The lymphatic system filters and returns excess fluid to the circulatory system. It also transports fats from the digestive system. Organs include lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils. The immune system fights diseases and infections. Nosocomial infections are acquired in hospitals and include bacterial and fungal types. Symptoms include fever, breathing issues, and inflammation. Prevention involves hand washing and sterilizing equipment.

2.  The lymphatic system  Organs include:
picks up excess tissue › Lymph nodes
fluid, cleanses it, and › Lymphatic vessels
returns it to the › Spleen
circulatory system.
› Thymus gland
 The lymphatic system › Tonsils
also picks up fats that
have been taken in by
the digestive system.
 The immune system
combats diseases and
infections.

3. Image that shows potential points in a hospital room prone to carrying bacteria
and viruses that cause nosocomial infections.

4. Nosocomial
infections are
acquired as a
result of hospital
exposure.
Subtypes of this
disease are
contagious
(passed along
between
people), while
others are
transmitted by a
pathogenic
organism—for
instance, E. coli,
pictured here.

5.  Some examples of these infections include:
› Bacterial pneumonia
› Legionnaires’ disease
› Mycobacterium tuberculosis
› Influenza
 Other types include:
› Fungal infections—which cause 9% of nosocomial infections
› Pathogenic infections—such as E. Coli and psuedomonas
› Antibiotic-resistant infections—these include MRSA and VRE

6.  Pain
 Fever
 Night Sweats
 Breathing difficulties
 Inflammation
 Swelling

7.  Among hospital staff:
› Wash hands—especially between patients
› Avoid hand contact to the eyes or oral area
 In hospital environment:
› Sterilize equipment
› Incorporate air filtration systems

8.  Deaths and Mortality Rates
› 80,000 deaths annually (Starfield, JAMA 284(4), 2000)
› Two million incidents occur (CDC/NNIS 1992)
› Four percent of those incidents are
attributed to death
› 13.16% of selected infections resulting from
medical care led to death in the US during
2000-2002 (Patient Safety in American Hospitals, Health
Grades 2004)

9. Sarcoidosis of the skin.

10. Sarcoidosis is a disease
of unknown cause
that forms fibrous
lesions commonly
appearing in the
lymph nodes, liver,
skin, lungs, spleen,
eyes, and small bones
of the hands and feet.
Tiny clumps of
abnormal tissue called
granulomas—also
known as clusters of
immune cells—form in
certain organs of the
body. Sarcoidosis
commonly attacks the
lungs, but can also
attack other organs of
the body—such as the
spleen pictured here
to the right.

11.  More common in
African Americans
 Females are usually
 Extreme immune more affected
response to infection  Disease begins
 High sensitivity to between the ages of
environmental factors 20 and 40
 Genetic factors  Rare in children
 A person with blood
relative who has
sarcoidosis is five times
more likely to develop
the condition

12.  The following list is only a small portion of the
symptoms one can experience:
› Chest pain
› Dry cough
› Fatigue
› Fever
› Weight loss
› Hair loss
› Scars
› Seizures
› Vision loss
› Swelling in the upper part of the abdomen

13.  Symptoms will often  Drugs that suppress
get better on their the immune system
own without are sometimes
treatment. needed.
 Patients whose eyes,  Rarely, some people
heart, nervous with end-stage heart
system, or lungs are or lung damage
involved may need may need an organ
corticosteroids. transplant.

14.  Fungal lung infections  30-50% get better with
 Glaucoma and treatment over the
blindness course of three years
 Kidney stones from  20% of people whose
high levels of calcium lungs are involved will
 Osteoporosis from
develop lung damage
consuming  Overall death rate is
corticosteroids for a less than 5%
long time › Causes of death
 Pulmonary
include:
hypertension  Bleeding from the lung
tissue
 Heart damage
 Lung scarring
(pulmonary fibrosis)

16. (Also called Hodgkin’s
lymphoma.) Cancer
of the lymphatic cells
found in
concentration in the
lymph nodes. Anti-
producing cells of the
lymphatic cells begin
to grow abnormally. It
usually begins in a
lymph node and
gradually spreads to
the lymphatic vessels.
If cancer reaches the
blood, it can travel to
anywhere else in the
body. Subtypes of
Hodgkin’s disease
include nodular
sclerosis (pictured to
the right), mixed
cellularity, lymphocyte
predominant,
lymphocyte depleted,
and unclassified.

17.  Cause is generally unknown
 Some believe a combination of these
factors contribute to the development of
Hodgkin’s Disease:
› Genetic makeup
› Environmental Exposures
› Infectious agents
› Immune system deficiencies

18.  Age
› Often diagnoses in
people ages 15-35 and  Fever
over 55
 Weight loss
 Family history of lymphoma
 Loss of appetite
 Sex
 Fatigue
› Males are more at risk to
develop the disease  Loss of bladder and/or
 People who have been bowel control
exposed to Epstein-Barr  Numbness in the arms and
virus (mononucleosis) are legs
also at risk  Loss of strength
 Weakened immune  Lymph nodes swell, often
systems—especially within times pushing onto other
those who suffer from structures
HIV/AIDS—are at risk

19.  Biopsies need to be performed to know
for sure if the disease is present
 Radiation therapy and chemotherapy
are often the main sources of treatment
for the disease
 If it persists or returns, bone marrow
transplants could be needed

20.  Astonishingly, this form of cancer is one
of the most curable, with approximately
90% of individuals being cured through
chemotherapy and/or radiation
 Since the disease can be broken up into
FOUR stages…
› 90-95% in Stages I and II have survived
› 85-90% in Stage III have survived
› 80% in Stage IV have survived

21.  Carson-DeWitt, Rosalyn S; Alic, Margaret. "Hodgkin's Disease." Gale
Encyclopedia of Cancer. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 21 Feb. 2012
<http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hodgkins_disease.aspx>.
 “Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.” 2012. Mayo Clinic. 21 Feb. 2012
<http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-disease/DS00186>.
 “Lymph Nodes Spleen.” 2012. Web Pathology. 21 Feb. 2012
<http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=2&Case=388>.
 “Nosocomial Infections.” 2012. Rightdiagnosis.com. 21 Feb. 2012
<http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/n/nosocomial_infections/intro.htm>
 Rosen, Yale. Atlas of Granulomatous Diseases. 21 Feb. 2012
<http://granuloma.homestead.com/sarcoidosis_gross.html>.
 “Sarcoidosis.” U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2012. PubMed
Health. 21 Feb. 2012
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001140/>.