would lead the innovation of producing energy using different resources. The
first assumption is that there is more fossil fuel that is used rather than what is provided or reserved
by the nature. This act ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two different types of thermal energy used, passive and active form. Passive solar heating
does not require any equipments because the heat because it enters the building independently. On
the other hand, active solar heating needs a medium to absorb and store solar radiation. One
example of an active solar heating is energy storage system. Other than that, solar thermal power
plant indirectly produces electric power when heat of the solar collected is used to heat a fluid; this
method could transfer a system to produce steam. Solar thermal energy works almost the same as
creating energy but actually it is by converting energy using the sun's radiation.
Besides passive and active benefits of using solar energy, it also has less damage and fewer side
effects to the environment since it does not produce any pollution. However, there are costs in terms
of producing solar cells. Many scientists aware of the negative impacts that photovoltaic cells
production has, it is because toxic metal such as mercury, lead, and cadmium are used during the
process of manufacturing solar cell. It definitely increases the issue of global warming. However we
all know that all good things must have a trade off, where in this case the amount of good that we
receive is more than the cost that we produce. Thus it is a good thing for the society.
Hydropower energy

2.5 How Do Photovoltaic Work?
2.5 How do photovoltaic work? For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is especially treated to
structure an electric field, positive on one side and negative on the other. At the point when light
energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from the atom in the semiconductor
material. In the event that electrical conductors are joined to the positive and negative sides,
structuring an electrical circuit, the electrons can be caught as an electric current – that is, electricity.
This electricity can then be utilized to power a load, for example, a light or a device. Various solar
cells electrically connected with one another and mounted in a support structure or frame is known
as a photovoltaic module. Modules are intended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As such, the photovoltaic reaction of single–intersection cells is constrained to the share of the sun 's
range whose vitality is over the band hole of the retaining material, and lower energy photons are
not utilized. One method to get around this impediment is to utilize two (or more) different cells,
with more than one band gap and more than one junction, to create a voltage. These are referred to
as "multijunction" cells. Multijunction devices can accomplish a higher aggregate transformation
proficiency in light of the fact that they can change over a greater amount of the energy spectrum of
light to power (Knier, 2002). 3. Brazil Energies Brazil has experienced a significant economic and
demographic growth in the previous decades and this development is expected to continue in the
following years, influencing on electricity consumption rates. The government of Brazil estimates
that electricity consumption (excluding self–consumption) will grow from 466,5 TWh in 2013 to
672 TWh in 2022, demanding investments on the expansion of the energy matrix and more
utilization of the high potential for renewable energies (ANEEL, 2013). Brazil has a huge potential
to generate solar energy with an irradiation average between 4,8 to 6,0 kWh/m²/day, while in
Germany the maximum value is of 3,4 kWh/m²/day. (Brazil Solar Atlas, 2006). Then it is quite
noticeable that the worst spot in Brazil is still better than in Germany, which is one of the largest
producer of solar energy in the

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