Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that can affect B-cells or T-cells. It is classified based on the type of cell and aggressiveness. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and unintended weight loss. While the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include chemical exposure, infections, and immunodeficiency. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and bone marrow transplants, with survival rates varying based on cell type and staging.
1. White blood cells (leukocytes) include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils which fight infection, and agranulocytes like monocytes and lymphocytes which are involved in immune responses.
2. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells characterized by abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. The four main types are acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
3. Factors involved in leukemia development include genetic mutations, chromosomal translocations, radiation exposure, certain chemicals, and some viruses. Maintaining overall health can help support white blood cell counts.
This document provides an overview of acute and chronic leukemia. It defines leukemia as a group of malignant disorders affecting blood and blood-forming tissues. It discusses the main types of acute leukemia - acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. It covers the causes, symptoms, types and treatment for each. It also defines chronic leukemia and discusses chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in more detail including their pathophysiology, stages, risk factors, clinical presentation and treatment options.
The document discusses lymphoma, which is a cancer of the lymphatic system. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system. It then defines lymphoma and discusses the two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and has a good prognosis. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and diverse, with several subtypes that can vary in aggressiveness. The document outlines signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, and the nursing management of patients with lymphoma.
Mr. Salim, a 62-year-old man, presented with right neck and left groin swelling for 3 months along with 7-8 kg of weight loss. Biopsy revealed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). He was diagnosed with stage IV NHL and treated with rituximab and CHOP chemotherapy. The presentation discusses lymphadenopathy causes, lymphoma types and differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, risk factors, investigations and treatments. Key points include distinguishing reactive from tumoral lymph nodes, indolent versus aggressive NHL subtypes, common genetic abnormalities in lymphomas, and involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in certain malignancies.
Haematological malignancies arise from mutations in blood cells that disrupt normal cell proliferation and death. These include both indolent neoplasms like chronic leukaemias where patients can survive for many years, as well as rapidly progressive cancers like acute leukaemias. Leukaemias are malignant disorders of blood stem cells characterized by increased white blood cells in bone marrow and blood. The main types are acute myeloid leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Treatment involves intensive chemotherapy to induce remission, followed by consolidation and maintenance therapy to prevent relapse. Supportive care including transfusions and antibiotics is also important.
This document provides information about leukemia, including:
- Leukemia is a group of cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal bone marrow stem cells and causes an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. They are distinguished based on the type of blood cell affected and speed of progression.
- Treatment depends on the leukemia type and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, or watchful waiting. The goal is to destroy signs of leukemia and induce remission while managing side effects.
-
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that can affect B-cells or T-cells. It is classified based on the type of cell and aggressiveness. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and unintended weight loss. While the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include chemical exposure, infections, and immunodeficiency. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and bone marrow transplants, with survival rates varying based on cell type and staging.
1. White blood cells (leukocytes) include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils which fight infection, and agranulocytes like monocytes and lymphocytes which are involved in immune responses.
2. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells characterized by abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. The four main types are acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
3. Factors involved in leukemia development include genetic mutations, chromosomal translocations, radiation exposure, certain chemicals, and some viruses. Maintaining overall health can help support white blood cell counts.
This document provides an overview of acute and chronic leukemia. It defines leukemia as a group of malignant disorders affecting blood and blood-forming tissues. It discusses the main types of acute leukemia - acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. It covers the causes, symptoms, types and treatment for each. It also defines chronic leukemia and discusses chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in more detail including their pathophysiology, stages, risk factors, clinical presentation and treatment options.
The document discusses lymphoma, which is a cancer of the lymphatic system. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system. It then defines lymphoma and discusses the two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and has a good prognosis. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and diverse, with several subtypes that can vary in aggressiveness. The document outlines signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, and the nursing management of patients with lymphoma.
Mr. Salim, a 62-year-old man, presented with right neck and left groin swelling for 3 months along with 7-8 kg of weight loss. Biopsy revealed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). He was diagnosed with stage IV NHL and treated with rituximab and CHOP chemotherapy. The presentation discusses lymphadenopathy causes, lymphoma types and differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, risk factors, investigations and treatments. Key points include distinguishing reactive from tumoral lymph nodes, indolent versus aggressive NHL subtypes, common genetic abnormalities in lymphomas, and involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in certain malignancies.
