The document discusses lubrication and cooling systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication systems as reducing friction, wear, and heat between moving engine parts. The main types of lubrication systems are wet sump and dry sump systems. It also discusses the necessity of cooling systems to dissipate heat from the engine and prevent overheating. The primary types of cooling systems are air cooling, which uses airflow over fins, and water cooling, which circulates water through a radiator to cool the engine.
This slides are about inline injection pump and calibration of the pumps .The working of the pump is described in simple words and with examples of daily usable devices.
This slides are about inline injection pump and calibration of the pumps .The working of the pump is described in simple words and with examples of daily usable devices.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. LUBRICATION SYSTEM OF IC ENGINES
Lubrication is the process of applying the lubricant
between the surfaces of contact of two moving
parts.
In an IC engine, parts moving rub each other
causing wear and tear and reduces the power
almost. so , lubrication is necessary for an IC
engine.
3. PURPOSE OF LUBRICATION
To reduce the friction between moving parts
To minimize the vibration .
To reduce the wear and tear.
To reduce the corrosion and carbon deposits.
To reduce the heat of moving parts.
To minimize the power lost due to friction.
To reduce the noise created by the moving parts.
4. THE ENGINE PARTS THAT REQIRE
FREQUENT LUBRICATION ARE
Cylinder piston and piston rings
Main bearings
Crankshaft
Crank pin and piston pin
Big end and small end connecting rod .
cam shaft.
Valves.
5. TYPES OF LUBRICATING SYSTEM
The lubrication system is classified into
1.Petroil lubrication is classified into
2.Wet sump lubrication.
3. Dry sump lubrication.
6. PETROIL (OR) MIST LUBRICATION
This type of lubrication is used for two stroke cycle engines.
The lubrications oil (2 to 3 percent) is mixed with petrol in the
fuel tank. The oil and fuel mixture is inducted through the
carburettor. Petrol gets evaporated and the oil lubricates the
main parts of the cylinder.
The fuel -oil ratio used is important for good performance. the
optimum fuel -oil ratio used is 50:1.
ADVANTAGE
Separate lubricating system is not needed.
No maintenance cost for lubrication system.
Weight of engine is reduced by avoiding separate lubricating
system.
DISADVENTAGE
If oil is less there is chance for seizure of engine.
More oil makes excess smoke in the exhaust.
7. WET SUMP LUBRICATION
In this system a big oil sump is provided at the base
of crank case. From the sump the oil is pumped to
different parts of the engine. The main types of wet
sump lubrication system are
splash lubrication system.
Pressure lubrication system.
semi pressure lubrication system.
8. SPLASH LUBRICATION SYSTEM
The lubricating oil is stored in an oil through or sump.
A scoop or dipper is made in the lowest part of the
connecting rod. During every revolution of the
crankshaft, the dipper dips in the oil and splashes it.
Cylinder walls, piston rings, crankshaft bearings are
lubricated this way.
9.
10. PRESSURE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
In this system, the engine parts are lubricated
under pressure feed. The lubricating oil is stored in
the sump. An oil pump takes the oil through a
strainer and delivers it through a filter to the main oil
gallery at a pressure of 2-4 kg/cm.
11.
12. SEMI-PRESSURE SYSTEM
It is the combination of splash system and pressure
system. Some parts are lubricated by splash
system and some parts by pressure system. Almost
all four-stroke engines are lubricated by this
system.
13. DRY SUMP SYSTEM
In this system, the oil is carried in a separate tank
from where it fed to the engine. pumped back to the
oil tank by a separate delivery pump. There are,
therefore, two pumps in this system- one to feed oil
and the other to deliver it back to the oil tank.
14. THE NECESSITY OF COOLING SYSTEM IN ENGINE
All the heat produced by the combustion of fuel in
the engine cylinders is not converted into useful
power at the crankshaft. Only about 30% of the
heat is converted into mechanical work. About 40%
goes off through the exhaust. The remaining 30% is
useless to waste heat.
It is seen that the quantity of heat given to the
cylinder walls is considerable and if this heat is not
removed from the cylinders, it would result in the
seizing of the piston, high fuel consumption, pre-
ignition and burning of lubricant etc.
15. TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEM IN ENGINE
Following are the two type of cooling system for
engine:
Air cooling system
Water cooling system
16. AIR COOLING SYSTEM
Air cooled system is generally used in small
engines say up to 15-20 kW. The air system is used
in the engines of motorcycles, scooters, aero
planes and other stationary installations. In
countries with cold climate, this system is also used
in car engines.
In this system, the heat is dissipated directly to the
atmospheric air by conduction through the cylinder
walls. In order to increase, the rate of cooling, the
outer surface area of the cylinder and cylinder head
is increased by providing radiating sins and flanges.
In bigger units, fans are providing to circulate the air
around the cylinder walls and cylinder head.
17.
18. Advantages of Air Cooled System
(a) Radiator/pump is absent hence the system is light.
(b) In case of water cooling system there are
leakages, but in this case there are no leakages.
(c) Coolant and antifreeze solutions are not required.
(d) This system can be used in cold climates, where if
water is used it may freeze.
Disadvantages of Air Cooled System
(a) Comparatively it is less efficient.
(b) It is used in aero planes and motorcycle engines
where the engines are exposed to air directly.
19. WATER COOLING SYSTEM
The water cooling system is used in the engines of cars,
buses, trucks, etc. In this system, the water is
circulated through water jackets around each of the
combustion chambers, cylinder, valve seats and valve
stems.
The water is kept continuously in motion by a centrifugal
water pump which is driven by a V-belt from the pulley
on the engine crankshaft. After passing through the
engine jackets in the block and cylinder heads.
The water is passing through the radiator. In the
radiator, the water is cooled by air drawn through the
radiator by a fan. Usually, the fan and water pump are
mounted and driven on a common shaft. After passing
through the radiator, the water is drained and delivered
to the water pump through a cylinder inlet passage. The
water again circulated through the engine jackets.
20.
21. PARTS OF WATER COOLING SYSTEM
Radiator.
Thermostat valve.
Water pump
Fan.
Water Jackets.
Antifreeze mixtures.
22. TYPES OF WATER COOLING SYSTEM
There are two types of water cooling system :
Thermo Siphon System
In this system the circulation of water is due to
difference in temperature (i.e. difference in
densities) of water. So in this system pump is not
required but water is circulated because of density
difference only.
Pump Circulation System
In this system circulation of water is obtained by a
pump. This pump is driven by means of engine
output shaft through V-belts.
23.
24.
25. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WATER
COOLING SYSTEM
Advantages
(a) Uniform cooling of cylinder, cylinder head and valves.
(b) Specific fuel consumption of engine improves by using
water cooling system.
(c) If we employ water cooling system, then engine need
not be provided at the front end of moving vehicle.
(d) Engine is less noisy as compared with air cooled
engines, as it has water for damping noise.
Disadvantages
(a) It depends upon the supply of water.
(b) The water pump which circulates water absorbs
considerable power.
(c) If the water cooling system fails then it will result in
severe damage of engine.
(d) The water cooling system is costlier as it has more
number of parts. Also it requires more maintenance and
care for its parts.