Haematological malignancies arise from mutations in blood cells that disrupt normal cell proliferation and death. These include both indolent neoplasms like chronic leukaemias where patients can survive for many years, as well as rapidly progressive cancers like acute leukaemias. Leukaemias are malignant disorders of blood stem cells characterized by increased white blood cells in bone marrow and blood. The main types are acute myeloid leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Treatment involves intensive chemotherapy to induce remission, followed by consolidation and maintenance therapy to prevent relapse. Supportive care including transfusions and antibiotics is also important.
This document provides information about leukemia, including:
- Leukemia is a group of cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal bone marrow stem cells and causes an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. They are distinguished based on the type of blood cell affected and speed of progression.
- Treatment depends on the leukemia type and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant, or watchful waiting. The goal is to destroy signs of leukemia and induce remission while managing side effects.
-
Lymphoma by Sunil Kumar Daha (Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins)sunil kumar daha
Please find the power point onLymphoma . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to produce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Management of leukemia involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the type and stage of leukemia. The goal of treatment is to destroy signs of leukemia in the body and induce remission.
This document discusses several non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders of white blood cells. It describes leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and reactive leukocytosis as non-neoplastic disorders. It then summarizes several types of lymphoid neoplasms including acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. Key features such as pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and distinguishing characteristics are highlighted for each condition.
This document provides an overview of leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by abnormal blood cell production. There are four main types classified by cell type and disease progression: acute or chronic, myeloid or lymphoid. Causes are often genetic defects or environmental exposures. Symptoms vary by type but can include fatigue, infections, bruising, and organ enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests. Treatment aims to cure or control the disease using chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplants, and supportive care.
This document provides information about lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. It defines lymphoma as cancer originating from lymphocytes in the lymphatic system. Common lymphomas include follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. The document discusses the development, classification, symptoms, staging, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphomas.
Lymphomas are malignancies of the lymphatic system that are characterized by the proliferation of lymphocytes. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma contains malignant Reed-Sternberg cells and most often affects young adults and those over 50, while non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is more common and diverse group defined by the lack of Reed-Sternberg cells. Both types usually begin in lymph nodes and can spread throughout the body, though non-Hodgkin's tends to spread more quickly. Treatment involves chemotherapy, immunotherapy such as rituximab, and sometimes radiation therapy or stem cell transplants.
Lymphoma arises from mutations in cells of the lymphatic system. It is the 7th and 6th most common cancer in men and women respectively. The median age of diagnosis is 66 for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 38 for Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment depends on the lymphoma type and stage but may include chemotherapy, targeted therapies like rituximab, and radiation therapy. Radiation is commonly used at low doses to treat localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is also used in combination with chemotherapy for early stage or high risk Hodgkin lymphoma to improve outcomes. Long term risks of radiation include damage to nearby tissues and potential new cancers later in life.
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to overproduce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The document discusses the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches which may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and stem cell transplant, and management of the different types of leukemia.
This document provides information about leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is defined as a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is diagnosed based on blood tests showing low blood cell counts and the presence of immature white blood cells. Treatment depends on the type of leukemia and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant.
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer that typically affects the legs of teenagers and young adults. It arises from bone-forming cells and presents with bone pain and swelling. Diagnosis is made through x-rays, biopsy, and microscopic examination showing malignant bone-forming cells. Treatment involves chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor. Outcomes have improved but many patients still experience recurrence.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is treated through chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the type and stage of leukemia. Nursing care focuses on managing side effects of treatment, preventing infections, maintaining nutrition, providing education and supporting the psychological needs of the patient.
This document provides information about acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It discusses that ALL is a cancer of the lymphoid cells that is most common in children. The document covers the classification, immunologic subtypes, cytogenetic abnormalities, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and hematological and histological findings of ALL. It describes that ALL is diagnosed based on complete blood count, peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy and cytogenetic/flow cytometry analysis. The key diagnostic findings include anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and lymphoblasts in the bone marrow.
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy play important roles in treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Chemotherapy involves using drugs like cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in combination (e.g. CHOP regimen), often with the addition of rituximab (RCHOP). Radiotherapy uses radiation to kill cancer cells and may be applied to specific areas or the whole body. Current treatment commonly includes 3-8 cycles of RCHOP followed by radiotherapy with doses of 30-36Gy. Radiotherapy is also used palliatively for symptom control in advanced NHL.
Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that begin in the bone marrow and result in abnormal blood cells. The most common types are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, immunotherapy or CAR-T cell therapy to kill leukemia cells and achieve remission in phases including induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy.
Leukaemia is a group of malignant blood disorders affecting the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types classified by whether the affected cells are lymphoid or myeloid, and whether the disease course is acute or chronic. Acute leukemias involve immature blast cells and a rapid progression, while chronic leukemias involve more mature cells and a slower course. The document defines each type and discusses their signs, symptoms, diagnosis, prognostic factors and treatment approaches.
Successful, low cost lymphoma treatment india is a type of cancer that begins in immune system cells called lymphocytes- IndianMedGuru is the solution.
Lymphomas are the third most common childhood malignancy. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells and is diagnosed via biopsy. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with regimens depending on risk stratification. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes include Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Staging guides treatment, which typically has high survival rates. Wilms tumor arises from nephrogenic rests and presents as an abdominal mass. Staging and histology guide surgery and chemotherapy according to national protocols, with high cure rates.
This document provides an overview of leukemias, including:
- Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that results in an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, infections, anemia, bruising/bleeding, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
- Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation, stem cell transplant, and management of symptoms.
Leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children. It begins in blood cells and causes an abnormal increase in white blood cells. Symptoms include fever, night sweats, bruising easily, and feeling very tired. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplants, and managing risks like infection.
Immune system tumors, also known as cancers, can develop from cells in the immune system. The two main types are lymphoma and myeloma. Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system and is classified as either Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Myeloma develops from plasma cells and causes tumors in the bone marrow. While the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include genetics, viruses, chemicals, and immune dysfunction. Symptoms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Treatment options range from chemotherapy and radiation to immunotherapy and stem cell transplants.
Lymphoma by Sunil Kumar Daha (Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins)sunil kumar daha
Please find the power point onLymphoma . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to produce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Management of leukemia involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the type and stage of leukemia. The goal of treatment is to destroy signs of leukemia in the body and induce remission.
This document discusses several non-neoplastic and neoplastic disorders of white blood cells. It describes leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, and reactive leukocytosis as non-neoplastic disorders. It then summarizes several types of lymphoid neoplasms including acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. Key features such as pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and distinguishing characteristics are highlighted for each condition.
This document provides an overview of leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by abnormal blood cell production. There are four main types classified by cell type and disease progression: acute or chronic, myeloid or lymphoid. Causes are often genetic defects or environmental exposures. Symptoms vary by type but can include fatigue, infections, bruising, and organ enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests. Treatment aims to cure or control the disease using chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplants, and supportive care.
This document provides information about lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. It defines lymphoma as cancer originating from lymphocytes in the lymphatic system. Common lymphomas include follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. The document discusses the development, classification, symptoms, staging, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphomas.
Lymphomas are malignancies of the lymphatic system that are characterized by the proliferation of lymphocytes. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma contains malignant Reed-Sternberg cells and most often affects young adults and those over 50, while non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is more common and diverse group defined by the lack of Reed-Sternberg cells. Both types usually begin in lymph nodes and can spread throughout the body, though non-Hodgkin's tends to spread more quickly. Treatment involves chemotherapy, immunotherapy such as rituximab, and sometimes radiation therapy or stem cell transplants.
Lymphoma arises from mutations in cells of the lymphatic system. It is the 7th and 6th most common cancer in men and women respectively. The median age of diagnosis is 66 for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 38 for Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment depends on the lymphoma type and stage but may include chemotherapy, targeted therapies like rituximab, and radiation therapy. Radiation is commonly used at low doses to treat localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is also used in combination with chemotherapy for early stage or high risk Hodgkin lymphoma to improve outcomes. Long term risks of radiation include damage to nearby tissues and potential new cancers later in life.
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to overproduce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The document discusses the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches which may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and stem cell transplant, and management of the different types of leukemia.
This document provides information about leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is defined as a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is diagnosed based on blood tests showing low blood cell counts and the presence of immature white blood cells. Treatment depends on the type of leukemia and involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant.
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer that typically affects the legs of teenagers and young adults. It arises from bone-forming cells and presents with bone pain and swelling. Diagnosis is made through x-rays, biopsy, and microscopic examination showing malignant bone-forming cells. Treatment involves chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor. Outcomes have improved but many patients still experience recurrence.
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It results from abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia is treated through chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the type and stage of leukemia. Nursing care focuses on managing side effects of treatment, preventing infections, maintaining nutrition, providing education and supporting the psychological needs of the patient.
This document provides information about acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It discusses that ALL is a cancer of the lymphoid cells that is most common in children. The document covers the classification, immunologic subtypes, cytogenetic abnormalities, clinical features, diagnostic measures, and hematological and histological findings of ALL. It describes that ALL is diagnosed based on complete blood count, peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy and cytogenetic/flow cytometry analysis. The key diagnostic findings include anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and lymphoblasts in the bone marrow.
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy play important roles in treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Chemotherapy involves using drugs like cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in combination (e.g. CHOP regimen), often with the addition of rituximab (RCHOP). Radiotherapy uses radiation to kill cancer cells and may be applied to specific areas or the whole body. Current treatment commonly includes 3-8 cycles of RCHOP followed by radiotherapy with doses of 30-36Gy. Radiotherapy is also used palliatively for symptom control in advanced NHL.
Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that begin in the bone marrow and result in abnormal blood cells. The most common types are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, immunotherapy or CAR-T cell therapy to kill leukemia cells and achieve remission in phases including induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy.
Leukaemia is a group of malignant blood disorders affecting the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. There are four main types classified by whether the affected cells are lymphoid or myeloid, and whether the disease course is acute or chronic. Acute leukemias involve immature blast cells and a rapid progression, while chronic leukemias involve more mature cells and a slower course. The document defines each type and discusses their signs, symptoms, diagnosis, prognostic factors and treatment approaches.
Successful, low cost lymphoma treatment india is a type of cancer that begins in immune system cells called lymphocytes- IndianMedGuru is the solution.
Lymphomas are the third most common childhood malignancy. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells and is diagnosed via biopsy. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with regimens depending on risk stratification. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes include Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Staging guides treatment, which typically has high survival rates. Wilms tumor arises from nephrogenic rests and presents as an abdominal mass. Staging and histology guide surgery and chemotherapy according to national protocols, with high cure rates.
This document provides an overview of leukemias, including:
- Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that results in an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, infections, anemia, bruising/bleeding, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
- Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation, stem cell transplant, and management of symptoms.
Leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children. It begins in blood cells and causes an abnormal increase in white blood cells. Symptoms include fever, night sweats, bruising easily, and feeling very tired. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplants, and managing risks like infection.
Immune system tumors, also known as cancers, can develop from cells in the immune system. The two main types are lymphoma and myeloma. Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system and is classified as either Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Myeloma develops from plasma cells and causes tumors in the bone marrow. While the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include genetics, viruses, chemicals, and immune dysfunction. Symptoms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor. Treatment options range from chemotherapy and radiation to immunotherapy and stem cell transplants.
Similar to Lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma (20)
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Mechanics:- Simple and Compound PendulumPravinHudge1
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Lymphoma, Chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma
1.
2. Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)/Small
lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL)
Represents the most common adult leukaemia with median age at diagnosis
being 60 years, 2:1 male preponderance in Western countries comparing with
Asian countries and Japan.
Microscopically: diffuse infiltration with small lymphocytes with
proliferation centres in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and liver.
Expression of CD 19, 20, 23 and 5, surface IgM.
Clinically, fatigability, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy,
hepatosplenomegaly, hypogammaglobulinemia, relatively slow course ,
tendency to transformation to more aggressive forms (Richter syndrome).
Possible use of immunotherapy, chemotherapy and transplantation.
4. Follicular Lymphoma
• An indolent ,most common NHL in middle age with uneven frequency
in the Word.
• Typical cell is a small lymphocyte with irregular/cleaved nuclei
(centrocyte) in predominant follicular arrangement.
• Immunophenotype: CD 10, 19, 20, surface Ig, BCL 6.Clinically:
generalized, painless lymphadenopathy, and relatively uncommon
involvement of extranidal sites.
• Median survival: 7-9 years, with possible transformation to diffuse
large B cell lymphoma (duration less than 1 year).
5. Follicular lymphoma presents as enlarged follicles without a mantle zone. The lymphoma cells are found outside of the follicles and in
the villi (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification 34).
6. Diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma
• The most common NHL with median age of 60 years, may affect even
children.
• Microscopically these tumors grow diffusely and contain relatively large
cells.
• Immunophenotype: CD 19, 20, sometimes also CD10 and BCL-
6.Cytogenetic gene expression is heterogenous.
• Special forms: Immunodeficiency-associated large B cell Lymphoma and
Primary effusion lymphoma in AIDS and elderly.
• If untreated, is an aggressive tumor affecting many sites and rapidly fatal.
• Immunotherapy improves responses and outcome/prognosis.
8. Marginal Zone Lymphoma
• Encompasses a heterogenous group of B cell tumors arising within
lymph nodes, spleen or extranodally (e.g. mucous membranes,
„maltoma“). They often arise within tissues involved by chronic
inflammatory disorders of autoimmune (Sjögren, Hashimoto) or
infectious etiology (H. pylori) with possible regression following
successful treatment of H. pylori
9. Mantle Cell Lymphoma
• Mantle Cell LymphomaIs a rare, prognostically poor form of
lymphoma with painless generalized lymphadenopathy in elderly with
male predominance. Small cells resemble the normal mantle zone B
cells surroundinggerminal centers.
• Immunophenotype: CD 5, 19, 20, cyclin D1.
10. Burkitt Lymphoma (BL)
• Microscopically: a starry-sky appearance, high mitotic index
• Immunophenotype: CD 10, 19, 20, BCL-6, sIgM
• Molecular pathogenesis: Translocations of the C MYC gene on
chromosome 8
• Endemic and sporadic BLs are formed mainly in children and young
adults mostly in extranodal sites (mandible, kidneys, ovaries, adrenals)
Tumors are aggresive but treatable
11. Hairy Cell leukaemia
• Hairy Cell leukemia is a rare, distinctive B cell NHL (2%) with
massive splenomegaly and frequent infections. Males are affected
more frequently (5:1), median age is 55 years. Overall prognosis is
excellent.
• Immunophenotype: CD 11c, CD 19, 20, 25 and 103.
12. Treatment
Which lymphoma treatments are right for you depends on the type and stage of your
disease, your overall health, and your preferences. The goal of treatment is to
destroy as many cancer cells as possible and bring the disease into remission.
• Lymphoma treatments include:
• Active surveillance. Some forms of lymphoma are very slow growing. You and
your doctor may decide to wait to treat your lymphoma when it causes signs and
symptoms that interfere with your daily activities. Until then, you may undergo
periodic tests to monitor your condition.
• Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy fast-growing cells, such as
cancer cells. The drugs are usually administered through a vein, but can also be
taken as a pill, depending on the specific drugs you receive.
• Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered beams of energy, such
as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells.
13. Treatment
• Bone marrow transplant. A bone marrow transplant, also known as a
stem cell transplant, involves using high doses of chemotherapy and
radiation to suppress your bone marrow. Then healthy bone marrow
stem cells from your body or from a donor are infused into your blood
where they travel to your bones and rebuild your bone marrow.
• Other treatments. Other drugs used to treat lymphoma include
targeted drugs that focus on specific abnormalities in your cancer cells.
Immunotherapy drugs use your immune system to kill cancer cells. A
specialized treatment called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell
therapy takes your body's germ-fighting T cells, engineers them to
fight cancer and infuses them back into your body